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Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 234 pages) , illustrations.

Edition: 1st MIT Press pbk. ed.

ISBN: 9780262271257 , 0262271257 , 0585481040 , 9780585481043 , 0262041871 , 9780262041874 , 0262541440 , 9780262541442

Series Statement: Bradford book

Content: The components of living systems strike us as functional-as for the sake of certain ends--and as endowed with specific norms of performance. The mammalian eye, for example, has the function of perceiving and processing light, and possession of this property tempts us to claim that token eyes are supposed to perceive and process light. That is, we tend to evaluate the performance of token eyes against the norm described in the attributed functional property. Hence the norms of nature.What, then, are the norms of nature? Whence do they arise? Out of what natural properties or relations are they constituted? In Norms of Nature, Paul Sheldon Davies argues against the prevailing view that natural norms are constituted out of some form of historical success--usually success in natural selection. He defends the view that functions are nothing more than effects that contribute to the exercise of some more general systemic capacity. Natural functions exist insofar as the components of natural systems contribute to the exercise of systemic capacities. This is so irrespective of the system's history. Even if the mammalian eye had never been selected for, it would have the function of perceiving and processing light, because those are the effects that contribute to the exercise of the visual system. The systemic approach to conceptualizing natural norms, claims Davies, is superior to the historical approach in several important ways. Especially significant is that it helps us understand how the attribution of functions within the life sciences coheres with the methods and ontology of the natural sciences generally.

Note: Originally published: 2001

Language: English

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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 601 p)

Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Computer Science

ISBN: 9780230001077

Content: Most modern-day organizations have a need to record data relevant to their everyday activities and many choose to organise and store some of this information in an electronic database. Database Systems provides an essential introduction to modern database technology and the development of database systems. This new edition has been fully updated to include new developments in the field, and features new chapters on: e-business, database development process, requirements for databases, and distributed processing. In addition, a wealth of new examples and exercises have been added to each chapter to make the book more practically useful to students, and full lecturer support will be available online

Content: Preface to the Third Edition -- PART I: FUNDAMENTALS Database Systems as Abstract Machines -- Data and Information -- Database, DBMS and Data Model -- Databases Systems, ICT Systems and Information Systems -- Database Systems and Electronic Business -- Data Management Layer -- PART II: DATA MODELS Relational Data Model -- Object-Oriented Data Model -- Deductive Data Model -- Post-Relational Data Model -- PART III: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: (DBMS) INTERFACE SQL Data Definition -- SQL Data Integrity -- SQL Data Manipulation -- PART IV: DATABASE DEVELOPMENT Database Development Process -- Requirements Elicitation -- Entity-Relationship Diagramming -- Object Modelling -- Normalisation -- Physical Database Design -- Database Implementation -- PART V: PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION OF DATABASE SYSTEMS -- Strategic Data Planning -- Data Administration -- Database Administration -- PART VI: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (DBMS) TOOLKIT DBMS Toolkit End-User Tools -- DBMS Toolkit Application Development Tools -- DBMS Toolkit Database Administration Tools -- PART VII: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS KERNEL Data Organisation -- Access Mechanisms -- Transaction Management -- Other Kernel Functions -- PART VIII: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS STANDARDS AND COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS Post-Relational DBMS SQL3 -- Object-Oriented DBMS ODMG Object Model -- Microsoft Access -- Oracle -- O2 DBMS -- PART IX: TRENDS IN DATABASE TECHNOLOGY Distributed Processing -- Distributed Data -- Parallel Databases -- Complex Data -- PART X: APPLICATIONS OF DATABASE SYSTEMS Data Warehousing -- On-Line Analytical Processing -- Data Mining -- Database Systems and the Web -- Bibliography -- Glossary and Index

Additional Edition: ISBN 9781403916013

Additional Edition: Printed edition ISBN 9781403916013

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-0-230-00107-7

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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 368 pages) , digital, PDF file(s)

ISBN: 9780511495045

Content: This book originates from the research project 'New discourses in labour law' held at the European University Institute. A detailed analysis of part-time work regulation is presented for seven European countries, in order to ascertain how internal domestic choices of the legislatures have merged into the 'Open method of co-ordination'. The impact of European employment policies is considered in parallel with the implementation of the Directive on part-time work, thus providing a complete overview of both soft and hard law mechanisms available to national policy-makers. In this 2004 work, the interaction between law and policy emerges as a dynamic and constantly changing process of exchange between national and supranational actors, through the use of concrete examples of lawmaking. Labour law is put forward as being central in the current evolution of European law, and this centrality is presented as a confirmation of innovation and continuity in regulatory techniques

Content: New discourses in labour law : part-time work and the paradigm of flexibility / Silvana Sciarra -- The European employment strategy and the regulation of part-time work / Diamond Ashiagbor -- The role of EU employment law and policy in the de-marginalisation of part-time work : a study in the interaction between EU regulation and member state regulation / Paul Davies, Mark Freedland -- France : part-time work no longer an employment policy tool / Sylvaine Laulom -- Germany : part-time work a bone of contention / Maximilian Fuchs -- Italy : adaptable employment and private autonomy in the Italian reform or part-time work / Antonio Lo Faro -- The Netherlands : from atypicality to typicality / Jelle Visser [and others] -- Spain : the difficulty of marrying flexibility with security / Fernando Valdés Dal-Ré -- Sweden : part-time work welfare or unfair? / Ronnie Eklund -- The United Kingdom : how is EU governance transformative? / Claire Kilpatrick, Mark Freedland

Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015)

Additional Edition: ISBN 9780521840026

Additional Edition: ISBN 9780521272872

Additional Edition: Print version ISBN 9780521840026

Language: English

Subjects: Economics

DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511495045

URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (388 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780521840026 , 9780511210440

Content: Part-time work has been the fastest growing of all forms of 'non-standard' work. This 2004 book analyses the EU rules relevant to part-time working, examines the impact of the EU provisions on the national policies of seven European countries, and suggests a framework for the identification of these influences

Note: COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- FIGURES AND TABLES -- NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PART I -- 1 New discourses in labour law: part-time work and the paradigm of flexibility -- 1 The centrality of comparative labour law in the open method of co-ordination -- 2 Innovation and continuity in labour law: why a comparative analysis of part-time work, and how to structure legal comparison -- 3 A brief history of the Directive on part-time work -- 4 Labour market regulations in the European context: a soft law environment -- 4.1 The White Paper on Governance -- 4.2 The Laeken Declaration -- 4.3 The High Level Group on Industrial Relations -- 5 Conclusions -- 2 The European Employment Strategy and the regulation of part-time work -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The (legal) status of the Employment Guidelines and the National Action Plans -- 2.1 The development of National Action Plans -- 2.2 What does compliance mean? Member States' compliance with the European Employment Strategy -- 3 The Employment Strategy and the regulation of part-time work -- 3.1 Flexibility and part-time work -- 3.2 Quality in work -- 4 Conclusions -- 3 The role of EU employment law and policy in the de-marginalisation of part-time work: a study in the interaction between EU regulation and Member State regulation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Establishing a framework of analysis -- 2.1 Objectives -- 2.2 Compatibility between objectives -- 2.3 Regulatory approaches -- 2.4 Regulatory techniques -- 2.5 Relationship between objectives, approaches and techniques -- 2.6 Applying this analysis to particular national systems -- 2.7 The relevance of the Employment Guidelines -- 2.8 Pursuing the inquiry into the interaction between EU regulation and Member State regulation , 2.1 Objectives -- 2.1.1 Views of employees and trade unions -- 2.1.2 Views of employers and employers' organisations -- 2.1.3 Views of political parties and government -- 2.2 Strategies -- 2.2.1 Alliance for Work -- 2.2.2 Collective agreements -- 2.2.3 Legislative intervention -- 3 Research framework -- 3.1 Objectives and techniques chosen by the law-maker -- 3.2 The influence of European law on the regulation of part-time work -- 4 Development of part-time regulation -- 4.1 The beginnings of part-time regulation in employment law in 1985 -- 4.1.1 Provisions of the Promotion of Employment Act regulating part-time employment -- 4.1.2 The statutory definition of part-time work -- 4.1.3 The ban on discriminating against part-time workers -- 4.1.4 Specially regulated forms of part-time work -- 4.2 The treatment of part-time work in social security law -- 4.2.1 Social insurance law -- 4.2.2 Unemployment insurance -- 4.2.3 The promotion of part-time work combined with family duties under social security law -- 4.3 The particular case of partial retirement (Altersteilzeit) -- 4.4 Recent legislation: the Part-Time Work and Fixed-Term Contracts Act -- 4.4.1 Objectives of the Act -- 4.4.2 Content of the new Act -- 5 The impact of European law upon the German part-time legislation -- 5.1 The role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) -- 5.2 The proposals by the EC Commission for reconciling work and family -- 5.3 The transposition of Directive 97/81/EC on part-time work -- 5.4 EC Employment Guidelines and the German NAPs -- 6 Conclusions -- 6 Italy: adaptable employment and private autonomy in the Italian reform of part-time work -- 1 The 'eloquent silences' of the Italian legislation before 1984 -- 2 The part-time work reform in Italy (2000) and its demise foretold (2001): two different visions of the same EU Employment Strategy , 2.2 The quality variable: a socially discredited form of work -- 3 Legal policy choices on the regulation of part-time work -- 3.1 A stability lost -- 3.2 A flexibility imposed -- 3.3 Ups and downs in the quest for security -- 4 Heteronomy and autonomy in the statutory regulation of part-time work -- 5 Some aspects of the part-time contract's legal regime -- 5.1 Unity and diversity in the form of the part-time contract of employment -- 5.2 The legal concept of part-time work -- 5.3 The principle of voluntariness and part-time work -- 5.4 Equality and proportionality in the recognition and exercise of rights -- 9 Sweden: part-time work - welfare or unfair? -- 1 Introductory remarks -- 2 Whydid part-time work reach high levels? -- 2.1 Tax reform -- 2.2 Abolition of the closing hours laws -- 2.3 Past developments in figures -- 3 Present statistics on part-time work in Sweden -- 4 Ideologies and interests at stake with respect to part-time work -- 5 Part-time work as defined -- 6 Current Swedish legislation on part-time work -- 6.1 Employment Protection Act (Lag om anställningsskydd) -- 6.2 Working Hours Act (Arbetstidslag) -- 7 Collective agreements on part-time work -- 7.1 The local government sector -- 7.2 The central government sector -- 7.3 The private sector -- 7.4 Summing-up -- 8 The Government Bill on part-time work in the light of the Ministry of Industry report to implement the Part-time Directive -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The ILO Convention on Part-time Work -- 8.3 The essence of the proposals to implement the Part-time Directive -- 8.4 Public comments submitted by interested parties -- 8.5 A closer look at the Ministry report and the Government Bill -- 8.5.1 Employment conditions -- 8.5.2 Direct and indirect discrimination -- 8.5.3 Refusal to accept a transfer from full-time to part-time work or vice versa , 3 The employment-promoting value of part-time work: making sense of comparative data and EU Employment Guidelines -- 3.1 Part-time work as a means to reduce unemployment -- 3.2 Part-time work as a means to increase employment -- 4 Post-Lisbon EU employment strategies and domestic policy targets in Italy: the connections between labour force participation and 'good' part-time jobs -- 4.1 The aim of the EC Directive and its reinterpretation in the Government White Paper on the Labour Market... -- 4.2 At the basis of current Italian legislation on part-time work: employment as an 'institution' and private autonomy as a 'medium' -- 5 The real ground for assessment of the potential of part-time work to increase employment: flexible, individual organisation of working hours -- 5.1 The duration of part-time work and extra hours -- 5.1.1 Extra hours and collective autonomy -- 5.1.2 Extra hours and individual autonomy -- 5.2 The scheduling of part-time work and elasticity clauses -- 6 Conclusions: the other side of flexibility -- Postscript -- 7 The Netherlands: from atypicality to typicality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The growth of part-time work as a spontaneous process -- 3 Institutional facilitation of part-time work -- 3.1 From collective towards individual working-time reduction -- 3.2 The Wassenaar Agreement: a turning point -- 4 Legal regulation of part-time work -- 4.1 Statutory legislation -- 4.1.1 The Prohibition of Discrimination by Working Hours Act (WVOA) -- 4.1.2 Adjustment of Working Hours Act (WAA) -- 4.2 Case-law on part-time work -- 4.2.1 Good employership -- 4.2.2 The Equal Treatment Commission -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Part-time employment in business practice -- 8 Spain: the difficulty of marrying flexibility with security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The context of part-time work -- 2.1 The quantity variable: a statistical approximation , 3 The first stage of the analysis - the development of regulation of part-time work in the Member States -- 3.1 The typical pattern in the Member States in general -- 3.2 The development of regulation of part-time work in particular Member States down to 1997 -- 4 The second stage of the analysis - the interaction between EU regulation of part-time work and its regulation in the Member States -- 4.1 The reflexive character of the EU regulation of part-time work -- 4.2 The impact of the Directive and the Strategy upon the regulation of part-time work in the Member States -- 4.3 Conclusion - a reflexive paradigm for future EU regulation? -- PART II -- 4 France: part-time work - no longer an employment policy tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Some facts and figures -- 1.2 Chronology of the legal environment -- 2 Part-time work and work sharing -- 2.1 Part-time work attracting financial aid -- 2.2 Part-time work regulations allowing flexibility -- 2.2.1 Establishment of a principle of equality independently of Community law -- 2.2.2 Recognition of special rights -- 2.2.3 Flexibility offered by the use of part-time work -- 3 A loss of flexibility? -- 3.1 Community influence on the definition of part-time work -- 3.2 Growing emphasis on voluntary part-time work -- 3.3 Flexibility restored through collective bargaining -- 4 Limited influence of the European Employment Strategy (EES) on French policy on part-time work -- 4.1 The high profile of part-time work in EES Employment Guidelines -- 4.2 The more marginal position of part-time work in France's NAPs -- 5 Germany: part-time work - a bone of contention -- 1 Statistical data -- 1.1 The proportion of part-time to full-time employees -- 1.2 Categorisation by occupation -- 1.3 Division of part-time work by gender -- 1.4 The family and part-time employment -- 2 Part-time work - the German context , 8.5.4 Promotional provisions of the Framework Agreement

Additional Edition: Print version Sciarra, Silvana Employment Policy and the Regulation of Part-Time Work in the European Union Cambridge : Cambridge University Press,c2004 ISBN 9780521840026

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books

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