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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Development and Perceptual Evaluation of Amplitude-Based F0 Control in Electrolarynx Speech
    American Speech Language Hearing Association ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol. 52, No. 5 ( 2009-10), p. 1360-1369
    Details
    In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, American Speech Language Hearing Association, Vol. 52, No. 5 ( 2009-10), p. 1360-1369
    Abstract: Current electrolarynx (EL) devices produce a mechanical speech quality that has been largely attributed to the lack of natural fundamental frequency (F0) variation. In order to improve the quality of EL speech, in the present study the authors aimed to develop and evaluate an automatic F0 control scheme, in which F0 was modulated based on variations in the root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude of the EL speech signal. Method Recordings of declarative sentences produced by 2 male participants before and after total laryngectomy were used to develop procedures for calculating F0 contours for EL speech. Specifically, the positive linear relationship between F0 and RMS amplitude observed in pre-laryngectomy speech was used as the basis for generating an F0 contour based on the amplitude variation of EL speech. An analysis-by-synthesis approach was used to modify the F0 contour, and a perceptual experiment was conducted to examine its impact on the quality of the EL speech. Results The results of perceptual experiments showed that modulating the F0 of EL speech using a linear relationship between amplitude and frequency made it significantly more natural sounding than EL speech with constant F0. Conclusions The current study provides preliminary support for amplitude-based control of F0 in EL speech.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-4388 , 1558-9102
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0167)
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070420-3
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Defining and enhancing attributes for features
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2006
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3268-3268
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3268-3268
    Abstract: We take the view that words are represented in memory as sequences of bundles of binary distinctive features. It is further assumed that each feature is defined by a quantal relation between an articulatory attribute and a corresponding acoustic property that provides acoustic cues to the feature. In the speaking process, other acoustic properties are introduced in addition to the defining acoustic attributes, and these contribute additional cues that enhance the perceptual saliency of the feature. For example, the defining attributes for the voicing feature is the presence or absence of glottal vibration during an obstruent consonant, but there are several possible enhancing properties, such as the presence of aspiration noise and a modified fundamental frequency in the following vowel. In running speech, the saliency of a feature may be in jeopardy, especially when there is interfering noise or when gestural overlap weakens some of the cues, particularly those derived from the defining gesture for the feature. An example is the casual production of batman where the closure for /t/ may be eliminated by gestural overlap, but two enhancing gestures (F2 transition for the alveolar and the glottalization for /t/) are preserved. [Work supported in part by NIH Grant DC00075.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4786132
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Development of subglottal quantal effects in young children.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2008
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2519-2519
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2519-2519
    Abstract: Quantal articulatory acoustic relations between formants and subglottal resonances have been shown to define several vowel and consonant distinctive features, including the vowel features (back) and (low). In particular, the F2 frequency of front vowels is higher than the second subglottal resonance (Sg2) but is lower than Sg2 for back vowels. Likewise for low vowels, F1 is higher than Sg1. Measurements of F1 and F2 for productions of the vowels /a/ and /ae/ were made on a number of occasions for several children in the age range 2.5–3.7 years. Measurements of Sg1 and Sg2 for each child were obtained from the locations of discontinuities in the F1 and F2 trajectories in diphthongs and in vowel-consonant transitions. At the earlier ages for these children, there was variability in the utterances, and the F1 and F2 values deviated from the expected relation. At the later age of 3 years and above, considerable agreement with the expected values of F1 and F2 in relation to the subglottal resonances was obtained. The transition from the expected quantal relation appears to occur in the age range between 2 and 3 years. [Work supported in part by NIH Grant R01-DC00075.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4782943
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Acoustic articulatory evidence for quantal vowel categories: The feature [low]
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2007
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 122, No. 5_Supplement ( 2007-11-01), p. 3029-3029
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 122, No. 5_Supplement ( 2007-11-01), p. 3029-3029
    Abstract: The goal of this study is to determine whether acoustic coupling between the first subglottal resonance F1sub (about 600 Hz) and the F1 frequency for vowels creates a region near 600 Hz in which the F1 prominence shows an irregularity. Such a finding would provide evidence for a defining quantal articulatory-acoustic relation for the distinctive feature [low]. The time course of F1 in relation to F1sub was examined for certain diphthongs and several monophthongs produced by a number of speakers of English using Chi’s data [X. Chi and M. Sonderegger, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2540–2550 (2004)] . For the diphthongs, a discontinuity in F1 or a dip in amplitude of the F1 prominence was observed as it passed through F1sub, while for the monophthongs, F1 was usually above F1sub for [+low] vowels and below F1sub for [-low] vowels. A preliminary further study of data from the literature on F1 for vowels from various languages showed that the boundary between F1 values of [+low] vowels and those of [-low] vowels agrees with the average value of F1sub obtained from the laboratory study with English. [Supported by NIH Grant No. DC00075.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2942834
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Physical principles behind quantal relations.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2008
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2518-2518
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 124, No. 4_Supplement ( 2008-10-01), p. 2518-2518
    Abstract: A distinctive contrast can be defined by a quantal relation between an articulatory parameter and an acoustic parameter. It is postulated that there are two sources of quantal relations. Aeromechanical interactions arise because the nature of the interaction of airflow with the compliant mechanical structures of the vocal tract can change abruptly as an articulatory parameter changes continuously. As a result, the nature of the generated acoustic source changes abruptly. Acoustic resonator coupling results from the fact that the vocal tract, together with adjacent structures, can create several cavities that can be coupled and uncoupled, resulting in a transfer function that can show an abrupt discontinuity as a consequence of the rapid movement of a zero. These two principles lead to a natural division of the distinctive features into two groups, articulator free and articulator bound. Because the features in the two groups are defined by different physical principles, relations among the features are quite different: the articulator-free features, being based on aerodynamic conditions in the vocal tract, are constrained hierarchically, while articulator-bound features have fewer constraints. The natural constraints among the features are such that the featural representation of a segment is rather sparse.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4782940
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    The influence of Peter Ladefoged
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2005
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 118, No. 3_Supplement ( 2005-09-01), p. 2012-2012
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 118, No. 3_Supplement ( 2005-09-01), p. 2012-2012
    Abstract: The research and publications of Peter Ladefoged and his students have been a strong influence in elevating the field of phonetics to a science, and in bringing together phonetics and phonology. I will cite some examples of how Peter’s work and that of his colleagues has influenced the research of many of us at MIT and around the world, where attempts to develop unifying theories often need to undergo continuous revision based on the meticulous articulatory and acoustic data that he reports in his books and other publications. These include his descriptions of the involvement of the tongue root in vowel systems, the fricatives of Mandarin Chinese, the inventory of places of articulation he catalogs in the languages of the world, and the many uses of laryngeal states in providing phonological contrasts. [Supported in part by grants from NIDCD.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4785722
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    The acoustic/articulatory interface
    Acoustical Society of Japan ; 2005
    In:  Acoustical Science and Technology Vol. 26, No. 5 ( 2005), p. 410-417
    Details
    In: Acoustical Science and Technology, Acoustical Society of Japan, Vol. 26, No. 5 ( 2005), p. 410-417
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1346-3969 , 1347-5177
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1250/ast.26.410
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of Japan
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2039148-1
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Enhancement and Overlap in the Speech Chain
    Project MUSE ; 2006
    In:  Language Vol. 82, No. 1 ( 2006), p. 33-63
    Details
    In: Language, Project MUSE, Vol. 82, No. 1 ( 2006), p. 33-63
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1535-0665
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1353/lan.2006.0051
    Language: English
    Publisher: Project MUSE
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3311-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2049436-1
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The nature of aspiration in stop consonants in English
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2006
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3393-3394
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3393-3394
    Abstract: The releases of aspirated stops in English are typically modeled as having three consecutive phases, which overlap somewhat in time: (1) transient, (2) frication, and (3) aspiration. Close examination reveals that the noise spectrum in the aspiration phase is sometimes dominated by one spectral prominence, rather than several prominences as expected with a glottal source. In this work, the possibility that frication noise generated during the third phase may sometimes dominate the aspiration noise is explored. The nature of the radiated sound during the production of both voiced and unvoiced stop consonants is examined for the three places of articulation in English and with several different following vowels. Data from eight subjects are observed. Results suggest that some subjects follow the classical model, but other subjects produce a mix of frication and aspiration during the third phase. There is considerable variability in these acoustic attributes, both within a speaker and across speakers. It is suggested that speakers can choose between using (1) an extended burst or (2) formant transitions to provide enhancing cues to place of articulation. The relation of these data to acoustic theories of sound production and to perceptual saliency is discussed. [Work supported by NIH Grant No. DC00045.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4786675
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Variables Differentiating Singly and Multiply Victimized Youth: Results From the National Survey of Adolescents and Implications for Secondary Prevention
    SAGE Publications ; 2005
    In:  Child Maltreatment Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2005-08), p. 211-223
    Details
    In: Child Maltreatment, SAGE Publications, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2005-08), p. 211-223
    Abstract: The authors examined variables differentiating singly and multiply victimized youth with a national household probability sample of 4,023 adolescents. Youth endorsing one episode (i.e., one incident or series of repeat incidents) of sexual or physical assault were classified as singly victimized (n = 435). Multiply victimized youth were those who endorsed multiple discrete episodes of sexual or physical assault and both sexual and physical assault (n = 396). For boys, heightened risk of multiple victimization was associated with family alcohol problems, Native American race, and earlier age at assault onset. For girls, increased multiple victimization risk was associated with family alcohol problems, older current age, and several characteristics of the initial assault episode—earlier age at onset, acquaintance perpetrator, chronicity, perceived life threat, and injury. Findings imply that secondary prevention programs may be strengthened by broadening risk-reduction strategies to address a greater range of victimization experiences. Additional implications for secondary prevention are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1077-5595 , 1552-6119
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1077559505274675
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2018206-5
    SSG: 2,1
    SSG: 5,3
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