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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Analysis of speech sounds transduced by different types and positions of sensors
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1983
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 73, No. S1 ( 1983-05-01), p. S86-S86
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 73, No. S1 ( 1983-05-01), p. S86-S86
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of different classes of speech sounds, which we recorded from different types of sensors located at each of a number of positions in the vicinity of the talker. The sensor types we used include pressure microphone, first-order pressure-gradient microphone, second-order pressure-gradient microphone, and accelerometer (for measuring vibrations on the surfaces of head and neck). For measuring the pressure gradients, we constructed an array of three closely spaced electret microphones; in addition, we used a prototype first-order gradient microphone and a prototype second-order gradient microphone. A specially chosen set of speech utterances was recorded from three male and two female subjects. We considered both short-term and long-term amplitude and spectral characteristics of speech in our comparative investigation of the various sensor signals. Differences in the output of various sensors were especially noticeable for nasals and voiced obstruents for which the source of sound radiation is significantly away from the lips. [Work sponsored by Air Force Systems Command, Rome Air Development Center.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2020604
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1983
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Effect of burst amplitude on the perception of place of articulation for stops
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1981
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 70, No. S1 ( 1981-11-01), p. S33-S33
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 70, No. S1 ( 1981-11-01), p. S33-S33
    Kurzfassung: We have examined the effects of the relative amplitude of the burst on perception of the labial and alveolar place of articulation for voiceless and voiced stop consonants. The amplitude of the burst, i.e., the first 10–15 msec following consonant release, was systematically varied in 5-dB steps from −10 to +10 dB relative to a “normal” burst amplitude for two bilabial-to-alveolar synthetic speech continua—one for voiceless stops and the other for voiced stops. The distribution of spectral energy in the burst for the bilabial and alveolar stops at the ends of the continuum were consistent with the shapes observed in natural utterances of these stops, and intermediate spectrum shapes were used for intermediate stimuli on the continuum. The results showed that the relative amplitude of the burst, even for the same spectrum shape, significantly affected the perception of place of articulation for both voiceless and voiced stops, but the effect was greater for the former than the latter. The results suggest that for an alveolar consonant to be heard, the high-frequency spectral amplitude immediately following the consonant release must be equal to or greater than the spectral amplitude at the onset of the following vowel in the same frequency range, and the spectral amplitude at onset for low frequencies must be sufficiently low. [Work supported in part by NINCDS.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2018830
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1981
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Revisiting stop-consonant perception for two-formant stimuli
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1984
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 75, No. S1 ( 1984-05-01), p. S66-S66
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 75, No. S1 ( 1984-05-01), p. S66-S66
    Kurzfassung: The aim of this study was to re-examine the factors leading to stop consonant perception for consonant-vowel stimuli with just two formants over a range of vowels, using stimuli and test procedures somewhat different from those used in earlier studies. Five two-formant CV stimulus continua were synthesized, each covering a range of second-formant (F2) starting frequencies, for vowels corresponding roughly to [iiæɑu]. Listeners identified the beginning of the syllable under two different instructions: a forced-choice response of b, d, or g, and an open response set. The stimuli with the most unanimous responses were those with substantial F2 transitions, i.e., [bi bɪ du] . There were few consistent g responses. Under open response instructions, stimuli with straight or small transition ranges were identified as beginning with no consonant. The results are compared with those of other studies, particularly with regard to differences in stimulus characteristics, and are discussed in relation to theories of invariance. [Supported in part by grants from NIH.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2021549
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1984
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Effect of burst amplitude on the perception of stop consonant place of articulation
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1983
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 1983-09-01), p. 706-714
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 1983-09-01), p. 706-714
    Kurzfassung: We have examined the effects of the relative amplitude of the release burst on perception of the place of articulation of utterance-initial voiceless and voiced stop consonants. The amplitude of the burst, which occurs within the first 10–15 ms following consonant release, was systematically varied in 5-dB steps from −10 to +10 dB relative to a ‘‘normal’’ burst amplitude for two labial-to-alveolar synthetic speech continua—one comprising voiceless stops and the other, voiced stops. The distribution of spectral energy in the bursts for the labial and alveolar stops at the ends of the continuum was consistent with the spectrum shapes observed in natural utterances, and intermediate shapes were used for intermediate stimuli on the continuum. The results of identification tests with these stimuli showed that the relative amplitude of the burst significantly affected the perception of the place of articulation of both voiceless and voiced stops, but the effect was greater for the former than the latter. The results are consistent with a view that two basic properties contribute to the labial–alveolar distinction in English. One of these is determined by the time course of the change in amplitude in the high-frequency range (above 2500 Hz) in the few tens of ms following consonantal release, and the other is determined by the frequencies of spectral peaks associated with the second and third formants in relation to the first formant.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.389856
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1983
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Glottal characteristics of children—acoustic measures and comparison with adults
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2000
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 108, No. 5_Supplement ( 2000-11-01), p. 2531-2531
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 108, No. 5_Supplement ( 2000-11-01), p. 2531-2531
    Kurzfassung: Previous studies of vowels produced by adult speakers showed substantial individual and gender differences in acoustic parameters related to glottal characteristics [H. M. Hanson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 466–481 (1997); H. M. Hanson and E. S. Chuang, ibid. 106, 1064–1077 (1999)]. The current study extends the earlier work to children. In pilot work, data produced by seven children (five male, two female, ages 5-8) showing no signs of speech or voice disorders were analyzed. Acoustic measures related to first-formant bandwidth, open quotient, and spectral tilt were made on the vowel /ε/ extracted from the word ‘‘red.’’ These preliminary data show, for example, that the average measure of spectral tilt (dB difference between amplitudes of first harmonic and third-formant prominence) for the children is about 14 dB greater than for adult females and about 24 dB greater than for adult males. The results suggest that, like adults, children display substantial individual differences in vocal-fold configuration. Data for additional subjects and vowels will be analyzed, and we will make measures related to aspiration noise. Mean data for children and adults will be compared and interpretation in terms of acoustic models will be proposed. [Work supported by NIH Grant DC03744.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4743370
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 2000
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Gestural overlap of stop-consonant sequences: Evidence from analysis and synthesis
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2003
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 113, No. 4_Supplement ( 2003-04-01), p. 2253-2253
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 113, No. 4_Supplement ( 2003-04-01), p. 2253-2253
    Kurzfassung: This study uses an analysis-by-synthesis approach to discover possible principles governing the coordination of oral and laryngeal articulators in the production of English stop-consonant sequences. Individual recordings were made of two male and two female native American-English speakers reading phrases which include voiced and voiceless stop consonants in word-initial (V♯CV) and word-final (VC♯V) positions, as well as in VC♯CV stop–stop consonant sequences. Articulatory timing estimates were made based on analyzing acoustic data including formant movements, closure durations, release bursts, and spectrum shape at low frequencies. Based on the gestural estimates, the same consonant sequences were generated using HLsyn, a quasiarticulatory synthesizer. The synthetic utterances were acoustically and perceptually compared to the actual utterances in order to verify and refine the articulatory timing estimates from which possible principles could be derived. Preliminary results agree with earlier findings of more overlapping of oral gestures in sequences with front-to-back order of place of articulation than those with back-to-front order [Chitoran, Goldstein, and Byrd, Lab. Phonology 7, 419–448 (2002)]. Furthermore, overlapping of laryngeal gestures is suggested by the smaller acoustical loss at the glottis in vowels after voiced–voiceless sequences than voiceless–voiceless sequences.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.1584149
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 2003
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The nature of aspiration in stop consonants in English
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2006
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3393-3394
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 119, No. 5_Supplement ( 2006-05-01), p. 3393-3394
    Kurzfassung: The releases of aspirated stops in English are typically modeled as having three consecutive phases, which overlap somewhat in time: (1) transient, (2) frication, and (3) aspiration. Close examination reveals that the noise spectrum in the aspiration phase is sometimes dominated by one spectral prominence, rather than several prominences as expected with a glottal source. In this work, the possibility that frication noise generated during the third phase may sometimes dominate the aspiration noise is explored. The nature of the radiated sound during the production of both voiced and unvoiced stop consonants is examined for the three places of articulation in English and with several different following vowels. Data from eight subjects are observed. Results suggest that some subjects follow the classical model, but other subjects produce a mix of frication and aspiration during the third phase. There is considerable variability in these acoustic attributes, both within a speaker and across speakers. It is suggested that speakers can choose between using (1) an extended burst or (2) formant transitions to provide enhancing cues to place of articulation. The relation of these data to acoustic theories of sound production and to perceptual saliency is discussed. [Work supported by NIH Grant No. DC00045.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4786675
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 2006
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Turbulence noise sources in the vocal tract
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1986
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 79, No. S1 ( 1986-05-01), p. S82-S82
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 79, No. S1 ( 1986-05-01), p. S82-S82
    Kurzfassung: Theoretical and experimental results relating to the generation of turbulence noise in the vocal tract are reviewed. When the turbulence occurs at the vocal-tract walls or at an obstacle, the source can be modeled as a distribution of dipole sources, which in turn can be represented in one dimension as sources of sound pressure. The source distribution is dependent on the vocal-tract configuration, so that there is interaction between the source and the mechanical configuration of the vocal tract. However, given the flow distribution for a given configuration, the acoustic properties of the airway do not appear to influence the source characteristics except under special circumstances. Calculations of spectra of the radiated sound are made for vocal-tract shapes corresponding to several aspirated and fricative consonants with various assumed distributions for the noise sources. The calculations lead to estimates of the relative level of excitation of each of the natural frequencies or formants, determined by the location and spectrum of the source. The results of the calculations are compared with measured spectra for these sounds, and from these comparisons estimates are made of the probable source distributions. [Work supported by a grant from NINCDS.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2023415
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1986
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    An Acoustical Study of the Fricative /s/ in the Speech of Individuals With Dysarthria
    American Speech Language Hearing Association ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol. 44, No. 6 ( 2001-12), p. 1300-1314
    Details
    In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, American Speech Language Hearing Association, Vol. 44, No. 6 ( 2001-12), p. 1300-1314
    Kurzfassung: This paper reports on measurements of several acoustic attributes of the fricative consonant /s/ produced in word-initial position by normally speaking adults and by speakers with neuromotor dysfunctions. Several acoustic properties are evaluated: the spectrum shape of the fricative and its amplitude in relation to the following vowel, the presence or absence of voicing, the time variation of the spectrum during the fricative and in the transition to the following vowel, and the presence of inappropriate acoustic patterns preceding the /s/. Some of these properties are based on quantitative measurements of the spectrum of the /s/, and others are based on observations of the time-varying acoustic patterns in spectrograms. For the individuals with dysarthria, deviations of each of these properties from the normal range are interpreted in terms of specific deficits in the control of the speech-production system. For the most part, these parameters are highly correlated with the speakers' overall intelligibility, with the intelligibility of words containing the fricative /s/, and with perceptual ratings of the adequacy of the fricative production. The parameters that show the best correlation with intelligibility and perceptual ratings are (a) measures of deviations from normalcy in the time variation of the acoustic pattern within the consonant and at the consonant-vowel boundary and (b) the spectrum shape of the frication noise. These acoustic parameters are related to deviations in the temporal pattern of control of the articulators in producing fricative-vowel sequences and to lack of fine control of the tongue blade in achieving an appropriate target configuration for the fricative.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1092-4388 , 1558-9102
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/101)
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Speech Language Hearing Association
    Publikationsdatum: 2001
    ZDB Id: 2070420-3
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Speaker Identification by a Matching-from-Sample Technique
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1965
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 37, No. 6_Supplement ( 1965-06-01), p. 1205-1206
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 37, No. 6_Supplement ( 1965-06-01), p. 1205-1206
    Kurzfassung: This study examines the ability of observers to identify the speakers of short test utterance (monosyllabic words, spondee words, and phrases) when sample utterances by the speakers are available to the observers. In one series of experiments, utterances were presented aurally through headphones; in another series, the same utterances were presented visually as intensity-frequency-time patterns. The observer's task was to identify (or, in some experiments, to authenticate) the speaker of an utterance by making reference, as often as desired, to samples of that utterance by each of 8 known talkers, and to indicate the confidence of each judgment on a 4-point scale. Identification scores and confidence ratings were consistently higher for the aural than for the visual experiments. Error scores in the aural experiments seemed to be related to the phonetic content of the utterances. In the visual experiments, errors appeared to be dependent on both phonetic content and number of syllables. [Work supported by the U. S. Army Signal Corps; K. N. Stevens is also at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.]
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.1939557
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publikationsdatum: 1965
    ZDB Id: 1461063-2
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