Social Psychology

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Cover

  1

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  1
• Title page

  2

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  2
• Copyright page

  3

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  4
• Brief Contents

  5

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  5
• Contents

  6

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  11
• Preface

  12

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  17
• About the Authors

  18

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  19
• Special Tips for Students

  20

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  21
• +

  Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology

  22

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  43

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  • Defining Social Psychology

    24

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    23
  • +

    TRY IT! How Do Other People Affect Your Values?

    24

    -

    27

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    • Social Psychology, Philosophy, Science, and Common Sense

      25

      -

      26
    • How Social Psychology Differs from Its Closest Cousins

      26

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      27
  • TRY IT! Social Situations and Behaviors

    28

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    29
  • +

    The Power of the Situation

    30

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    35

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    • The Importance of Explanation

      31

      -

      32
    • The Importance of Interpretation

      32

      -

      35
  • +

    Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives

    36

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    40

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    • +

      The Self-Esteem Motive: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves

      37

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      37

      ---

      • SUFFERING AND SELF-JUSTIFICATION

        36

        -

        37
    • +

      The Social Cognition Motive: The Need to Be Accurate

      38

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      40

      ---

      • EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE SOCIAL WORLD

        38

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        40
  • Summary

    41

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    41
  • Test Yourself

    41

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    43
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  Chapter 2: Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research

  44

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  71

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  • Social Psychology: An Empirical Science

    45

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    45
  • TRY IT! Social Psychology Quiz: What’s Your Prediction?

    46

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    45
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    Formulating Hypotheses and Theories

    46

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    47

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    • INSPIRATION FROM EARLIER THEORIES AND RESEARCH

      46

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      46
    • HYPOTHESES BASED ON PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS

      46

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      47
  • Research Designs

    48

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    48
  • +

    The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior

    49

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    50

    ---

    • ETHNOGRAPHY

      49

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      49
    • ARCHIVAL ANALYSIS

      50

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      49
    • LIMITS OF THE OBSERVATIONAL METHOD

      49

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      50
  • +

    The Correlational Method: Predicting Social Behavior

    51

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    53

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    • SURVEYS

      51

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      52
    • LIMITS OF THE CORRELATIONAL METHOD: CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION

      52

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      53
  • TRY IT! Correlation and Causation: Knowing the Difference

    54

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    54
  • +

    The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions

    55

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    62

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    • INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES

      55

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      56
    • INTERNAL VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTS

      57

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      57
    • EXTERNAL VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTS

      58

      -

      59
    • FIELD EXPERIMENTS

      60

      -

      60
    • REPLICATIONS AND META-ANALYSIS

      61

      -

      61
    • BASIC VERSUS APPLIED RESEARCH

      61

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      62
  • +

    New Frontiers in Social Psychological Research

    63

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    65

    ---

    • Culture and Social Psychology

      64

      -

      63
    • The Evolutionary Approach

      64

      -

      64
    • Social Neuroscience

      64

      -

      65
  • Ethical Issues in Social Psychology

    66

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    68
  • Summary

    69

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    69
  • Test Yourself

    69

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    71
• +

  Chapter 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World

  72

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  104

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  • +

    On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking

    74

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    81

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    • People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking with Schemas

      75

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      76
    • Which Schemas Do We Use? Accessibility and Priming

      77

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      78
    • Making Our Schemas Come True: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

      78

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      81
  • +

    Types of Automatic Thinking

    82

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    89

    ---

    • Automatic Goal Pursuit

      83

      -

      83
    • Automatic Decision Making

      84

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      83
    • Automatic Thinking and Metaphors About the Body and the Mind

      84

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      85
    • +

      Mental Strategies and Shortcuts: Judgmental Heuristics

      86

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      89

      ---

      • HOW EASILY DOES IT COME TO MIND? THE AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

        86

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        88
      • HOW SIMILAR IS A TO B? THE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC

        88

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        89
  • +

    TRY IT! Reasoning Quiz

    90

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    90

    ---

    • PERSONALITY TESTS AND THE REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC

      89

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      90
  • +

    Cultural Differences in Social Cognition

    91

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    93

    ---

    • Cultural Determinants of Schemas

      91

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      91
    • Holistic versus Analytic Thinking

      91

      -

      93
  • +

    Controlled Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking

    94

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    96

    ---

    • Controlled Thinking and Free Will

      93

      -

      96
  • +

    TRY IT! Can You Predict Your (or Your Friend’s) Future?

    97

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    98

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    • Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual Reasoning

      97

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      97
    • Improving Human Thinking

      97

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      98
  • +

    TRY IT! How Well Do You Reason?

    99

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    100

    ---

    • Watson Revisited

      99

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      100
  • Summary

    101

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    102
  • Test Yourself

    102

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    104
• +

  Chapter 4: Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People

  105

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  139

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  • Nonverbal Communication

    107

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    107
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    TRY IT! Using Your Voice as a Nonverbal Cue

    108

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    113

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    • +

      Facial Expressions of Emotion

      108

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      110

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      • EVOLUTION AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

        108

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        109
      • WHY IS DECODING SOMETIMES DIFFICULT?

        109

        -

        110
    • Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication

      110

      -

      113
  • +

    First Impressions: Quick but Long-Lasting

    114

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    117

    ---

    • The Lingering Influence of Initial Impressions

      115

      -

      115
    • Using First Impressions and Nonverbal Communication to Our Advantage

      115

      -

      117
  • +

    Causal Attribution: Answering the “Why” Question

    118

    -

    118

    ---

    • The Nature of the Attribution Process

      117

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      118
  • +

    TRY IT! Listen as People Make Attributions

    119

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    129

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    • The Covariation Model: Internal versus External Attributions

      119

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      121
    • +

      The Fundamental Attribution Error: People as Personality Psychologists

      122

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      126

      ---

      • THE ROLE OF PERCEPTUAL SALIENCE IN THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

        124

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        125
      • THE TWO-STEP ATTRIBUTION PROCESS

        125

        -

        126
    • Self-Serving Attributions

      127

      -

      128
    • The “Bias Blind Spot”

      128

      -

      129
  • +

    Culture and Social Perception

    130

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    135

    ---

    • +

      Holistic versus Analytic Thinking

      131

      -

      131

      ---

      • SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE EVIDENCE

        131

        -

        131
    • Cultural Differences in the Fundamental Attribution Error

      132

      -

      133
    • Culture and Other Attributional Biases

      133

      -

      135
  • Summary

    136

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    137
  • Test Yourself

    137

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    139
• +

  Chapter 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

  140

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  177

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  • +

    The Origins and Nature of the Self-Concept

    141

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    143

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    • Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept

      142

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      143
  • +

    TRY IT! A Measure of Independence and Interdependence

    144

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    145

    ---

    • Functions of the Self

      144

      -

      145
  • +

    Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection

    146

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    147

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    • Focusing on the Self: Self-Awareness Theory

      145

      -

      147
  • +

    TRY IT! Measure Your Private Self-Consciousness

    148

    -

    150

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    • Judging Why We Feel the Way We Do: Telling More Than We Can Know

      148

      -

      148
    • The Consequences of Introspecting About Reasons

      148

      -

      150
  • +

    Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behavior

    151

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    159

    ---

    • Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation

      152

      -

      154
    • Mindsets and Motivation

      155

      -

      154
    • Understanding Our Emotions: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

      155

      -

      157
    • Finding the Wrong Cause: Misattribution of Arousal

      157

      -

      159
  • +

    Using Other People to Know Ourselves

    160

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    164

    ---

    • Knowing Ourselves by Comparing Ourselves to Others

      161

      -

      161
    • Knowing Ourselves by Adopting Other People’s Views

      162

      -

      163
    • Knowing Our Future Feelings by Consulting Other People

      163

      -

      164
  • Self-Control: The Executive Function of the Self

    165

    -

    166
  • +

    Impression Management: All the World’s a Stage

    167

    -

    170

    ---

    • Ingratiation and Self-Handicapping

      168

      -

      169
    • Culture, Impression Management, and Self-Enhancement

      169

      -

      170
  • Self-Esteem: How We Feel About Ourselves

    171

    -

    173
  • Summary

    174

    -

    175
  • Test Yourself

    175

    -

    177
• +

  Chapter 6: The Need to Justify Our Actions: The Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction

  178

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  208

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  • +

    The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

    179

    -

    185

    ---

    • +

      When Cognitions Conflict

      179

      -

      182

      ---

      • WHY WE OVERESTIMATE THE PAIN OF DISAPPOINTMENT

        181

        -

        182
    • Dissonance and the Self-Concept

      183

      -

      183
    • +

      Decisions, Decisions, Decisions

      184

      -

      185

      ---

      • DISTORTING OUR LIKES AND DISLIKES

        185

        -

        184
      • THE PERMANENCE OF THE DECISION

        184

        -

        185
  • +

    TRY IT! The Advantage of Finality

    186

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    187

    ---

    • CREATING THE ILLUSION OF IRREVOCABILITY

      186

      -

      186
    • THE DECISION TO BEHAVE IMMORALLY

      186

      -

      187
  • +

    Dissonance, Culture, and the Brain

    188

    -

    189

    ---

    • DISSONANCE IN THE BRAIN

      188

      -

      188
    • DISSONANCE ACROSS CULTURES

      188

      -

      189
  • +

    Self-Justification in Everyday Life

    190

    -

    191

    ---

    • The Justification of Effort

      189

      -

      191
  • +

    TRY IT! Justifying What You’ve Done

    192

    -

    199

    ---

    • +

      External versus Internal Justification

      192

      -

      193

      ---

      • COUNTERATTITUDINAL ADVOCACY

        191

        -

        193
    • +

      Punishment and Self-Persuasion

      194

      -

      196

      ---

      • THE LASTING EFFECTS OF SELF-PERSUASION

        195

        -

        195
      • NOT JUST TANGIBLE REWARDS OR PUNISHMENTS

        195

        -

        196
    • The Hypocrisy Paradigm

      197

      -

      197
    • +

      Justifying Good Deeds and Harmful Acts

      198

      -

      199

      ---

      • THE BEN FRANKLIN EFFECT: JUSTIFYING ACTS OF KINDNESS

        197

        -

        199
  • +

    TRY IT! The Internal Consequences of Doing Good

    200

    -

    201

    ---

    • DEHUMANIZING THE ENEMY: JUSTIFYING CRUELTY

      199

      -

      201
  • +

    Some Final Thoughts on Dissonance: Learning from Our Mistakes

    202

    -

    205

    ---

    • POLITICS AND SELF-JUSTIFICATION

      203

      -

      203
    • OVERCOMING DISSONANCE

      203

      -

      205
  • Summary

    206

    -

    206
  • Test Yourself

    206

    -

    208
• +

  Chapter 7: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings

  209

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  246

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  • The Nature and Origin of Attitudes

    211

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    210
  • +

    Where Do Attitudes Come From?

    211

    -

    212

    ---

    • COGNITIVELY BASED ATTITUDES

      212

      -

      211
    • AFFECTIVELY BASED ATTITUDES

      211

      -

      212
  • +

    TRY IT! Affective and Cognitive Bases of Attitudes

    213

    -

    215

    ---

    • BEHAVIORALLY BASED ATTITUDES

      214

      -

      213
    • Explicit versus Implicit Attitudes

      213

      -

      215
  • +

    When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?

    216

    -

    219

    ---

    • Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors

      217

      -

      216
    • +

      Predicting Deliberative Behaviors

      217

      -

      219

      ---

      • SPECIFIC ATTITUDES

        218

        -

        218
      • SUBJECTIVE NORMS

        219

        -

        218
      • PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL

        218

        -

        219
  • +

    How Do Attitudes Change?

    220

    -

    230

    ---

    • Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited

      220

      -

      220
    • +

      Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change

      221

      -

      225

      ---

      • THE CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL ROUTES TO PERSUASION

        221

        -

        222
      • THE MOTIVATION TO PAY ATTENTION TO THE ARGUMENTS

        223

        -

        224
      • THE ABILITY TO PAY ATTENTION TO THE ARGUMENTS

        225

        -

        225
      • HOW TO ACHIEVE LONG-LASTING ATTITUDE CHANGE

        225

        -

        225
    • +

      Emotion and Attitude Change

      226

      -

      229

      ---

      • FEAR-AROUSING COMMUNICATIONS

        226

        -

        227
      • EMOTIONS AS A HEURISTIC

        228

        -

        228
      • EMOTION AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTITUDES

        228

        -

        229
    • Attitude Change and the Body

      229

      -

      230
  • +

    The Power of Advertising

    231

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    235

    ---

    • How Advertising Works

      232

      -

      232
    • +

      Subliminal Advertising: A Form of Mind Control?

      233

      -

      235

      ---

      • DEBUNKING THE CLAIMS ABOUT SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING

        234

        -

        234
      • LABORATORY EVIDENCE FOR SUBLIMINAL INFLUENCE

        234

        -

        235
  • TRY IT! Consumer Brand Attitudes

    236

    -

    235
  • +

    Advertising, Stereotypes, and Culture

    236

    -

    239

    ---

    • GENDER STEREOTYPES AND EXPECTATIONS

      237

      -

      238
    • CULTURE AND ADVERTISING

      238

      -

      239
  • +

    Resisting Persuasive Messages

    240

    -

    243

    ---

    • Attitude Inoculation

      240

      -

      239
    • Being Alert to Product Placement

      240

      -

      240
    • Resisting Peer Pressure

      241

      -

      241
    • When Persuasion Attempts Backfire: Reactance Theory

      241

      -

      243
  • Summary

    244

    -

    244
  • Test Yourself

    244

    -

    246
• +

  Chapter 8: Conformity: Influencing Behavior

  247

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  289

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  • Conformity: When and Why

    249

    -

    250
  • +

    Informational Social Influence: The Need to Know What’s “Right”

    251

    -

    256

    ---

    • The Importance of Being Accurate

      254

      -

      254
    • When Informational Conformity Backfires

      255

      -

      255
    • +

      When Will People Conform to Informational Social Influence?

      256

      -

      256

      ---

      • WHEN THE SITUATION IS AMBIGUOUS

        256

        -

        255
      • WHEN THE SITUATION IS A CRISIS

        256

        -

        255
      • WHEN OTHER PEOPLE ARE EXPERTS

        255

        -

        256
  • +

    Normative Social Influence: The Need to Be Accepted

    257

    -

    264

    ---

    • Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line-Judgment Studies

      259

      -

      261
    • The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited

      262

      -

      263
    • The Consequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence

      263

      -

      264
  • +

    TRY IT! Unveiling Normative Social Influence by Breaking the Rules

    265

    -

    269

    ---

    • +

      When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence?

      265

      -

      268

      ---

      • WHEN THE GROUP GROWS LARGER

        266

        -

        265
      • WHEN THE GROUP IS IMPORTANT

        266

        -

        266
      • WHEN ONE HAS NO ALLIES IN THE GROUP

        267

        -

        266
      • WHEN THE GROUP’S CULTURE IS COLLECTIVISTIC

        266

        -

        268
    • Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many

      268

      -

      269
  • +

    Strategies for Using Social Influence

    270

    -

    276

    ---

    • The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms

      271

      -

      272
    • Using Norms to Change Behavior: Beware the “Boomerang Effect”

      273

      -

      273
    • Other Tactics of Social Influence

      273

      -

      276
  • +

    Obedience to Authority

    277

    -

    286

    ---

    • The Role of Normative Social Influence

      280

      -

      280
    • The Role of Informational Social Influence

      281

      -

      281
    • +

      Other Reasons Why We Obey

      282

      -

      283

      ---

      • CONFORMING TO THE WRONG NORM

        282

        -

        282
      • SELF-JUSTIFICATION

        283

        -

        282
      • THE LOSS OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

        282

        -

        283
    • +

      The Obedience Studies, Then and Now

      284

      -

      286

      ---

      • IT’S NOT ABOUT AGGRESSION

        285

        -

        286
  • Summary

    287

    -

    287
  • Test Yourself

    287

    -

    289
• +

  Chapter 9: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups

  290

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  323

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  • +

    What Is a Group?

    291

    -

    295

    ---

    • Why Do People Join Groups?

      291

      -

      291
    • +

      The Composition and Functions of Groups

      292

      -

      295

      ---

      • SOCIAL NORMS

        292

        -

        292
      • SOCIAL ROLES

        293

        -

        293
      • GROUP COHESIVENESS

        294

        -

        293
      • GROUP DIVERSITY

        293

        -

        295
  • +

    Individual Behavior in a Group Setting

    296

    -

    303

    ---

    • +

      Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us

      297

      -

      299

      ---

      • SIMPLE VERSUS DIFFICULT TASKS

        298

        -

        297
      • AROUSAL AND THE DOMINANT RESPONSE

        298

        -

        297
      • WHY THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS CAUSES AROUSAL

        297

        -

        299
    • Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us

      300

      -

      300
    • Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most?

      301

      -

      301
    • +

      Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd

      302

      -

      303

      ---

      • DEINDIVIDUATION MAKES PEOPLE FEEL LESS ACCOUNTABLE

        302

        -

        301
      • DEINDIVIDUATION INCREASES OBEDIENCE TO GROUP NORMS

        302

        -

        302
      • DEINDIVIDUATION ONLINE

        302

        -

        303
  • +

    Group Decisions: Are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One?

    304

    -

    313

    ---

    • +

      Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving

      305

      -

      307

      ---

      • FAILURE TO SHARE UNIQUE INFORMATION

        305

        -

        305
      • GROUPTHINK: MANY HEADS, ONE MIND

        305

        -

        307
    • Group Polarization: Going to Extremes

      308

      -

      309
    • +

      Leadership in Groups

      310

      -

      313

      ---

      • LEADERSHIP AND PERSONALITY

        310

        -

        309
      • LEADERSHIP STYLES

        310

        -

        310
      • THE RIGHT PERSON IN THE RIGHT SITUATION

        311

        -

        310
      • GENDER AND LEADERSHIP

        311

        -

        312
      • CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP

        312

        -

        313
  • +

    Conflict and Cooperation

    314

    -

    315

    ---

    • Social Dilemmas

      313

      -

      315
  • +

    TRY IT! The Prisoner’s Dilemma

    316

    -

    320

    ---

    • INCREASING COOPERATION IN THE PRISONER’S DILEMMA

      316

      -

      316
    • +

      Using Threats to Resolve Conflict

      317

      -

      318

      ---

      • EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION

        317

        -

        318
    • Negotiation and Bargaining

      318

      -

      320
  • Summary

    321

    -

    321
  • Test Yourself

    321

    -

    323
• +

  Chapter 10: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships

  324

  -

  364

  ---

  • +

    What Predicts Attraction?

    326

    -

    326

    ---

    • The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect

      326

      -

      326
  • TRY IT! Mapping the Effect of Propinquity in Your Life

    327

    -

    328
  • +

    Similarity

    329

    -

    330

    ---

    • OPINIONS AND PERSONALITY

      329

      -

      328
    • INTERESTS AND EXPERIENCES

      329

      -

      329
    • APPEARANCE

      330

      -

      329
    • GENETICS

      330

      -

      329
    • SOME FINAL COMMENTS ABOUT SIMILARITY

      329

      -

      330
  • Reciprocal Liking

    331

    -

    331
  • +

    Physical Attractiveness

    332

    -

    336

    ---

    • WHAT IS ATTRACTIVE?

      333

      -

      332
    • CULTURAL STANDARDS OF BEAUTY

      333

      -

      334
    • THE POWER OF FAMILIARITY

      335

      -

      334
    • ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ATTRACTIVE PEOPLE

      334

      -

      336
  • +

    Evolution and Mate Selection

    337

    -

    340

    ---

    • EVOLUTION AND SEX DIFFERENCES

      338

      -

      338
    • ALTERNATE PERSPECTIVES ON SEX DIFFERENCES

      338

      -

      340
  • +

    Making Connections in the Age of Technology

    341

    -

    345

    ---

    • Attraction 2.0: Mate Preference in an Online Era

      342

      -

      343
    • The Promise and Pitfalls of Online Dating

      343

      -

      345
  • +

    Love and Close Relationships

    346

    -

    347

    ---

    • Defining Love: Companionship and Passion

      345

      -

      347
  • +

    TRY IT! Passionate Love Scale

    348

    -

    358

    ---

    • Culture and Love

      348

      -

      349
    • Attachment Styles in Intimate Relationships

      350

      -

      351
    • This Is Your Brain . . . in Love

      352

      -

      352
    • +

      Theories of Relationship Satisfaction: Social Exchange and Equity

      353

      -

      358

      ---

      • SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY

        353

        -

        355
      • EQUITY THEORY

        355

        -

        358
  • +

    Ending Intimate Relationships

    359

    -

    361

    ---

    • The Process of Breaking Up

      359

      -

      359
    • The Experience of Breaking Up

      359

      -

      361
  • Summary

    362

    -

    362
  • Test Yourself

    362

    -

    364
• +

  Chapter 11: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

  365

  -

  395

  ---

  • +

    Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

    366

    -

    367

    ---

    • +

      Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes

      367

      -

      367

      ---

      • KIN SELECTION

        367

        -

        367
      • THE RECIPROCITY NORM

        367

        -

        367
  • +

    TRY IT! The Dictator Game

    368

    -

    373

    ---

    • GROUP SELECTION

      369

      -

      368
    • Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping

      369

      -

      369
    • Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping

      369

      -

      373
  • +

    Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?

    374

    -

    374

    ---

    • Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality

      374

      -

      374
  • +

    TRY IT! Empathic Concern

    375

    -

    379

    ---

    • Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior

      376

      -

      375
    • Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior

      376

      -

      377
    • Religion and Prosocial Behavior

      378

      -

      377
    • +

      The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior

      378

      -

      379

      ---

      • EFFECTS OF POSITIVE MOODS: FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD

        378

        -

        378
      • FEEL BAD, DO GOOD

        378

        -

        379
  • +

    Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When Will People Help?

    380

    -

    388

    ---

    • Environment: Rural versus Urban

      380

      -

      380
    • Residential Mobility

      381

      -

      381
    • +

      The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect

      382

      -

      386

      ---

      • NOTICING AN EVENT

        383

        -

        383
      • INTERPRETING THE EVENT AS AN EMERGENCY

        384

        -

        385
      • ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY

        386

        -

        386
      • KNOWING HOW TO HELP

        387

        -

        386
      • DECIDING TO IMPLEMENT THE HELP

        386

        -

        386
    • Effects of the Media: Video Games and Music Lyrics

      386

      -

      388
  • +

    How Can Helping Be Increased?

    389

    -

    392

    ---

    • Increasing the Likelihood That Bystanders Will Intervene

      389

      -

      390
    • Increasing Volunteerism

      391

      -

      391
    • Positive Psychology, Human Virtues, and Prosocial Behavior

      391

      -

      392
  • Summary

    393

    -

    393
  • Test Yourself

    393

    -

    395
• +

  Chapter 12: Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? Can We Prevent It?

  396

  -

  433

  ---

  • +

    Is Aggression Innate, Learned, or Optional?

    397

    -

    403

    ---

    • +

      The Evolutionary View

      398

      -

      398

      ---

      • AGGRESSION IN OTHER ANIMALS

        398

        -

        398
    • +

      Culture and Aggression

      399

      -

      401

      ---

      • CHANGES IN AGGRESSION ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES

        400

        -

        400
      • CULTURES OF HONOR

        400

        -

        401
    • +

      Gender and Aggression

      402

      -

      403

      ---

      • PHYSICAL AGGRESSION

        402

        -

        402
      • RELATIONAL AGGRESSION

        402

        -

        403
  • +

    TRY IT! Do Women and Men Differ in Their Responses?

    404

    -

    407

    ---

    • Learning to Behave Aggressively

      404

      -

      405
    • +

      Some Physiological Influences

      406

      -

      407

      ---

      • THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

        406

        -

        406
      • THE EFFECTS OF PAIN AND HEAT

        406

        -

        407
  • +

    Social Situations and Aggression

    408

    -

    410

    ---

    • Frustration and Aggression

      409

      -

      409
    • Provocation and Reciprocation

      409

      -

      410
  • +

    TRY IT! Insults and Aggression

    411

    -

    414

    ---

    • Weapons as Aggressive Cues

      411

      -

      411
    • +

      Putting the Elements Together: The Case of Sexual Assault

      412

      -

      414

      ---

      • MOTIVATIONS FOR RAPE

        412

        -

        412
      • SEXUAL SCRIPTS AND THE PROBLEM OF CONSENT

        413

        -

        413
      • PUTTING THE ELEMENTS TOGETHER

        413

        -

        414
  • +

    Violence and the Media

    415

    -

    419

    ---

    • +

      Studying the Effects of Media Violence

      415

      -

      417

      ---

      • EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

        416

        -

        416
      • LONGITUDINAL STUDIES

        416

        -

        417
    • The Problem of Determining Cause and Effect

      417

      -

      419
  • +

    How to Decrease Aggression

    420

    -

    424

    ---

    • +

      Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggression?

      420

      -

      421

      ---

      • USING PUNISHMENT ON VIOLENT ADULTS

        420

        -

        421
    • +

      Catharsis and Aggression

      422

      -

      423

      ---

      • THE EFFECTS OF AGGRESSIVE ACTS ON SUBSEQUENT AGGRESSION

        422

        -

        422
      • BLAMING THE VICTIM OF OUR AGGRESSION

        422

        -

        423
    • +

      What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger?

      424

      -

      424

      ---

      • VENTING VERSUS SELF-AWARENESS

        423

        -

        424
  • +

    TRY IT! Controlling Your Anger

    425

    -

    428

    ---

    • TRAINING IN COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS

      425

      -

      425
    • COUNTERING DEHUMANIZATION BY BUILDING EMPATHY

      426

      -

      426
    • Disrupting the Rejection-Rage Cycle

      426

      -

      428
  • Summary

    429

    -

    431
  • Test Yourself

    431

    -

    433
• +

  Chapter 13: Prejudice: Causes, Consequences, and Cures

  434

  -

  475

  ---

  • +

    Defining Prejudice

    435

    -

    437

    ---

    • +

      The Cognitive Component: Stereotypes

      436

      -

      437

      ---

      • FROM CATEGORIES TO STEREOTYPES

        436

        -

        437
  • +

    TRY IT! Stereotypes and Aggression

    438

    -

    441

    ---

    • WHAT’S WRONG WITH POSITIVE STEREOTYPES?

      438

      -

      438
    • STEREOTYPES OF GENDER

      439

      -

      440
    • The Affective Component: Emotions

      440

      -

      441
  • +

    TRY IT! Identifying Your Prejudices

    442

    -

    447

    ---

    • +

      The Behavioral Component: Discrimination

      442

      -

      447

      ---

      • RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

        442

        -

        442
      • GENDER DISCRIMINATION

        443

        -

        443
      • THE ACTIVATION OF PREJUDICE

        443

        -

        447
  • +

    Detecting Hidden Prejudices

    448

    -

    450

    ---

    • Ways of Identifying Suppressed Prejudices

      448

      -

      448
    • Ways of Identifying Implicit Prejudices

      448

      -

      450
  • +

    The Effects of Prejudice on the Victim

    451

    -

    454

    ---

    • The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

      451

      -

      451
    • Stereotype Threat

      451

      -

      454
  • +

    Causes of Prejudice

    455

    -

    462

    ---

    • Pressures to Conform: Normative Rules

      455

      -

      456
    • +

      Social Identity Theory: Us versus Them

      457

      -

      460

      ---

      • ETHNOCENTRISM

        457

        -

        456
      • IN-GROUP BIAS

        457

        -

        457
      • OUT-GROUP HOMOGENEITY

        458

        -

        458
      • BLAMING THE VICTIM

        459

        -

        459
      • JUSTIFYING FEELINGS OF ENTITLEMENT AND SUPERIORITY

        459

        -

        460
    • +

      Realistic Conflict Theory

      461

      -

      462

      ---

      • ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL COMPETITION

        461

        -

        462
  • +

    Reducing Prejudice

    463

    -

    469

    ---

    • The Contact Hypothesis

      464

      -

      465
    • +

      When Contact Reduces Prejudice

      466

      -

      467

      ---

      • WHERE DESEGREGATION WENT WRONG

        466

        -

        467
    • +

      Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom

      468

      -

      469

      ---

      • WHY DOES JIGSAW WORK?

        468

        -

        469
  • +

    TRY IT! Jigsaw-Type Group Study

    470

    -

    471

    ---

    • THE GRADUAL SPREAD OF COOPERATIVE AND INTERDEPENDENT LEARNING

      470

      -

      471
  • Summary

    472

    -

    473
  • Test Yourself

    473

    -

    475
• +

  Social Psychology in Action 1

  476

  -

  496

  ---

  • Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable and Happy Future

    476

    -

    478
  • +

    Applied Research in Social Psychology

    479

    -

    481

    ---

    • +

      Capitalizing on the Experimental Method

      480

      -

      481

      ---

      • ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS

        480

        -

        480
      • POTENTIAL RISKS OF SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS

        480

        -

        481
    • Social Psychology to the Rescue

      481

      -

      481
  • +

    Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future

    482

    -

    483

    ---

    • Conveying and Changing Social Norms

      482

      -

      483
  • +

    TRY IT! Reducing Littering with Descriptive Norms

    484

    -

    489

    ---

    • Keeping Track of Consumption

      485

      -

      485
    • Introducing a Little Competitiveness

      486

      -

      485
    • Inducing Hypocrisy

      486

      -

      487
    • Removing Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes

      487

      -

      489
  • +

    Happiness and a Sustainable Lifestyle

    490

    -

    492

    ---

    • +

      What Makes People Happy?

      490

      -

      492

      ---

      • SATISFYING RELATIONSHIPS

        490

        -

        490
      • FLOW: BECOMING ENGAGED IN SOMETHING YOU ENJOY

        491

        -

        490
      • ACCUMULATE EXPERIENCES, NOT THINGS

        491

        -

        491
      • HELPING OTHERS

        491

        -

        492
  • +

    TRY IT! Applying the Research to Your Own Life

    493

    -

    493

    ---

    • Do People Know What Makes Them Happy?

      492

      -

      493
  • Summary

    494

    -

    494
  • Test Yourself

    494

    -

    496
• +

  Social Psychology in Action 2

  497

  -

  516

  ---

  • Social Psychology and Health

    497

    -

    497
  • +

    Stress and Human Health

    498

    -

    500

    ---

    • Resilience

      499

      -

      499
    • Effects of Negative Life Events

      499

      -

      500
  • +

    TRY IT! The College Life Stress Inventory

    501

    -

    501

    ---

    • LIMITS OF STRESS INVENTORIES

      501

      -

      501
  • Perceived Stress and Health

    502

    -

    502
  • +

    Feeling in Charge: The Importance of Perceived Control

    503

    -

    506

    ---

    • INCREASING PERCEIVED CONTROL IN NURSING HOMES

      504

      -

      505
    • DISEASE, CONTROL, AND WELL-BEING

      505

      -

      506
  • +

    Coping with Stress

    507

    -

    508

    ---

    • Gender Differences in Coping with Stress

      508

      -

      507
    • Social Support: Getting Help from Others

      507

      -

      508
  • +

    TRY IT! Social Support

    509

    -

    511

    ---

    • Reframing: Finding Meaning in Traumatic Events

      509

      -

      511
  • Prevention: Promoting Healthier Behavior

    512

    -

    513
  • Summary

    514

    -

    514
  • Test Yourself

    514

    -

    516
• +

  Social Psychology in Action 3

  517

  -

  536

  ---

  • Social Psychology and the Law

    517

    -

    518
  • +

    Eyewitness Testimony

    519

    -

    526

    ---

    • +

      Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong?

      519

      -

      523

      ---

      • ACQUISITION

        519

        -

        520
      • STORAGE

        521

        -

        522
      • RETRIEVAL

        522

        -

        523
    • +

      Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are Mistaken

      524

      -

      526

      ---

      • RESPONDING QUICKLY

        525

        -

        524
      • THE PROBLEM WITH VERBALIZATION

        525

        -

        525
      • POST-IDENTIFICATION FEEDBACK

        525

        -

        526
  • +

    TRY IT! The Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony

    527

    -

    529

    ---

    • The Recovered Memory Debate

      526

      -

      529
  • +

    Juries: Group Processes in Action

    530

    -

    533

    ---

    • How Jurors Process Information During the Trial

      530

      -

      530
    • Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem?

      531

      -

      532
    • Deliberations in the Jury Room

      532

      -

      533
  • Summary

    534

    -

    534
  • Test Yourself

    534

    -

    536
• Glossary

  537

  -

  542
• References

  543

  -

  587
• Credits

  588

  -

  593
• +

  Name Index

  594

  -

  608

  ---

  • A

    594

    -

    593
  • B

    594

    -

    594
  • C

    595

    -

    595
  • D

    596

    -

    596
  • E

    597

    -

    596
  • F

    597

    -

    597
  • G

    598

    -

    597
  • H

    598

    -

    598
  • I

    599

    -

    598
  • J

    599

    -

    599
  • K

    600

    -

    599
  • L

    600

    -

    600
  • M

    601

    -

    602
  • N

    603

    -

    602
  • O

    603

    -

    602
  • P

    603

    -

    603
  • Q

    604

    -

    603
  • R

    604

    -

    603
  • S

    604

    -

    605
  • T

    606

    -

    605
  • U

    606

    -

    605
  • V

    606

    -

    606
  • W

    607

    -

    606
  • X

    607

    -

    607
  • Y

    608

    -

    607
  • Z

    607

    -

    608
• +

  Subject Index

  609

  -

  619

  ---

  • A

    609

    -

    608
  • B

    609

    -

    609
  • C

    610

    -

    610
  • D

    611

    -

    610
  • E

    611

    -

    611
  • F

    612

    -

    611
  • G

    612

    -

    612
  • H

    613

    -

    612
  • I

    613

    -

    613
  • J

    614

    -

    613
  • K

    614

    -

    613
  • L

    614

    -

    613
  • M

    614

    -

    613
  • N

    614

    -

    614
  • O

    615

    -

    614
  • P

    615

    -

    615
  • Q

    616

    -

    615
  • R

    616

    -

    615
  • S

    616

    -

    616
  • T

    617

    -

    617
  • U

    618

    -

    617
  • V

    618

    -

    617
  • W

    618

    -

    617
  • Y

    618

    -

    617
  • Z

    617

    -

    619
• Answer Key

  620

  -

  624

Über die Autoren

Elliot Aronson

Author

Samuel Sommers

Author

Robin Akert

Author

Timothy Wilson

Author