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  • UB Potsdam  (10)
  • SeeCampus-Bibliothek
  • Naturkundemuseum Potsdam
  • Bibliothek Meyenburg
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  • Graue Literatur  (10)
  • Lizenziert  (10)
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  • Lizenziert  (10)
  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The grant element method of measuring the concessionality of loans and debt relief (2017)
    Paris, France : OECD Development Centre
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_894705954
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD Development Centre working paper no. 339
    Inhalt: The grant element is the “gift portion” of a financial transaction. The mathematical technique for arriving at a precise grant element percentage was first proposed by John Pincus of the RAND Corporation in 1963, and developed mathematically by Göran Ohlin of the Development Centre in 1966. Pincus also advocated expressing foreign aid in terms of its grant equivalent – i.e. the grant element expressed as a monetary value instead of a percentage. Grant element methodology was first used officially in 1969, in a target for softening the terms of aid. A grant element test was then introduced into the definition of official development assistance in 1972. Grant element methodology was subsequently applied to regulate the terms of export credits, to help assess the sustainability of developing country borrowing, and to calculate the level of debt relief and ensure comparability of effort in relevant Paris Club debt rescheduling operations. Central to grant element calculations is the selection of an appropriate discount rate to reflect financial market conditions. The present low interest rate environment raises challenges in this respect. This paper offers a layman’s introduction to the nature and mechanics of grant element methodology, and to the history of its application in practice.
    Anmerkung: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/19e4b706-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The evolution of official development assistance : achievements, criticisms and a way forward (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_776491121
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD development co-operation working papers 12
    Inhalt: The definition of Official Development Assistance (ODA) has for 40 years been the global standard for measuring donor efforts in supporting development co-operation objectives. It has provided the yardstick for documenting the volume and the terms of the concessional resources provided, assessing donor performance against their aid pledges and enabling partner countries, civil society and others to hold donors to account. Yet for all its value, the ODA definition has always reflected a compromise between political expediency and statistical reality. It is based on interpretation and consensus and therefore allows for flexibility. It has evolved over the decades, while preserving the original concepts of a definition based on principal developmental motivation, official character and a degree of concessionality. While agreement on the ODA concept was a major achievement, discussion of the appropriateness of this measure has never ended. The paper documents the evolution of the ODA concept and proposes a possible new approach to measuring aid effort.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5k3v1dv3f024-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The accidental birth of “official development assistance” (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_841404453
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (25 S.)
    Serie: OECD development co-operation working papers 24
    Inhalt: Official development assistance (ODA) has been the standard measure of foreign aid for 45 years, but its creation was largely accidental, and followed no plan. Its origins lie with efforts by the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in the early 60s to soften and harmonise the terms of aid to developing countries. The DAC agreed a first Recommendation on aid terms in 1965, but its targets were complex and its quantities not adequately defined. An underlying difficulty was identifying which loans were soft enough to count as aid and thus be subject to the disciplines. Among metrics for valuing the concession embodied in loans, the “grant element” methodology proved the most fruitful, and it was used to refine the targets in a 1969 Supplement to the Recommendation. That Supplement introduced the idea of “official development assistance”, but without defining it. It was not until the 1972 revision of the Terms Recommendation that ODA was fully defined. This included setting a minimum grant element for an ODA loan and a single target for the overall “softness” of aid programmes. Special terms targets were agreed for a new category of Least Developed Countries. Though not perfect, the 1972 decisions created an integrated and fully specified system for monitoring aid volume and softening aid terms. The process that produced this result turned on interactions between the OECD and the UN system that helped generate the required innovations in concepts and techniques.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrs552w8736-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The impact of index and swap funds on commodity futures markets : preliminary results (2010)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_633103020
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (30 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries working papers 27
    Anmerkung: Literaturverz. S. 23 - 24 , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmd40wl1t5f-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Community-driven development : myths and realities (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1026812208
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 36 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8435
    Inhalt: Community-driven development is an approach to development that emphasizes community control over planning decisions and investment resources. Over the past decade, it has become a key operational strategy for many national governments, as well as for international aid agencies, with the World Bank alone currently supporting more than 190 active community-driven development projects in 78 countries. Community-driven development programs have proven to be particularly useful where government institutions are weak or under stress. This paper examines what the evidence shows about the utility of community-driven development programs for helping governments improve the lives and futures of the poor. The paper also addresses recent critiques of the community-driven development approach. The paper makes three main arguments. First, community-driven development offers governments a useful new tool for improving the lives of the poor. The empirical evidence from evaluations confirms that community-driven development programs provide much needed productive economic infrastructure and services at large scale, reasonable cost, and high quality. They also provide villagers, especially the disadvantaged, with a voice in how development funds are used to improve their welfare. Second, community-driven development programs are not a homogeneous category, and it is important to acknowledge the differences between national, on-budget, multi-year programs, and off-budget programs. And finally, community-driven development works best and achieves the greatest results when it is part of a broader development strategy that includes reforms to governance, investments in productivity, and integration with efforts to improve the quality of public service delivery
    Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Wong, Susan Community-Driven Development: Myths and Realities Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8435
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Gender differences in poverty and household composition through the life-cycle : a global perspective (2018)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & Gender Global Theme
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1022165747
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: Policy research working paper 8360
    Inhalt: This paper uses household surveys from 89 countries to look at gender differences in poverty in the developing world. In the absence of individual-level poverty data, the paper looks at what can we learn in terms of gender differences by looking at the available individual and household level information. The estimates are based on the same surveys and welfare measures as official World Bank poverty estimates. The paper focuses on the relationship between age, sex and poverty. And finds that, girls and women of reproductive age are more likely to live in poor households (below the international poverty line) than boys and men. It finds that 122 women between the ages of 25 and 34 live in poor households for every 100 men of the same age group. The analysis also examines the household profiles of the poor, seeking to go beyond headship definitions. Using a demographic household composition shows that nuclear family households of two married adults and children account for 41 percent of poor households, and are the most frequent household where poor women are found. Using an economic household composition classification, households with a male earner, children and a non-income earner spouse are the most frequent among the poor at 36 percent, and the more frequent household where poor women live. For individuals, as well as for households, the presence of children increases the household likelihood to be poor, and this has a specific impact on women, but does not fully explain the observed female poverty penalty
    Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Boudet, Ana Maria Munoz Gender Differences in Poverty and Household Composition through the Life-cycle: A Global Perspective Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2018
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8360
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    International variations in a selected number of surgical procedures (2013)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_755397827
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (79 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD health working papers 61
    Inhalt: This paper summarises recent international data on rates of five surgical procedures (i.e. caesarean, hysterectomy, prostatectomy, hip replacement and appendectomy) across OECD countries. It examines trends over time and compares age- and sex-specific rates for a recent year, for a sub-set of countries for which data are available. The report shows substantial international variations for most procedures, but also striking similarities between countries; some procedures show universal trends, with trends in rates by sex and age behaving in very similar ways. A full understanding of the reasons for and consequences of different utilisation rates demands a detailed understanding of patterns of illness and patient preferences, incentives embedded within health systems, and above all mechanisms to link activity to outcomes. While recognising the many limitations of the data that exist, the analyses reported here paint a picture of widespread differences in the rates at which certain procedures are performed (e.g. hysterectomy and prostatectomy) yet, for others (e.g. appendectomy), they indicate the emergence of growing international convergence. It is important to recognise that these findings are simply a stimulus to further enquiry into health services. Where variation is observed, there is no way, using these data alone, of knowing which rate is the “right” one in any country. It is not even possible to say that the presence of variation is a sign of important health service delivery problems.
    Anmerkung: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5k49h4p5g9mw-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Imagining more effective humanitarian aid : a donor perspective (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_815416458
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (29 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD development co-operation working papers 18
    Inhalt: This paper is intended to provoke debate, and stimulate further thinking and study, about humanitarian effectiveness, and what that will mean for donors and other stakeholders, in the run-up to the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016. Today’s humanitarian system is made up of many different moving parts. These different parts are guided by different standards and learning initiatives, all aimed at promoting an effective humanitarian response. However, the system itself does not yet have a core set of shared values, and it is not clear whether the overall humanitarian endeavour is fit for purpose or optimally configured, given the challenges of a changing global context, and the increasing complexity of crises. A common framework for humanitarian effectiveness, designed to promote collective responsibility and mutual accountability, would ensure that each actor would be held accountable for their contribution to the same characteristics of effectiveness – based on what they can control, what they can influence and where they advocate – no matter who was assessing them. No doubt, a shared understanding of humanitarian effectiveness will also stimulate change in the design, tools and approaches, and results measurement, within the humanitarian system.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxx3d16snf7-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Financing for stability : guidance for practitioners (2018)
    [Paris, France] : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1023717700
    Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 73 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Serie: OECD development policy papers no. 11 (February 2018)
    Inhalt: This guidance outlines the process for developing financing strategies for fragile contexts: financing for stability. The process includes the concrete steps to take to deliver the financing strategy, accompanied by financing principles, and a range of tactical investments, that allow financing actors to use financing to incentivise certain behaviours and priority investments, and to invest in enabling conditions and public goods.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5f3c7f33-en
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Financing in crisis? : making humanitarian finance fit for the future (2015)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_841403775
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (22, [4] S.) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Serie: OECD development co-operation working papers 22
    Inhalt: Building on the useful recommendations of the Future Humanitarian Financing initiative, this paper takes the view that ensuring enough quality money for humanitarian crises is not just about writing a bigger cheque. The money also needs to arrive in the right place, in the right way, and at the right time. The paper focuses on the following areas, learning from good practices by DAC members and attempting to find solutions to common challenges: - Predictable funding for predicable costs. - Funding for longer-term – protracted – crises that helps boost the resilience of crisis-affected communities; going beyond immediate life-threatening needs and supporting self-reliance. - Reworking funding tools and approaches for crises in middle income countries – learning from the challenges facing the Syrian Arab Republic affected region. - Thinking differently about funding disaster response and recovery, and about funding disaster affected states and local response actors. - Making the money go further; reducing the cost, and increasing the cost-benefit, of humanitarian operations.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/5js04dl2pms1-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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