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Mercury - Cadmium - Lead Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation (2001)

Scoullos, Michael J. [Verfasser] ; Vonkeman, Gerrit H. ; Thornton, Iain ; [weitere]

Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands

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UID:

b3kat_BV045176424

Umfang: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 525 p)

ISBN: 9789401004039

Serie: Environment & Policy 31

Inhalt: Although this is a handbook for policy and regulation, the major part of it is filled with data on the three heavy metals that served as examples: mercury, cadmium and lead. Their stocks, productions, prices, trade flows, uses and applications, recovery and recycling, as well as their (eco)toxicological characteristics have been collected and presented to their fullest extent. In addition, they are thoroughly analysed for consistency, future developments and trends and, of course, their consequences for sustainable development and future policy and regulation. The second part, on policy and regulation, begins with an extensive and fundamental consideration on the characteristics of a sustainable heavy metals policy, whereby innovative policy tools are developed. In many aspects, these considerations are also valid for other metals and even non-metallic persistent substances. Addressing the European Union in particular, its policy-making structure and practice are critically analysed, in order to develop feasible and viable guidelines for long-, medium- and short-term EU policy measures. The results of this exercise are then applied to the three heavy metals. In each of these three chapters, all existing EU measures are presented in detail and confronted with better practices elsewhere, resulting in many suggestions and recommendations for the future. In the last chapter, the main conclusions and recommendations are carefully summarised. Together with a very extended table of contents, this makes the book easily accessible, in spite of its volume. This Handbook is a must for policy-makers and administrators at all levels, as well as for their counterparts in a wide variety of industries. In addition, it is well-suited for environmental science courses at academic or higher professional level

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9789401038966

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Europäische Union ; Quecksilber ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Europäische Union ; Blei ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Europäische Union ; Cadmium ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik

DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0403-9

URL: Volltext (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Volltext (lizenzpflichtig)

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Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD (2001)

Thornton, Mitchell Aaron ; Drechsler, Rolf ; Miller, D. Michael

Boston, MA : Springer US

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UID:

gbv_775317209

Umfang: Online-Ressource (XIII, 250 p) , online resource

Ausgabe: Springer eBook Collection. Computer Science

ISBN: 9781461514251

Inhalt: Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD have become a subject of renewed interest in the design automation community due to the emergence of new and efficient methods for the computation of discrete function spectra. In the past, spectral computations for digital logic were too complex for practical implementation. The use of decision diagrams for spectral computations has greatly reduced this obstacle allowing for the development of new and useful spectral techniques for VLSI synthesis and verification. Several new algorithms for the computation of the Walsh, Reed-Muller, arithmetic and Haar spectra are described. The relation of these computational methods to traditional ones is also provided. Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD provides a unified formalism of the representation of bit-level and word-level discrete functions in the spectral domain and as decision diagrams. An alternative and unifying interpretation of decision diagram representations is presented since it is shown that many of the different commonly used varieties of decision diagrams are merely graphical representations of various discrete function spectra. Viewing various decision diagrams as being described by specific sets of transformation functions not only illustrates the relationship between graphical and spectral representations of discrete functions, but also gives insight into how various decision diagram types are related. Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD describes several new applications of spectral techniques in discrete function manipulation including decision diagram minimization, logic function synthesis, technology mapping and equivalence checking. The use of linear transformations in decision diagram size reduction is described and the relationship to the operation known as spectral translation is described. Several methods for synthesizing digital logic circuits based on a subset of spectral coefficients are described. An equivalence checking approach for functional verification is described based upon the use of matching pairs of Haar spectral coefficients

Anmerkung: 1 Introduction1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Background and History -- 1.3 Mathematical Requirements -- 1.4 Organization -- 2 The Boolean Domain -- 2.1 Boolean Functions -- 2.2 Pseudo-Boolean Functions -- 2.3 Output Probability -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 The Spectral Domain -- 3.1 Spectra of Logic Functions -- 3.2 Spectral Transforms -- 3.3 Transform Procedures -- 3.4 Relationships Between the Transforms -- 3.5 Spectral Properties -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Decision Diagrams -- 4.1 Decision Diagram Definitions -- 4.2 Decision Diagram Varieties -- 4.3 Bit-level Decompositions -- 4.4 Word-level Decompositions -- 4.5 Edge-valued Decision Diagrams -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Computation of Spectral Coefficients -- 5.1 Cube List Approaches -- 5.2 Methods Based on BDD Paths and Disjoint Cubes -- 5.3 Spectral Computation Using Decision Diagrams -- 5.4 Computation Based on Cayley Graphs -- 5.5 Spectra of Incompletely-specified Functions -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 BDD Minimization -- 6.1 BDD Variable Ordering Techniques -- 6.2 Probability Based Minimization -- 6.3 Linear Transformations -- 6.4 Summary -- 7 Logic Synthesis -- 7.1 Spectral Translation -- 7.2 Maximum Correlation Iterative Approach -- 7.3 Synthesis Using Spectral Heuristics -- 7.4 Technology Mapping -- 7.5 Summary -- 8 Logic Verification -- 8.1 Classical Approaches -- 8.2 Signature Methods -- 8.3 Subsets of Haar Coefficients for Equivalence Checking -- 8.4 Summary -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9781461355472

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9780792374336

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781461355472

Weitere Ausg.: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781461514268

Sprache: Englisch

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1425-1

URL: Volltext (lizenzpflichtig)

URL: lizenzpflichtig

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