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  • English  (3)
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  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 2001  (3)
  • Licensed  (3)
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  • English  (3)
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  • 2000-2004  (3)
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  • Licensed  (3)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mercury - Cadmium - Lead Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation (2001)
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV045176424
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 525 p)
    ISBN: 9789401004039
    Series Statement: Environment & Policy 31
    Content: Although this is a handbook for policy and regulation, the major part of it is filled with data on the three heavy metals that served as examples: mercury, cadmium and lead. Their stocks, productions, prices, trade flows, uses and applications, recovery and recycling, as well as their (eco)toxicological characteristics have been collected and presented to their fullest extent. In addition, they are thoroughly analysed for consistency, future developments and trends and, of course, their consequences for sustainable development and future policy and regulation. The second part, on policy and regulation, begins with an extensive and fundamental consideration on the characteristics of a sustainable heavy metals policy, whereby innovative policy tools are developed. In many aspects, these considerations are also valid for other metals and even non-metallic persistent substances. Addressing the European Union in particular, its policy-making structure and practice are critically analysed, in order to develop feasible and viable guidelines for long-, medium- and short-term EU policy measures. The results of this exercise are then applied to the three heavy metals. In each of these three chapters, all existing EU measures are presented in detail and confronted with better practices elsewhere, resulting in many suggestions and recommendations for the future. In the last chapter, the main conclusions and recommendations are carefully summarised. Together with a very extended table of contents, this makes the book easily accessible, in spite of its volume. This Handbook is a must for policy-makers and administrators at all levels, as well as for their counterparts in a wide variety of industries. In addition, it is well-suited for environmental science courses at academic or higher professional level
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9789401038966
    Language: English
    Keywords: Europäische Union ; Quecksilber ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Europäische Union ; Blei ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Europäische Union ; Cadmium ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik
    DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0403-9
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD (2001)
    Boston, MA : Springer US
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_775317209
    Format: Online-Ressource (XIII, 250 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Computer Science
    ISBN: 9781461514251
    Content: Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD have become a subject of renewed interest in the design automation community due to the emergence of new and efficient methods for the computation of discrete function spectra. In the past, spectral computations for digital logic were too complex for practical implementation. The use of decision diagrams for spectral computations has greatly reduced this obstacle allowing for the development of new and useful spectral techniques for VLSI synthesis and verification. Several new algorithms for the computation of the Walsh, Reed-Muller, arithmetic and Haar spectra are described. The relation of these computational methods to traditional ones is also provided. Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD provides a unified formalism of the representation of bit-level and word-level discrete functions in the spectral domain and as decision diagrams. An alternative and unifying interpretation of decision diagram representations is presented since it is shown that many of the different commonly used varieties of decision diagrams are merely graphical representations of various discrete function spectra. Viewing various decision diagrams as being described by specific sets of transformation functions not only illustrates the relationship between graphical and spectral representations of discrete functions, but also gives insight into how various decision diagram types are related. Spectral Techniques in VLSI CAD describes several new applications of spectral techniques in discrete function manipulation including decision diagram minimization, logic function synthesis, technology mapping and equivalence checking. The use of linear transformations in decision diagram size reduction is described and the relationship to the operation known as spectral translation is described. Several methods for synthesizing digital logic circuits based on a subset of spectral coefficients are described. An equivalence checking approach for functional verification is described based upon the use of matching pairs of Haar spectral coefficients
    Note: 1 Introduction1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Background and History -- 1.3 Mathematical Requirements -- 1.4 Organization -- 2 The Boolean Domain -- 2.1 Boolean Functions -- 2.2 Pseudo-Boolean Functions -- 2.3 Output Probability -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 The Spectral Domain -- 3.1 Spectra of Logic Functions -- 3.2 Spectral Transforms -- 3.3 Transform Procedures -- 3.4 Relationships Between the Transforms -- 3.5 Spectral Properties -- 3.6 Summary -- 4 Decision Diagrams -- 4.1 Decision Diagram Definitions -- 4.2 Decision Diagram Varieties -- 4.3 Bit-level Decompositions -- 4.4 Word-level Decompositions -- 4.5 Edge-valued Decision Diagrams -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Computation of Spectral Coefficients -- 5.1 Cube List Approaches -- 5.2 Methods Based on BDD Paths and Disjoint Cubes -- 5.3 Spectral Computation Using Decision Diagrams -- 5.4 Computation Based on Cayley Graphs -- 5.5 Spectra of Incompletely-specified Functions -- 5.6 Summary -- 6 BDD Minimization -- 6.1 BDD Variable Ordering Techniques -- 6.2 Probability Based Minimization -- 6.3 Linear Transformations -- 6.4 Summary -- 7 Logic Synthesis -- 7.1 Spectral Translation -- 7.2 Maximum Correlation Iterative Approach -- 7.3 Synthesis Using Spectral Heuristics -- 7.4 Technology Mapping -- 7.5 Summary -- 8 Logic Verification -- 8.1 Classical Approaches -- 8.2 Signature Methods -- 8.3 Subsets of Haar Coefficients for Equivalence Checking -- 8.4 Summary -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- References.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781461355472
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9780792374336
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781461355472
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 9781461514268
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1425-1
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spin Electronics (2001)
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1650676638
    Format: Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9783540452584
    Series Statement: Lecture Notes in Physics 569
    Content: to Spin Electronics -- Basic Concepts -- An Introduction to the Theory of Normal and Ferromagnetic Metals -- Basic Electron Transport -- Phenomenological Theory of Giant Magnetoresistance -- Electronic Structure, Exchange and Magnetism in Oxides -- Transport Properties of Mixed-Valence Manganites -- Spin Dependent Tunneling -- Basic Semiconductor Physics -- Metal-Semiconductor Contacts -- Micromagnetic Spin Structure -- Electronic Noise in Magnetic Materials and Devices -- Materials, Techniques and Devices -- Materials for Spin Electronics -- Thin Film Deposition Techniques (PVD) -- Magnetic Imaging -- Observation of Micromagnetic Configurations in Mesoscopic Magnetic Elements -- Micro— and Nanofabrication Techniques -- Spin Transport in Semiconductors -- Circuit Theory for the Electrically Declined -- Spin—Valve and Spin—Tunneling Devices: Read Heads, MRAMs, Field Sensors.
    Content: For 50 years conventional electronics has ignored the electron spin. The manipulation and utilisation of the electron spin heralds an exciting and rapidly changing era in electronics, combining the disciplines of magnetism and traditional electronics. The first generation of "spintronic" devices (such as read heads based on giant magnetoresistance or non-volatile magnetic random access memories) have already gained dominant positions in the market place. This volume, the first of its kind on spin electronics, describes all the essential topics for new researchers entering the field. It covers magnetism and semiconductor basics, micromagnetism, experimental techniques, material science, device fabrication and new developments in spin-dependent processes. At the end of most chapters are a number of exercises and worked problems to aid the reader in understanding this fascinating new field.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record , ""Lecture Notes in Physics""; ""Springer""; ""Spin Electronics""; ""Foreword""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Part I Introduction""; ""Part II Basic Concepts""; ""Part III Materials, Techniques and Devices""; ""List of Contributors""; ""1 Introduction to Spin Electronics""; ""1.1 Coey �s Lemma""; ""1.2 The Two Spin Channel Model""; ""1.2.1 Spin Asymmetry""; ""1.2.2 Spin Accumulation""; ""1.2.3 Spin Diffusion Length""; ""1.2.4 The Role of Impurities in Spin Electronics""; ""1.2.5 How Long is the Spin Diffusion Length?""; ""1.2.6 How Large is a Typical Spin Accumulation?"" , ""1.3 Two Terminal Spin Electronics""""1.3.1 The Analogy with Polarized Light""; ""1.3.2 Spin Tunneling Processes [15,16,17,18 ]""; ""1.3.3 The Dominance of the Fermi Surface""; ""1.3.4 CIP and CPP GMR [19 ]""; ""1.4 Three Terminal Spin Electronics""; ""1.5 Mesomagnetism""; ""1.5.1 Giant Thermal Magnetoresistance ""; ""1.5.2 The Domain Wall in Spin Electronics""; ""1.6 Hybrid Spin Electronics""; ""1.6.1 The Monsma Transistor""; ""1.6.2 Spin Transport in Semiconductors""; ""1.6.4 Measuring Spin Decoherence in Semiconductors""; ""1.6.5 How to Improve Direct Spin-Injection Efficiency"" , ""1.6.6 Novel Spin Transistor Geometries �Materials and Construction Challenges""""1.7 The Rashba Effect and the Spin FET [47,48 ]""; ""1.8 Refinements in the Understanding of Spin Tunneling""; ""1.9 Methods for Measuring Spin Asymmetry""; ""1.10 FSETs""; ""1.10.1 Spin Blockade""; ""1.11 Unusual Ventures in Spin Electronics.""; ""1.12 The Future of Spin Electronics.""; ""1.13 Acknowledgements""; ""References""; ""2 An Introduction to the Theory of Normal and Ferromagnetic Metals""; ""2.1 Introduction""; ""2.2 What is a Metal ?""; ""2.2.1 Definition of the Fermi Energy"" , ""2.2.2 Electron Energy Bands in Metals""""2.2.3 Justification of the Independent Particle Model""; ""2.2.4 Imperfect Crystals""; ""2.3 Band Magnetism""; ""2.3.1 Magnetic Susceptibility""; ""2.3.2 Ordered Phases""; ""2.3.3 Stoner Theory""; ""2.3.4 Strong and Weak Ferromagnets""; ""2.3.5 Excitations in Ferromagnets""; ""2.3.6 The Phase Transition""; ""2.3.7 Impurities in Nonmagnetic Metals""; ""2.4 Strong Coupling Theories""; ""2.4.1 Formation of Local Moments""; ""2.4.2 Ordered Arrays of Moments""; ""2.4.3 The Kondo Effect""; ""2.4.4 Heavy Fermion Compounds""; ""2.5 Problems""; ""References"" , ""3 Basic Electron Transport""""3.1 Introduction""; ""3.2 The Boltzmann Equation""; ""3.3 The Relationship Between the Boltzmann Equation and the Kubo �Greenwood Formula""; ""3.4 How the Energy and Momentum Relaxation Rates are Related""; ""3.5 Thin Films and the Fuchs�Sondheimer Model""; ""3.6 The Normal Magnetoresistance""; ""3.7 Beyond the Boltzmann Theory: Quantum Interference Effects""; ""3.8 Experimental Methods""; ""3.8.1 Resistivity""; ""3.8.2 Hall Effect and Thermopower""; ""3.9 Problems""; ""3.10 Solutions""; ""Bibliography""; ""References"" , ""4 Phenomenological Theory of Giant Magnetoresistance"" , Introduction to Spin Electronics -- An Introduction to the Theory of Normal and Ferromagnetic Metals -- Basic Electron Transport -- Phenomenological Theory of Giant Magnetoresistance -- Electronic Structure, Exchange and Magnetism in Oxides -- Transport Properties of Mixed-Valence Manganites -- Spin Dependent Tunneling -- Semiconductor Physics: Basics and Metal-Semiconductor Contacts -- Micromagnetic Spin Structure -- Electronic Noise in Magnetic Materials and Devices -- Materials for Spin Electronics -- Thin Film Deposition Techniques (PVD) -- Magnetic Imaging -- Observation of Micromagnetic Configurations in Mesoscopic Magnetic Elements -- Micro- and Nanofabrication Techniques -- Spin Transport in Semiconductors -- Circuit Theory for the Electrically Declined -- Spin-Valve and Spin-Tunneling Devices: Read Heads, MRAMS, Field Sensors.
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9783540418047
    Additional Edition: Buchausg. u.d.T. Spin electronics Berlin : Springer, 2001 ISBN 3540418040
    Language: English
    Subjects: Physics
    RVK:
    UD 8220
    RVK:
    UP 6800
    RVK:
    UP 3600
    Keywords: Magnetoelektronik ; Magnetoelektronik
    DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45258-3
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Cover
    URL: Kapitel 1
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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