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  • 1
    UID:
    gbv_1017858810
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: Using tariffs as a measure of openness, this paper finds consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization, measured by changes in tariff revenues, is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed with highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels. Similar, although less robust, results are also obtained when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficients. Taken together, the results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with little education is high raises inequality. Simulation results also suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality, like the Gini coefficient, are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [s.l.] : World Bank
    UID:
    gbv_1017847495
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Economic Review
    Content: International migration will be one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Lower transaction and communication costs have already greatly eased the formation of migrant networks and reduced migration costs, for long a deterrent to migration from developing countries to developed countries. Migratory pressures will also increase as falling dependency ratios in developing countries contribute to the swelling of their labor forces. Remittances from migrants to developed countries should then help to close the developing-country developed-country divide
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [s.l.] : World Bank
    UID:
    gbv_1017847134
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Research Observer
    Content: With preferential trade agreements on the rise worldwide rules of origin—which are necessary to prevent trade deflection—are attracting increasing attention. At the same time, preference erosion for Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) recipients is increasing resistance to further multilateral negotiations. Drawing on different approaches, this article shows that the current system of rules of origin that is used by the European Union and the United States in preferential trade agreements (including the GSP) and that is similar to systems used by other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries should be drastically simplified if developed economies really want to help developing economies integrate into the world trading system. In addition to diverting resources for administrative tasks, current rules of origin carry significant compliance costs. More fundamentally, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are often been designed to force developing economies to buy inefficient intermediate products from developed economies to "pay for" preferential access for the final product. The evidence also suggests that a significant share of the rents associated with market access (net of rules of origin compliance costs) is captured by developed economies. Finally, the restrictiveness of rules of origin is found to be beyond the levels that would be justified to prevent trade deflection, suggesting a capture by special interest groups. The article outlines some alternative paths to reforms.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [s.l.] : Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
    UID:
    gbv_1017863288
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Economic Review
    Content: The estimated coefficient of distance on the volume of trade is generally found to increase rather than decrease through time using the traditional gravity model of trade. This distance puzzle proved robust to several ad hoc versions of the model using data for 1962-96 for a large sample of 130 countries. The introduction of an augmented barrier to trade function removes the paradox, yielding a decline in the estimate of the elasticity of trade to distance of about 11 percent over the 35-year period for the whole sample. However, the death of distance is shown to be largely confined to bilateral trade between rich countries, with poor countries becoming marginalized.
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [s.l.] : Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
    UID:
    gbv_1017863385
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank Economic Review
    Content: The effective market access granted to textiles and apparel under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is estimated, taking into account the presence of rules of origin. First, estimates are provided of the effect of tariff preferences combined with rules of origin on the border prices of Mexican final goods exported to the United States (U.S.) and of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico, based on eight-digit harmonized system tariff-line data. A third of the estimated rise in the border price of Mexican apparel products is found to compensate for the cost of complying with NAFTA's rules of origin, and NAFTA is found to have raised the price of U.S. intermediate goods exported to Mexico by around 12 percent, with downstream rules of origin accounting for a third of that increase. Second, simulations are used to estimate welfare gains for Mexican exporters from preferential market access under NAFTA. The presence of rules of origin is found to approximately halve these gains.
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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