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  • Ambrosi, Philippe  (3)
  • Butzer, Rita  (3)
  • Open access  (6)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Carbon Market Policies and Research (2008)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017849528
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: We describe important institutions that shape climate change policies together with a set of key market-reliant instruments. We selectively review the related economic literature, emphasizing empirical studies that assess the efficacy of current policies and the workings of policy-dependent markets. Special attention is given to new carbon finance markets tied to the Kyoto Protocol's flexibility mechanisms. Promising areas for future research are identified
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determinants of Agricultural Growth in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797604200
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 2803
    Content: The introduction of new high-yielding varieties of cereals in the 1960s, known as the green revolution. Changed dramatically the food supply I Asia, as well as in other countries. The authors examine over an extended period, the growth consequences for agriculture in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Despite geographic proximity, similar climate, and other shared characteristics, gains in productivity, and income differed significantly among the countries. The authors quantify these differences, and examine their determinants. They find that the new technology changed the returns to fertilizers, irrigated land, and capital, all of which proved scarce to varying degrees, Complementing technology-related changes in factor use were investments - public and private - driven in part by policy. The authors find that factor accumulation played an important role in output growth, and that accumulations from policy-driven investments in human capital, and public infrastructure, were important sources of productivity gains. They conclude that policies that ease constraints on factor markets, and promote public investment in people, and infrastructure, provide the best opportunities for agricultural growth.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Factors Affecting Levels of International Cooperation in Carbon Abatement Projects (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797530495
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 4786
    Content: The Clean Development Mechanism, a provision of The Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to gain credit toward their treaty obligations by investing in projects located in developing (host) countries. Such projects are expected to benefit both parties by providing low-cost abatement opportunities for the investor-country, while facilitating capital and technology flows to the host country. This paper analyzes the Clean Development Mechanism market, emphasizing the cooperation aspects between host and investor countries. The analysis uses a dichotomous (yes/no) variable and three continuous variants to measure the level of cooperation, namely the number of joint projects, the volume of carbon dioxide abatement, and the volume of investment in the projects. The results suggest that economic development, institutional development, the energy structure of the economies, the level of country vulnerability to various climate change effects, and the state of international relations between the host and investor countries are good predictors of the level of cooperation in Clean Development Mechanism projects. The main policy conclusions include the importance of simplifying the project regulation/clearance cycle; improving the governance structure host and investor countries; and strengthening trade or other long-term economic activities that engage the countries.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measures of Fixed Capital in Agriculture (2012)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797525165
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research working paper WPS 5472
    Content: Capital is a fundamental component of agricultural production, and the accumulation of capital is key to growth in agriculture and the process of development. Unfortunately, cross-country data sets on agricultural fixed capital are rare. Using a common methodology that allows comparisons across countries, as well as over time, this paper introduces a data series on fixed capital in agriculture, based on national accounts data. The fixed capital measure differs remarkably from the Food and Agriculture Organization's data series on tractors, which has been widely utilized as a proxy for agricultural fixed capital. The authors construct comparable measures of capital in livestock and tree stock. They examine the evolution of the capital stocks from 1970 to 2000, paying particular attention to the changing composition of agricultural capital, as well as differences in the accumulation of capital for high-income and middle and lower-income countries. Using the capital measures in agricultural productivity analyses, the data yield estimated input elasticities substantially different from those found previously in the literature. The authors show explicitly that this is due to the improved data set on agricultural capital stocks, as well as the methodology used in the study.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Carbon Markets, Institutions, Policies, and Research (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797533834
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 4761
    Content: The scale of investment needed to slow greenhouse gas emissions is larger than governments can manage through transfers. Therefore, climate change policies rely heavily on markets and private capital. This is especially true in the case of the Kyoto Protocol with its provisions for trade and investment in joint projects. This paper describes institutions and policies important for new carbon markets and explains their origins. Research efforts that explore conceptual aspects of current policy are surveyed along with empirical studies that make predictions about how carbon markets will work and perform. The authors summarize early investment and price outcomes from newly formed markets and point out areas where markets have preformed as predicted and areas where markets remain incomplete. Overall the scale of carbon-market investment planned exceeds earlier expectations, but the geographic dispersion of investment is uneven and important opportunities for abatement remain untapped in some sectors, indicating a need for additional research on how investment markets work. How best to promote the development and deployment of new technologies is another promising area for study identified in the paper.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Heterogeneous Technology and Panel Data : The Case of the Agricultural Production Function (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797531513
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 4536
    Content: The paper presents empirical analysis of a panel of countries to estimate an agricultural production function using a measure of capital in agriculture absent from most studies. The authors employ a heterogeneous technology framework where implemented technology is chosen jointly with inputs to interpret information obtained in the empirical analysis of panel data. The paper discusses the scope for replacing country and time effects by observed variables and the limitations of instrumental variables. The empirical results differ from those reported in the literature for cross-country studies, largely in augmenting the role of capital, in combination with productivity gains, as a driver of agricultural growth. The results indicate that total factor productivity increased at an average rate of 3.2 percent, accounting for 59 percent of overall growth. Most of the remaining gains stem from large inflows of fixed capital into agriculture. The results also suggest possible constraints to fertilizer use.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Online Resource
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    Stabi Berlin
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