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  • Larson, Donald F.  (28)
  • Open access  (28)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Endowments, Accumulations, and Choice Determine the Geography of Agricultural Productivity in Ecuador (2006)
    [s.l.] : Oxford University Press on behalf of the World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017863598
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: Spatial disparity in incomes and productivity is apparent across and within countries. Most studies of the determinants of such differences focus on cross-country comparisons or location choice among firms. Less studied are the large differences in agricultural productivity within countries related to concentrations of rural poverty. For policy, understanding the determinants of this geography of agricultural productivity is important, because strategies to reduce poverty often feature components designed to boost regional agricultural incomes. Census and endowment data for Ecuador are used to estimate a model of endogenous technology choice to explain large regional differences in agricultural output and factor productivity. A composite-error estimation technique is used to separate systemic determinants from idiosyncratic differences. Simulations are employed to explore policy avenues. The findings suggest a differentiation between the types of policies that promote growth in agriculture generally and those that are more likely to assist the rural poor.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Grain Chain : Food Security and Managing Wheat Imports in Arab Countries (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797563628
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IFC Smart Lessons Brief
    Content: Arab countries depend heavily on imported food, particularly wheat. Population growth, rising incomes, and climate change will only increase their dependency on wheat imports, thereby making Arab countries even more exposed to international market volatility. A recent World Bank study, 'the grain chain: food security and managing wheat imports in Arab countries,' identifies key bottlenecks in the wheat-import supply chain (WISC) and some possible remedies. Efficiency improvements to the supply chain can improve food security. This smart lesson provides a summary of the relevant issues
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Should African Rural Development Strategies Depend on Smallholder Farms? An Exploration of the Inverse Productivity Hypothesis (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797579176
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6190
    Content: In Africa, most development strategies include efforts to improve the productivity of staple crops grown on smallholder farms. An underlying premise is that small farms are productive in the African context and that smallholders do not forgo economies of scale -- a premise supported by the often observed phenomenon that staple cereal yields decline as the scale of production increases. This paper explores a research design conundrum that encourages researchers who study the relationship between productivity and scale to use surveys with a narrow geographic reach, when policy would be better served with studies based on wide and heterogeneous settings. Using a model of endogenous technology choice, the authors explore the relationship between maize yields and scale using alternative data. Since rich descriptions of the decision environments that farmers face are needed to identify the applied technologies that generate the data, improvements in the location specificity of the data should reduce the likelihood of identification errors and biased estimates. However, the analysis finds that the inverse productivity hypothesis holds up well across a broad platform of data, despite obvious shortcomings with some components. It also finds surprising consistency in the estimated scale elasticities.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Food Security and Storage in the Middle East and North Africa (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797529667
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6031
    Content: In times of highly volatile commodity markets, governments often try to protect their populations from rapidly-rising food prices, which can be particularly harsh for the poor. A potential solution for food-deficit countries is to hold strategic reserves, which can be called on when international prices spike. But how large should strategic stockpiles be? This paper develops a dynamic storage model for wheat in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where imported wheat dominates the average diet. The paper uses the model to analyze a strategy that sets aside wheat stockpiles, which can be used when needed to keep domestic prices below a targeted price. This paper shows that if the target is set high and reserves are adequate, the strategy can be effective and robust. Contrary to most interventions, strategic storage policies are counter-cyclical and, when the importing region is sufficiently large, a regional policy can smooth global prices. This paper shows that this is the case for the MENA region. Nevertheless, the policy is more costly than the pro-cyclical policy of a targeted intervention that directly offsets high prices with a subsidy similar to food stamps.
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Will Markets Direct Investments under the Kyoto Protocol? (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_79753413X
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 4131
    Content: Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries can meet treaty obligations by investing in projects that reduce or sequester greenhouse gases elsewhere. Prior to ratification, treaty participants agreed to launch country-based pilot projects, referred to collectively as Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ), to test novel aspects of the project-related provisions. Relying on a 10-year history of projects, the authors investigate the determinants of AIJ investment. Their findings suggest that national political objectives and possibly deeper cultural ties influenced project selection. This characterization differs from the market-based assumptions that underlie well-known estimates of cost-savings related to the Protocol's flexibility mechanisms. The authors conclude that if approaches developed under the AIJ programs to approve projects are retained, benefits from Kyoto's flexibility provisions will be less than those widely anticipated.
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aligning Climate Change Mitigation and Agricultural Policies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797553509
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6080
    Content: Greenhouse gas emissions are largely determined by how energy is created and used, and policies designed to encourage mitigation efforts reflect this reality. However, an unintended consequence of an energy-focused strategy is that the set of policy instruments needed to tap mitigation opportunities in agriculture is incomplete. In particular, market-linked incentives to achieve mitigation targets are disconnected from efforts to better manage carbon sequestered in agricultural land. This is especially important for many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where once-productive land has been degraded through poor agricultural practices. Often good agricultural policies and prudent natural resource management can compensate for missing links to mitigation incentives, but only partially. At the same time, two international project-based programs, Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism, have been used to finance other types of agricultural mitigation efforts worldwide. Even so, a review of projects suggests that few countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia take full advantage of these financing paths. This paper discusses mitigation opportunities in the region, the reach of current mitigation incentives, and missed mitigation opportunities in agriculture. The paper concludes with a discussion of alternative policies designed to jointly promote mitigation and co-benefits for agriculture and the environment.
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blue Water and the Consequences of Alternative Food Security Policies in the Middle East and North Africa for Water Security (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797603514
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6464
    Content: In the Middle East and North Africa, food security and water security are tightly entwined. In particular, choices about the extent to which food security policies rely on trade rather than domestically produced staples have stark consequences for the region's limited water resources. This paper builds on previous modeling results comparing the cost and benefits of policies to protect consumers against surging international wheat prices, and expands the analysis to consider the consequences of the policies for water resources. A self-sufficiency policy is analyzed as well. Results suggest that trade-based food security policies have no significant effect on the sustainability of water resources, while the costs of policies based on self-sufficiency for water resources are high. The analysis also shows that while information about the water footprint of alternative production systems is helpful, a corresponding economic footprint that fully measures the resource cost of water is needed to concisely rank alternative policies in economic terms that are consistent with sustainable outcomes.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Review of Carbon Market Policies and Research (2008)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017849528
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: We describe important institutions that shape climate change policies together with a set of key market-reliant instruments. We selectively review the related economic literature, emphasizing empirical studies that assess the efficacy of current policies and the workings of policy-dependent markets. Special attention is given to new carbon finance markets tied to the Kyoto Protocol's flexibility mechanisms. Promising areas for future research are identified
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Farmers Choose to Be Inefficient? Evidence from Bicol, Philippines (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797604081
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 2787
    Content: Farming households that differ in their ability, or willingness to take on risks are likely to make different decisions when allocating resources, and effort among income-producing activities, with consequences for productivity. The authors measure voluntary, and involuntary departures from efficiency for rice-producing households in Bicol, Philippines. They take advantage of a panel of household observations from 1978, 1983, and 1994. The unusually long-time span of the panel provides ample opportunities for the surveyed households to learn, and apply successful available technologies. The authors find evidence that diversification, and technology choices do effect outcomes among farmers, although these effects are not dominant. Accumulated wealth, past decisions to invest in education, favorable market conditions, and propitious weather are also important determinants of efficiency outcomes among Bicol rice farmers.
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determinants of Agricultural Growth in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797604200
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 2803
    Content: The introduction of new high-yielding varieties of cereals in the 1960s, known as the green revolution. Changed dramatically the food supply I Asia, as well as in other countries. The authors examine over an extended period, the growth consequences for agriculture in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Despite geographic proximity, similar climate, and other shared characteristics, gains in productivity, and income differed significantly among the countries. The authors quantify these differences, and examine their determinants. They find that the new technology changed the returns to fertilizers, irrigated land, and capital, all of which proved scarce to varying degrees, Complementing technology-related changes in factor use were investments - public and private - driven in part by policy. The authors find that factor accumulation played an important role in output growth, and that accumulations from policy-driven investments in human capital, and public infrastructure, were important sources of productivity gains. They conclude that policies that ease constraints on factor markets, and promote public investment in people, and infrastructure, provide the best opportunities for agricultural growth.
    Language: English
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