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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic and social inclusion to prevent violent extremism (2016)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_881018759
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 76 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 9781464809903
    Series Statement: MENA economic monitor October 2016
    Content: The year 2016 appears to be one of the toughest for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as their governments face serious policy challenges. The biggest challenge for oil exporters is managing their finances and diversification strategies with oil below $45 a barrel. Fiscal consolidation in a difficult sociopolitical environment and spillovers from conflicts are creating challenges for oil importers as well. Real GOP growth in MENA for 2016 is projected to fall to its lowest level since 2013 -- 2.3 percent -- lower than last year's growth by half a percentage point and about one percentage point lower than predicted in April 2016. It is clear that the disappointing performance of the MENA economies, and possibly the global economy, is partly due to the rise of terrorist attacks and spread of violent extremism. In this report, we attempt to shed light on the underlying causes of this phenomenon by applying an economic perspective to the demand for and supply of violent extremists. Looking at a dataset on foreign fighters joining Daesh, we find that the factors most strongly associated with foreign individuals' joining Daesh have to do with a lack of inclusion -- economic, social and religious -- in their country of origin. Promoting greater inclusion, therefore, could not only bring down the level of violent extremism, but it could improve economic performance in the MENA region
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Violence without borders : the internationalization of crime and conflict (2020)
    Washington, DC : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1727347854
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xviii, 124 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 9781464815256
    Series Statement: Policy research reports / World Bank Group
    Content: Just like nearly every aspect of human experience, crime, civil conflict, and violence have become increasingly global. Around the world, civil wars, of which there are more today than at any time since the end of World War II, displace greater numbers of people ever further from their countries of origin. Transnational terrorism has reached a 50-year high, in terms of both its incidence and the number of reported fatalities. Cross-border criminal markets—illicit drugs, human trafficking, wildlife trade, and so forth—take a heavy toll on the many societies they affect. This Policy Research Report, The Internationalization of Crime, Conflict, and Violence, offers a unified framework to take stock of the theoretical and empirical literature on crime, conflict, and violence and to discuss how the international community organizes itself to address security as a regional and global public good. The increasingly global effects of crime and conflict require an equally global response to violence
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781464814525
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Violence without borders Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, 2020 ISBN 9781464814525
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Land Titling and Rural Transition in Vietnam (2008)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017857733
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: We examine the impact of the 1993 Land Law of Vietnam, which gave households the power to exchange, transfer, lease, inherit, and mortgage their land-use rights. We use household surveys before and after the law was passed, together with the considerable variation across provinces in the speed of implementation of the reform, to identify the impact of the law. We find that the additional land rights led to statistically significant increases in the share of total area devoted to long-term crops and in labor devoted to nonfarm activities. However, these changes are not large in magnitude and appear to be driven mainly by the increased security of tenure provided by the law rather than by increased access to credit markets or greater land market participation.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Importance of Being Wanted (2010)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017857768
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: We identify birth wantedness as a source of better child outcomes. In Vietnam, the year of birth is widely believed to determine success. As a result, cohorts born in auspicious years are 12 percent larger. Comparing siblings with one another, those of auspicious cohorts are found to have two extra months of schooling. The Vietnamese horoscope being gender-specific, this difference will be shown to be driven by birth planning. Children born in auspicious years are more likely to have been planned, thus benefitting from a more favorable growth environment
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages (2013)
    MIT Press
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017864144
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: This paper provides an economic rationale for the practice of consanguineous marriages observed in parts of the developing world. In a model of incomplete marriage markets, dowries are viewed as ex ante transfers made from the bride's family to the groom's family when the promise of ex post gifts and bequests is not credible. Consanguineous unions join families between whom ex ante pledges are enforceable ex post. The model predicts a negative relationship between consanguinity and dowries and higher bequests in consanguineous unions. An empirical analysis based on data from Bangladesh delivers results consistent with the model.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade, Inequality, and the Political Economy of Institutions (2009)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_101785775X
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: This paper investigates the relationship between international trade and the quality of economic institutions. We model institutions as fixed costs of entry, in a framework that has two key features. First, preferences over entry costs differ across firms and depend on firm size. Larger firms prefer to set higher costs of entry, in order to reduce competition. Second, these costs are endogenously determined in a political economy equilibrium. Trade opening can lead to higher entry costs when it changes the political power in favor of a small elite of large exporters, who in turn prefer to install high entry barriers.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Geography, Poverty and Conflict in Nepal (2010)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017857741
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: We conduct an empirical analysis of the geographic, economic, and social factors that contributed to the spread of civil war in Nepal over the period 1996-2006. This within-country analysis complements existing cross-country studies on the same subject. Using a detailed dataset to track civil war casualties across space and over time, several patterns are documented. Conflict-related deaths are significantly higher in poorer districts and in geographical locations that favor insurgents, such as mountains and forests; a 10 percentage point increase in poverty is associated with 25-27 additional conflict-related deaths. This result is similar to that documented in cross-country studies. In addition, the relationship with poverty and geography is similar for deaths caused by the insurgents and deaths caused by the state. Furthermore, poorer districts are likely to be drawn into the insurgency earlier, consistent with the theory that a lower cost of recruiting rebels is an important factor in starting conflict. On the other hand, geographic factors are not significantly associated with such onset, suggesting that they instead contribute to the intensity of violence only after conflict has started. Finally, in contrast to some cross-country analyses, ethnic and caste polarization, land inequality, and political participation are not significantly associated with violence.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Capabilities, Opportunities and Participation : Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2012)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797568069
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: MENA Knowledge and Learning Quick Notes Series 45
    Content: Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are undergoing a profound transformation. From Bahrain to Yemen, from Tunisia to Egypt, popular movements are calling for political change and a more inclusive development path that will provide ordinary citizens with greater voice, social and economic freedom, and government accountability. Young men and women have been visibly at the forefront of these calls for change, and continue to participate actively. This quick note is based on the overview of the regional report with the same title which complements the 2012 World Development Report (WDR) on gender equality and development. The WDR highlighted the influence and interconnectedness of markets, formal and informal institutions and households in determining gender outcomes. Following the WDR, the report, which will go through a series of consultations in the countries in the region, draws on economic analysis of quantitative data from countries in the region, qualitative research and international evidence. The final report will identify policy directions to better exploit the benefits of a more inclusive development path.
    Note: English
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade Insulation as Social Protection (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797603344
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6448
    Content: In a world with volatile food prices, countries have an incentive to shelter their populations from induced real income shocks. When some agents are net food producers while others are net consumers, there is scope for insurance between the two groups. A domestic social protection scheme would therefore transfer resources away from the former group to the latter in times of high food prices, and do the reverse otherwise. This paper shows that in the presence of consumer preference heterogeneity, implementing the optimal social protection policy can potentially induce higher food price volatility. Such policy indeed generates a counter-cyclical demand shock that amplifies the effects of the underlying food shortage. The results call for a reassessment of food stabilization policies. In particular, the authors urge caution against the systematic condemnation of trade insulation practices.
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Institutional Trap (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797605304
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 3291
    Content: The author studies the persistence of inequality and inefficient governance in a physical capital accumulation model with perfect information, missing credit markets, and endogenous barriers to entry. When access to investment opportunities is regulated, rent-seeking entrepreneurs form coalitions of potentially varying size to bribe a regulator to restrict entry. Small coalitions run short of resources, while large coalitions suffer more severe free-rider problems. The distribution of wealth thus determines the equilibrium coalition structure of the economy and consequently the level of regulatory capture. A dynamic analysis supports the persistence of inefficiencies in the long run. Initial conditions determine whether the economy converges to a steady state characterized by efficient governance and low levels of inequality, or a path toward an institutional trap where regulatory capture and wealth inequality reinforce each other.
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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