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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Formation of mineral‐associated organic matter in temperate soils is primarily controlled by mineral type and modified by land use and management intensity
    Wiley ; 2024
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2024-01)
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 30, No. 1 ( 2024-01)
    Abstract: Formation of mineral‐associated organic matter (MAOM) supports the accumulation and stabilization of carbon (C) in soil, and thus, is a key factor in the global C cycle. Little is known about the interplay of mineral type, land use and management intensity in MAOM formation, especially on subdecadal time scales. We exposed mineral containers with goethite or illite, the most abundant iron oxide and phyllosilicate clay in temperate soils, for 5 years in topsoils of 150 forest and 150 grassland sites in three regions across Germany. Results show that irrespective of land use and management intensity, more C accumulated on goethite than illite (on average 0.23 ± 0.10 and 0.06 ± 0.03 mg m −2 mineral surface respectively). Carbon accumulation across regions was consistently higher in coniferous forests than in deciduous forests and grasslands. Structural equation models further showed that thinning and harvesting reduced MAOM formation in forests. Formation of MAOM in grasslands was not affected by grazing. Fertilization had opposite effects on MAOM formation, with the positive effect being mediated by enhanced plant productivity and the negative effect by reduced plant species richness. This highlights the caveat of applying fertilizers as a strategy to increase soil C stocks in temperate grasslands. Overall, we demonstrate that the rate and amount of MAOM formation in soil is primarily driven by mineral type, and can be modulated by land use and management intensity even on subdecadal time scales. Our results suggest that temperate soils dominated by oxides have a higher capacity to accumulate and store C than those dominated by phyllosilicate clays, even under circumneutral pH conditions. Therefore, adopting land use and management practices that increase C inputs into oxide‐rich soils that are under their capacity to store C may offer great potential to enhance near‐term soil C sequestration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v30.1
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17024
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2024
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
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    Stabilization of Organic Matter at Micropores (〈2 nm) in Acid Forest Subsoils
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 70, No. 6 ( 2006-11), p. 2049-2056
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 70, No. 6 ( 2006-11), p. 2049-2056
    Abstract: Binding of soil organic matter (OM) at micropore entrances within small mesopores (2–10 nm) has been suggested as a potential mechanism for the stabilization of OM against biodegradation. We hypothesized that the mineral‐associated fraction of stable OM [OM resisting treatment with 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and subsequently extracted by 10% hydrofluoric acid] is associated with pores 〈 10 nm in 12 acid subsoil horizons. To study the coverage of micropores by stable OM sorbed in mesopores, we assumed that most micropores have entrances of mesopore size. We compared the accessibility of CO 2 at 273 K to micropores after NaOCl treatment with that of N 2 at 77 K. In contrast to N 2 , diffusion of CO 2 into micropores is little affected by OM and the difference in both micropore volumes (MIV) is taken as a measure of micropore clogging and thus of the association of stable OM with mesopores. The MIV measured by CO 2 adsorption was corrected for CO 2 sorption in OM (MIV‐CO 2 corr ). In 7 out of 12 samples, the MIV‐CO 2 corr equaled the MIV‐N 2 , suggesting that micropore entrances are not blocked by stable OM. For four samples the results were ambiguous, whereas in an Eutric Hapludand Bw horizon, a threefold larger MIV‐CO 2 corr compared with the MIV‐N 2 indicates that stable OM was associated with pores 〈 10 nm. Based on the findings that (i) mineral MIVs derived from CO 2 and N 2 adsorption were similar for most samples after exposure to NaOCl, (ii) the change of MIV‐N 2 on NaOCl treatment was small in all samples, and (iii) no relationship existed of the MIV‐CO 2 corr and small mesopore volume with the content of mineral‐associated stable organic C (OC), we conclude that the association of OM with micropore entrances in small mesopores does not primarily control the stabilization of OM in these acid subsoils.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2005.0366N
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 3
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    Phase‐amplitude coupling of sleep slow oscillatory and spindle activity correlates with overnight memory consolidation
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Journal of Sleep Research Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2019-12)
    Details
    In: Journal of Sleep Research, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 6 ( 2019-12)
    Abstract: Initially independent lines of research suggest that sleep‐specific brain activity patterns, observed as electroencephalographic slow oscillatory and sleep spindle activity, promote memory consolidation and underlying synaptic refinements. Here, we further tested the emerging concept that specifically the coordinated interplay of slow oscillations and spindle activity (phase‐amplitude coupling) support memory consolidation. Particularly, we associated indices of the interplay between slow oscillatory (0.16–1.25 Hz) and spindle activity (12–16 Hz) during non‐rapid eye movement sleep (strength [modulation index] and phase degree of coupling) in 20 healthy adults with parameters of overnight declarative (word‐list task) and procedural (mirror‐tracing task) memory consolidation. The pattern of results supports the notion that the interplay between oscillations facilitates memory consolidation. The coincidence of the spindle amplitude maximum with the up‐state of the slow oscillation (phase degree) was significantly associated with declarative memory consolidation ( r  = .65, p  = .013), whereas the overall strength of coupling (modulation index) correlated with procedural memory consolidation ( r  = .45, p  = .04). Future studies are needed to test for potential causal effects of the observed association between neural oscillations during sleep and memory consolidation, and to elucidate ways of modulating these processes, for instance through non‐invasive brain‐stimulation techniques.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1105 , 1365-2869
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.v28.6
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12835
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007459-1
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  • 4
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    Music, perceived arousal, and intensity: Psychophysiological reactions to C hopin's “ T ristesse”
    Wiley ; 2013
    In:  Psychophysiology Vol. 50, No. 9 ( 2013-09), p. 909-919
    Details
    In: Psychophysiology, Wiley, Vol. 50, No. 9 ( 2013-09), p. 909-919
    Abstract: The present study investigates the relation of perceived arousal (continuous self‐rating), autonomic nervous system activity (heart rate, heart rate variability) and musical characteristics (sound intensity, musical rhythm) upon listening to a complex musical piece. Twenty amateur musicians listened to two performances of C hopin's “Tristesse” with different rhythmic shapes. Besides conventional statistical methods for analyzing psychophysiological reactions (heart rate, respiration rate) and musical variables, semblance analysis was used. Perceived arousal correlated strongly with sound intensity; heart rate showed only a partial response to changes in sound intensity. Larger changes in heart rate were caused by the version with more rhythmic tension. The low‐/high‐frequency ratio of heart rate variability increased—whereas the high frequency component decreased—during music listening. We conclude that autonomic nervous system activity can be modulated not only by sound intensity but also by the interpreter's use of rhythmic tension. Semblance analysis enables us to track the subtle correlations between musical and physiological variables.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0048-5772 , 1469-8986
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/psyp.2013.50.issue-9
    DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12071
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1484299-3
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Soil Organic Matter Clogs Mineral Pores : Evidence from 1 H‐NMR and N 2 Adsorption
    Wiley ; 2004
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 2004-11), p. 1853-1862
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 68, No. 6 ( 2004-11), p. 1853-1862
    Abstract: Recent N 2 adsorption studies have suggested a ‘pore clogging’ effect on mineral soil phases caused by organic matter coatings. For methodological reasons, this pore clogging effect has been studied only after drying. Our hypothesis was that pore clogging is affected by drying of organic coatings. In our study, we used AlOOH, which has been equilibrated with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and polygalacturonic acid [PGA; (C 6 H 8 O 6 ) n ]. To test our hypothesis, we determined the porosity of moist and freeze‐dried AlOOH samples. Freeze‐dried samples were analyzed by N 2 adsorption, moist samples by 1 H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In addition, the samples were characterized by environmental scanning electron microscopy—energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (ESEM‐EDX). Both, DOM and PGA significantly reduced specific surface area (SSA BET ) of AlOOH by 34 m 2 g −1 (15%) and 77 m 2 g −1 (36%). The reduction in SSA BET normalized to the amount of C sorbed was 1.0 m 2 mg −1 DOM‐C and 5.9 m 2 mg −1 PGA‐C. Dissolved OM reduced the pore volume of micro‐ and small mesopores 〈 3 nm whereas PGA also reduced the volume of larger pores. The 1 H‐NMR results of moist samples showed that PGA sorption reduced the amount of water in pores 〈 4 nm. In addition, the pore size maximum of AlOOH increased by 150%. Polygalacturonic acid coatings created new interparticle pores of about 10‐ to 70‐nm size that are not stable upon freeze‐drying. Porosity changes upon DOM‐treatment were not commensurable by 1 H‐NMR. Our results indicate that clogging of micro‐ and small mesopores is not an artifact of freeze‐drying. Polygalacturonic acid seems not only to cover the mouth of AlOOH‐nanometer pores but also to fill them.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2004.1853
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 6
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    Phosphate Desorption from Goethite in the Presence of Galacturonate, Polygalacturonate, and Maize Mucigel ( Zea mays L.)
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 70, No. 5 ( 2006-09), p. 1731-1740
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 70, No. 5 ( 2006-09), p. 1731-1740
    Abstract: Uronates are important constituents of maize mucilage and polyuronates are used as a simplified model of the soil–root interface. We tested whether galacturonate (GA) and polygalacturonate (PGA) impair the diffusion of phosphate (PO 4 ) into and out of pores of a synthetic goethite (147 m 2 g −1 ) and whether the effect of maize mucigel (MU) is comparable to PGA. We measured the PO 4 desorption kinetics of goethites in batch experiments over 2 wk at pH 5. One part of the goethite was equilibrated with organic substances before PO 4 addition, another part after addition of PO 4 Before the desorption experiments, the porosity of our samples was analyzed by N 2 gas adsorption. In each treatment a rapid initial desorption was followed by a slow desorption reaction, which is assigned to the diffusion of PO 4 out of mineral pores. No consistent relation between the micro‐ and mesoporosity and the rate of the slow PO 4 desorption was observed. Compared with the C‐free control, only PGA and MU affected the fraction of PO 4 mobilized by the fast and slow desorption reaction: when PGA was sorbed to goethite before PO 4 , twice as much PO 4 was mobilized via the fast reaction than in the treatment where PO 4 was sorbed before PGA, suggesting a decreased accessibility of goethite pores to PO 4 Mucigel, however, showed reversed effects, which is ascribed to its differing chemical composition. In conclusion, PGA seems inappropriate as a model substance for maize MU collected from non‐axenic sand cultures. Under the experimental conditions chosen, the efficacy of all organic substances to increase PO 4 solution concentrations by pore clogging and sorption competition is small.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2005.0414
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 7
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    Co‐ordination of brain and heart oscillations during non‐rapid eye movement sleep
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Sleep Research Vol. 31, No. 2 ( 2022-04)
    Details
    In: Journal of Sleep Research, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. 2 ( 2022-04)
    Abstract: Oscillatory activities of the brain and heart show a strong variation across wakefulness and sleep. Separate lines of research indicate that non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is characterised by electroencephalographic slow oscillations (SO), sleep spindles, and phase–amplitude coupling of these oscillations (SO–spindle coupling), as well as an increase in high‐frequency heart rate variability (HF‐HRV), reflecting enhanced parasympathetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate further the potential coordination between brain and heart oscillations during NREM sleep. Data were derived from one sleep laboratory night with polysomnographic monitoring in 45 healthy participants (22 male, 23 female; mean age 37 years). The associations between the strength (modulation index [MI]) and phase direction of SO–spindle coupling (circular measure) and HF‐HRV during NREM sleep were investigated using linear modelling. First, a significant SO–spindle coupling (MI) was observed for all participants during NREM sleep, with spindle peaks preferentially occurring during the SO upstate (phase direction). Second, linear model analyses of NREM sleep showed a significant relationship between the MI and HF‐HRV ( F  = 20.1, r 2  = 0.30, p   〈  0.001) and a tentative circular‐linear correlation between phase direction and HF‐HRV ( F  = 3.07, r 2  = 0.12, p  = 0.056). We demonstrated a co‐ordination between SO–spindle phase–amplitude coupling and HF‐HRV during NREM sleep, presumably related to parallel central nervous and peripheral vegetative arousal systems regulation. Further investigating the fine‐graded co‐ordination of brain and heart oscillations might improve our understanding of the links between sleep and cardiovascular health.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1105 , 1365-2869
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.v31.2
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13466
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007459-1
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  • 8
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    Soil organic carbon stocks in estuarine and marine mangrove ecosystems are driven by nutrient colimitation of P and N
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Ecology and Evolution Vol. 6, No. 14 ( 2016-07), p. 5043-5056
    Details
    In: Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, Vol. 6, No. 14 ( 2016-07), p. 5043-5056
    Abstract: Mangroves play an important role in carbon sequestration, but soil organic carbon ( SOC ) stocks differ between marine and estuarine mangroves, suggesting differing processes and drivers of SOC accumulation. Here, we compared undegraded and degraded marine and estuarine mangroves in a regional approach across the Indonesian archipelago for their SOC stocks and evaluated possible drivers imposed by nutrient limitations along the land‐to‐sea gradients. SOC stocks in natural marine mangroves (271–572 Mg ha −1  m −1 ) were much higher than under estuarine mangroves (100–315 Mg ha −1  m −1 ) with a further decrease caused by degradation to 80–132 Mg ha −1  m −1 . Soils differed in C/N ratio (marine: 29–64; estuarine: 9–28), δ 15 N (marine: −0.6 to 0.7‰; estuarine: 2.5 to 7.2‰), and plant‐available P (marine: 2.3–6.3 mg kg −1 ; estuarine: 0.16–1.8 mg kg −1 ). We found N and P supply of sea‐oriented mangroves primarily met by dominating symbiotic N 2 fixation from air and P import from sea, while mangroves on the landward gradient increasingly covered their demand in N and P from allochthonous sources and SOM recycling. Pioneer plants favored by degradation further increased nutrient recycling from soil resulting in smaller SOC stocks in the topsoil. These processes explained the differences in SOC stocks along the land‐to‐sea gradient in each mangrove type as well as the SOC stock differences observed between estuarine and marine mangrove ecosystems. This first large‐scale evaluation of drivers of SOC stocks under mangroves thus suggests a continuum in mangrove functioning across scales and ecotypes and additionally provides viable proxies for carbon stock estimations in PES or REDD schemes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-7758 , 2045-7758
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2016.6.issue-14
    DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2258
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2635675-2
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Acid Polysaccharide Coatings on Microporous Goethites : Controls of Slow Phosphate Sorption
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 70, No. 5 ( 2006-09), p. 1547-1555
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 70, No. 5 ( 2006-09), p. 1547-1555
    Abstract: Organic coatings on Fe oxides can decrease the accessibility of intraparticle pores for oxyanions like phosphate. We hypothesized that the slow sorption of phosphate to goethite coated with polygalacturonate (PGA) is controlled by the accessibility of external goethite surfaces to phosphate rather than by diffusion of phosphate into micropores (Ø 〈 2 nm). We studied the phosphate sorption kinetics of pure and PGA‐coated goethites that differed in their microporosity (N 2 at 77 K, 46 vs. 31 mm 3 g −1 ). Because drying may affect the structure or surface coverage of PGA, we also tested the effect of freeze‐drying on the slow phosphate sorption. The samples were examined by gas adsorption (N 2 , CO 2 ) and electrophoretic mobility measurements. Phosphate sorption and PGA‐C desorption were studied in batch experiments for 3 wk at pH 5. In PGA‐coated samples, the slow phosphate sorption was independent of micropore volume. Phosphate displaced on average 57% of PGA‐C within 3 wk. Similar to phosphate sorption, the PGA‐C desorption comprised a rapid initial desorption, which was followed by a slow C desorption. Sorption competition between phosphate and presorbed PGA depended on the 〈 10‐nm porosity and the C loading of the adsorbent. The efficacy of phosphate to desorb PGA generally increased after freeze‐drying. We conclude for PGA‐coated goethites that (i) freeze‐drying biased the slow phosphate sorption by changing the structure/surface coverage of PGA, and (ii) within the time frame studied, micropores did not limit the rate of the slow phosphate sorption. Rather, the slow, gradual desorption of PGA and/or the diffusion of phosphate through PGA coatings controlled the slow phosphate sorption to PGA‐coated goethite.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2005.0340
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 21
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  • 10
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    Feasibility, efficacy, and functional relevance of automated auditory closed‐loop suppression of slow‐wave sleep in humans
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Journal of Sleep Research Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2023-08)
    Details
    In: Journal of Sleep Research, Wiley, Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2023-08)
    Abstract: Slow‐wave sleep (SWS) is a fundamental physiological process, and its modulation is of interest for basic science and clinical applications. However, automatised protocols for the suppression of SWS are lacking. We describe the development of a novel protocol for the automated detection (based on the whole head topography of frontal slow waves) and suppression of SWS (through closed‐loop modulated randomised pulsed noise), and assessed the feasibility, efficacy and functional relevance compared to sham stimulation in 15 healthy young adults in a repeated‐measure sleep laboratory study. Auditory compared to sham stimulation resulted in a highly significant reduction of SWS by 30% without affecting total sleep time. The reduction of SWS was associated with an increase in lighter non‐rapid eye movement sleep and a shift of slow‐wave activity towards the end of the night, indicative of a homeostatic response and functional relevance. Still, cumulative slow‐wave activity across the night was significantly reduced by 23%. Undisturbed sleep led to an evening to morning reduction of wake electroencephalographic theta activity, thought to reflect synaptic downscaling during SWS, while suppression of SWS inhibited this dissipation. We provide evidence for the feasibility, efficacy, and functional relevance of a novel fully automated protocol for SWS suppression based on auditory closed‐loop stimulation. Future work is needed to further test for functional relevance and potential clinical applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-1105 , 1365-2869
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.v32.4
    DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13846
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2007459-1
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