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  • 2020-2024  (39)
  • Turner, David  (19)
  • Turner, Graham  (12)
  • Marinina, Aleksandra  (8)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding differences in vaccination uptake among OECD countries (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048368163
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (33 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1704
    Content: Resolving stark differences between rich and poor countries in vaccine coverage against COVID is a global policy priority for 2022. However, even among OECD countries, there currently remain surprisingly large differences in vaccine coverage and this paper attempts to explain these differences, including the role that policy has played. The main findings are: vaccination has had massive health and economic benefits; vaccine hesitancy can be overcome, although there remains a link with historical flu and MMR vaccination rates; well-designed vaccine passes can boost coverage; trust in government and other public institutions matter, although the link to vaccine coverage is not straight-forward; demographic structure and policy stances towards vaccinating children play a role in explaining differences in overall population vaccination rates; mandatory vaccination has been implemented or is being considered in a few OECD countries, although it is too early to assess the effects. Finally, case studies of the most successful vaccination campaigns provide additional illumination, which cannot easily be captured in multi-country correlations
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/76482043-en
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Stabi Berlin
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The effect of structural reforms: Do they differ between GDP and adjusted household disposable income? (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048539841
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (23 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1718
    Content: The paper considers whether structural reforms have a different impact on adjusted household disposable income (AHDI) compared to GDP, particularly given that while the latter is currently used as the basis for the OECD Economics Department's framework for evaluating the effect of structural policy reforms, the former is arguably a better measure of welfare. The main findings are that there are indeed a number of structural policies where the long-run effects on GDP and AHDI are proportionately different, so that percentage changes in the two aggregates are significantly different following a policy reform. One group of structural policies, typically those where the transmission mechanism depends mainly on productivity and capital intensity (including cuts in corporate income tax and policies to simulate business R&D) or which can weaken the bargaining power of labour (for example a loosening of EPL), have weaker long-run positive effects on AHDI than GDP. Other structural reform policies (including in-kind family benefits, family cash benefits and cuts in the income tax wedge) have a magnified effect on AHDI, so that following a policy reform, long-run percentage changes in AHDI are larger than for GDP. Cross-referencing the analysis in the paper with structural reform priorities previously identified in the OECD's regular Going for Growth surveillance exercise, suggests that increased spending on childcare and early childhood education might usefully be part of any policy package to address the 'cost of living crisis' currently being faced by many OECD households
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/def775b1-en
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Stabi Berlin
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A new macroeconomic measure of human capital exploiting PISA and PIAAC: Linking education policies to productivity (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048368154
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (31 Seiten) , 21 x 28cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1709
    Content: This paper provides a new measure of human capital using PISA and PIAAC surveys, and mean years of schooling. The new measure is a cohort-weighted average of past PISA scores (representing the quality of education) of the working age population and the corresponding mean years of schooling (representing the quantity of education). In contrast to the existing literature, the relative weights of each component are not imposed or calibrated but directly estimated. The paper finds that the elasticity of the stock of human capital with respect to the quality of education is three to four times larger than for the quantity of education. The new measure has a strong link to productivity with the potential for productivity gains being much greater from improvements in the quality than quantity component of human capital. The magnitude of these potential gains in MFP is comparable to a similarly standardised improvement in product market regulation, but the effects materialise with much longer lags. The paper demonstrates through the example of pre-primary education, how to simulate the impact of a particular reform to education policy on human capital and productivity
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/a1046e2e-en
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Stabi Berlin
    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying the macroeconomic impact of COVID-19-related school closures through the human capital channel (2022)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048675026
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (22 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1729
    Content: This paper uses a new measure of human capital, which distinguishes both quality and quantity components, to estimate the long-term effect of the COVID-19-related school closures on aggregate productivity through the human capital channel. Productivity losses build up over time and are estimated to range between 0.4% and 2.1% after 45 years, for 12 weeks and 2 years of school closure, respectively. These results appear to be broadly consistent with earlier findings in the literature. Two opposing effects might influence these estimates. Online teaching would lower economic costs while learning losses in tertiary education (not considered here) would inflate them. Policies aimed at improving the quality of education and adult training will be needed to offset or, at least, alleviate the impact of the pandemic on human capital
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/eea048c5-en
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    FU Berlin
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revisiting the effect of statutory pension ages on the participation rate (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1737476819
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1616
    Content: Many OECD governments have enacted, or are contemplating, future increases in statutory pension ages, sometimes provoking vociferous political opposition. Empirical cross-country estimation work consistently finds that coefficients on statutory pension ages are positive and highly statistically significant in explaining labour-force participation at older ages. There is also some consistency in the magnitude of the estimated effects across studies, although this magnitude seems surprisingly modest when translated into the implied effect on average retirement ages: an increase in statutory pension ages by one year is typically estimated to increase the average effective retirement age by only about two months.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/3f430e2b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Walking the tightrope : avoiding a lockdown while containing the virus (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1745879722
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1633
    Content: Empirical work described in this paper explains the daily evolution of the reproduction rate, R, and mobility for a large sample of countries, in terms of containment and public health policies. This is with a view to providing insight into the appropriate policy stance as countries prepare for a potentially protracted period characterised by new infection waves. While a comprehensive package of containment measures may be necessary when the virus is widespread and can have a large effect on reducing R, they also have effect on mobility and, by extension, economic activity. A wide-ranging package of public health policies – with an emphasis on comprehensive testing, tracing and isolation, but also including mask-wearing and policies directed at vulnerable groups, especially those in care homes – offer the best approach to avoiding a full lockdown while containing the spread of the virus. Such policies may, however, need to be complemented by selective containment measures (such as restricting large public events and international travel or localised lockdowns) both to contain local outbreaks and because implementing some of the recommended public health policies may be difficult to achieve or have unacceptable social costs.
    Language: English
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    DOI: 10.1787/9cc22d8c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
  • 7
    Book
    Book
    Geology and mineralogy of gemstones (2022)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley | Washington, DC : AGU
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV047834444
    Format: xiii, 268 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781119299851 , 1119299853
    Series Statement: Advanced textbook series 4
    Content: "The proposed book is divided into two parts: (1) content focused on developing base mineralogical and geological knowledge and (2) the details of the gemstones themselves and their geological settings. Lower level learners can focus on introductory material (and be exposed to greater details) while upper level learners can jump into the greater details of subsequent chapters (and also be able to fall back on more basic knowledge). Mid-level or keen lower level learners should be able to make use of the entire book to scaffold their learning. "Softer" topics, such as the chronology of the famous Cullinan diamonds, will be integrated as "information boxes" so as to keep the flow of the more technical material but allow interesting societal facts to be included in the book. After all, the reason that many people are keenly interested in gem materials is their societal value and significance across civilizations and through time"--
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Groat, Lee A., 1959- Geology and mineralogy of gemstones Hoboken : Wiley ISBN 9781119299882
    Language: English
    Subjects: Earth Sciences , Geography
    RVK:
    TH 1800
    RVK:
    RB 10126
    Keywords: Edelsteine ; Mineralogie ; Geologie ; Edelsteinbergbau ; Chemie
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The economic costs of restricting international mobility (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1770749225
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1678
    Content: COVID-19 related travel restrictions, including complete border closures, have been one of the first containment measures to be implemented by many countries and have been continuously adjusted according to the epidemiological situation in departure and destination countries. Despite some easing since mid-2020, the level of such restrictions remain high, especially in Europe and North America. The economic costs of restrictions on international travel are apparent in those sectors most directly impacted, as documented here. However, given their important interlinkages, a uniquely sectoral focus is likely to underestimate the broader macroeconomic costs, which are also assessed, albeit with less precision. The importance of these linkages is borne out by the fact that those OECD countries with the largest travel and tourism sectors -- such as Greece, Iceland, Portugal, Mexico and Spain -- are among those that have experienced the largest falls in GDP in 2020 . Indeed, the pre-crisis size of the travel and tourism sector is found to better explain cross-country differences in GDP growth in 2020, than exposure to any of the other sectors considered most vulnerable to COVID-19, or the average stringency of wider country lockdown measures during 2020. These estimates serve as a means to gauge the potential economic benefits of a rapid return to more normal travel arrangements facilitated by the implementation and agreements around testing and vaccination protocols.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/dcad4c73-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    UB Potsdam
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The long game: Fiscal outlooks to 2060 underline need for structural reform (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1777639735
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Policy Papers no.29
    Content: This paper updates the long-term scenarios to 2060 last published in July 2018, with a special focus on fiscal sustainability and risks. In a baseline economic and fiscal scenario, trend real GDP growth for the OECD + G20 area declines from around 3% post-COVID to 1½ per cent in 2060, mainly due to a deceleration of large emerging-market economies. Meanwhile, secular trends such as population ageing and the rising relative price of services will keep adding pressure on government budgets. Without policy changes, maintaining current public service standards and benefits while keeping public debt ratios stable at current levels would increase fiscal pressure in the median OECD country by nearly 8 percentage points of GDP between 2021 and 2060, and much more in some countries. Policy scenarios show that reforms to labour market and retirement policies could help boost living standards and alleviate future fiscal pressures. An ambitious reform package combining labour market reforms to raise employment rates with reforms to eliminate early retirement pathways and keep effective retirement ages rising by two thirds of future gains in life expectancy could halve the projected increase in fiscal pressure in the median country, even after taking into account future spending pressures associated with ageing.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/a112307e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The tortoise and the hare: The race between vaccine rollout and new COVID variants (2021)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1770750703
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1672
    Content: New variants of the virus are spreading which, together with seasonal effects, are estimated to be able to raise effective reproduction numbers by up to 90%. Meanwhile, many countries are rolling out vaccination programmes, but at varying speeds. Hence the race is on to beat the variants with the vaccines. Vaccination is very powerful at reducing virus transmission: fully vaccinating 20% of the population is estimated to have the same effect as closing down public transport and all-but-essential workplaces; fully vaccinating 50% of the population would have a larger effect than simultaneously applying all forms of containment policies in their most extreme form (closure of workplaces, public transport and schools, restrictions on travel and gatherings and stay-at-home requirements). For a typical OECD country, relaxing existing containment policies would be expected to raise GDP by about 4-5%. Quick vaccination would thus help limit the extent to which containment policies need to be escalated in future epidemic waves, providing huge welfare benefits both in terms of fewer infections and stronger economic activity.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1787/4098409d-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
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