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  • Canadian Science Publishing  (11)
  • Biodiversity Research  (11)
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  • Canadian Science Publishing  (11)
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  • Biodiversity Research  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Growth of isolated Phycomyces sporangiophores on nutrient media and simple sugars
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1968
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1968-03-01), p. 247-254
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 46, No. 3 ( 1968-03-01), p. 247-254
    Abstract: Growth of isolated Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores was not promoted relative to growth on water either by a synthetic medium with two concentrations of dextrose or by concentrated and dilute potato dextrose solutions. A range of sucrose and dextrose concentrations also failed to promote growth. On the contrary, the more concentrated nutrient media and the pure sugar solutions at 0.08 M and higher reduced the final sporangiophore length measured after 64 h. The inhibition on dextrose was directly proportional to concentration up to about 0.7 M and increased more sharply at higher concentration, becoming complete at close to 1 M. At 0.9 M the incidence of branching was greatly increased. Sucrose caused almost the same inhibition as dextrose up to 0.3 M. On complete nutrient media, but not on water, considerable regeneration of mycelium occurred at the sporangiophore base, and the amount regenerated was greater on potato than on synthetic media. Sporangiophore growth was not influenced by the regenerated mycelium. Differences between the submerged regenerated mycelium and surface mycelium are pointed out. Growth of isolated sporangiophores was not affected by pH between 3 and 7.6, but pH 2 caused limited inhibition. The evidence suggests that a factor limiting the growth of the deficient isolated sporangiophores is normally supplied by the mycelium but is not a nutrient or growth factor present in media which support growth of mycelium with sporangiophores.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b68-041
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1968
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distribution of cellular amino acids, protein, and total organic nitrogen during fruit body development in Flammulina velutipes . II. Growth on potato–glucose solution
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1982
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 60, No. 8 ( 1982-08-01), p. 1342-1351
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 60, No. 8 ( 1982-08-01), p. 1342-1351
    Abstract: In Flammulina velutipes grown on potato–glucose solution the dry weight of mycelium decreased when fruitbodies elongated rapidly. Loss of dry weight by aborted primordia and stunted fruitbodies paralleled gains by large fruitbodies. These gains exceeded the losses by the rest of the colony and indicate that large fruitbodies derived their substrates both from the medium and from materials stored in the rest of the colony. Close to 43% of the organic nitrogen in the medium was consumed before fruitbodies formed and only 8% remained at the end of their growth. Concentrations of total nitrogen, α-amino nitrogen, and alkali-soluble protein declined in the mycelium during most of the growth of the fruitbodies and then remained constant except for a slight final increase in protein. Concentrations of these fractions also decreased in the small fruitbodies and stipes of large fruitbodies but increased in the pilei. Changes in total amounts of these fractions show that gains by all fruitbodies during elongation exceeded the losses by the mycelium and that part of their nitrogen continues to be derived from the medium. Changes in 18 free and 17 protein amino acids were followed quantitatively in the colony. Free arginine, glutamic acid, ornithine, and alanine predominated in the mycelium and small fruitbodies during early growth of the latter, but arginine and ornithine decreased steeply thereafter. During rapid elongation of the large fruitbodies the concentration of arginine increased strongly in the pilei. The increase was much less in the stipes, but successive changes in the rest of the colony suggest that arginine is translocated into the large pilei from the mycelium and possibly the small fruitbodies. Aspartic and glutamic acids, leucine, and alanine predominated in protein of the whole colony until the early growth of fruitbodies, but protein composition changed during rapid elongation. The proportion of valine increased in the mycelium and it became the most abundant bound amino acid in large stipes. [ 14 C]Leucine was fed in replacement medium and incorporation of the label was determined in nitrogenous fractions of different colony portions at the onset and termination of fruitbody growth. Most of the label transported into fruitbodies was in the ethanol-soluble free amino acids.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b82-170
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1982
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Control of rapid stipe elongation by the lamellae in fruit bodies of Flammulina velutipes
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1979
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 57, No. 10 ( 1979-05-15), p. 1131-1135
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 57, No. 10 ( 1979-05-15), p. 1131-1135
    Abstract: Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies only grew normally if the pileus remained on the stipe until the end of rapid elongation when about 80% of the final length had been reached. During the same period lamellae alone increased stipe growth significantly compared with total decapitation. The stipes attained three-quarters of the length of intact fruit bodies with only about one-third of all lamellae. Near the end of the normal growth period, the stipe became independent of the pileus and lamellae. Small amounts of lamellae excised during rapid elongation produced diffusate in dilute potato glucose agar which promoted growth of decapitated stipes of the same age. The activity could be detected when fruit bodies had completed two-thirds of their normal growth but was much less than at the onset of rapid elongation. Tests of diffusates from young and old lamellae on stipes of different ages showed that the declining influence of lamellae in aging fruit bodies is associated both with decreasing production of the growth-promoting factor and decreasing response of stipes to an external supply of active diffusate. Neither pilear context nor any part of young or old stipes released growth-promoting diffusate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b79-136
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1979
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. II. Regeneration on isolated segments from different positions along the sporangiophore axis
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1970
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 1970-01-01), p. 95-109
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 1970-01-01), p. 95-109
    Abstract: Apical, middle, and basal 5-mm segments from decapitated Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores cultured on plain agar blocks regenerated sporangiophores after wound closure. Hyphae formed very rarely. Maximum regeneration frequency decreased between apex and base from 100% to close to 70% in stages 1 and 3, and from 80% to 23% in stage 4. The regeneration speed declined along the axis. The frequency of two or more initials per segment decreased basipetally in stages 1 and 3, but not in stage 4. Most segments formed sporangiophores at the apical end but regeneration from the basal end alone increased towards the base in stages 1 and 3, and was found on up to 30% of the stage 4 segments without gradient along the axis. A few segments regenerated at both ends at all positions. Initials emerged laterally at the apical end of most top segments and from the wound closure wall on almost all others. The diameter of single sporangiophores on apical segments was larger and their maximum stage 1 length shorter than on the rest. Both were less on stage 4 than on 1 and 3. The final length on either stage 1 or 4 was the same at all positions but the former was more than twice as great as the latter. One-millimeter stage 1 segments regenerated very thin sporangiophores but polarity was much weaker than in 5-mm pieces.Almost 90% of stage 1 segments with whole apices and open basal ends continued growth without branching. Most of those which stopped regenerated near the tip. Stage 3 and 4 segments tied off basally continued growth without regenerating above the tie, but if the end was open the sporangia stuck to the agar because of turgor loss, elongation stopped, and regeneration occurred close to the sporangia at slower speed than on decapitated apical segments.Cytoplasmic extrusion and formation of exudation drops were studied, wound closure was followed on middle stage 1 segments, and preliminary observations were made on movement of cell contents during regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b70-013
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1970
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distribution of cellular amino acids, protein, and total organic nitrogen during fruitbody development in Flammulina velutipes . I. Growth on sawdust medium
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1982
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 60, No. 8 ( 1982-08-01), p. 1330-1341
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 60, No. 8 ( 1982-08-01), p. 1330-1341
    Abstract: Dry weights of stipes and pilei of Flammulina velutipes grown on nutrient-supplemented sawdust increased throughout the growth period. The pilei weighed only slightly less than the stipes. Amounts of total organic nitrogen, α-amino nitrogen, and alkali-soluble protein increased in the whole pileus and stipe as the fruitbodies elongated, but the concentrations on a dry weight basis decreased although they were always highest in the pileus. The concentration of alkali-insoluble nitrogen increased in both structures and was highest in the stipe. Concentrations of total nitrogen and protein in surface mycelium did not change significantly when fruitbodies formed but increased markedly when their growth ceased. An average of 8.3 mg dry weight of spores containing about 0.6 mg of nitrogen was released during the life of the fruitbody. Changes in 18 free and 17 protein amino acids were followed quantitatively in the pileus and stipe. Glutamic and aspartic acids and alanine were always among the four predominant free amino acids. Lysine and arginine concentrations remained low in the stipes but increased considerably in the expanding pilei. Ornithine levels increased strongly in the stipe during the early part of rapid elongation but remained almost constant and low in the pilei. Free proline was detected only in traces. Valine became the most abundant protein amino acid during elongation, especially in the stipe. There was very little bound methionine and cystine. In surface mycelium levels of free amino acids were low before fruiting and close to the end of fruitbody growth. Protein amino acids increased during that interval but their proportions remained virtually unchanged and valine was not predominant. The concentration of urea remained very low in both pilei and stipes during their growth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b82-169
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1982
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. III. Grafting of sporangiophore segments, weight changes, and protoplasmic streaming in relation to regeneration
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1972
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 50, No. 1 ( 1972-01-01), p. 139-158
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 50, No. 1 ( 1972-01-01), p. 139-158
    Abstract: Decapitated 5-mm segments from stage 1 sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus had similar regeneration capacity and polarity under room as under constant conditions. Regeneration on segments with whole apices was more frequent under room conditions despite resumption of apical elongation, but was only about half as frequent as on decapitated apical segments. Regeneration at incisions in the middle of stage 1 sporangiophores was rare unless cross walls formed at the incision. Sporangiophore halves and pairs of 5-mm segments were grafted successfully and cultured for 24 h. The protoplasts fused and a new wall rejoined the cut ends. Regeneration was rare on grafted sporangiophore halves. On grafts of decapitated, oppositely oriented segments regeneration was almost 100% and occurred mainly at the apical ends alone whether these were fused or free. On grafts of decapitated, normally oriented segments in normal or reversed order almost all anterior segments regenerated apically (as did the controls), but only half or fewer of the same segments in posterior position regenerated. Multiple regeneration and attainment of stage 4 were more frequent on anterior segments. Regeneration was less than 50% on grafts between segments with whole apices and basal segments, and on the latter was much less than on isolated controls.Movement of cytoplasm detectable by dry weight changes only occurred towards the regenerating end of segments after initiation of sporangiophores. The velocity of bidirectional protoplasmic streaming in segments increased during regeneration and was highest towards the basal non-regenerating end.The results of grafting do not support the hypothesis that an inhibitor from the apex normally suppresses regeneration (branching), but both suppression and induction of regeneration can be explained by a mechanism based on acropetal transport.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b72-020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1972
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promotion of stipe elongation in isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies by carbohydrates, natural extracts, and amino acids
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1972
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 50, No. 4 ( 1972-04-01), p. 803-818
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 50, No. 4 ( 1972-04-01), p. 803-818
    Abstract: Isolated Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were cultured under sterile conditions with the cut base immersed in water or solutions. Stipe elongation on water was only 6% of normal for fruit bodies isolated at 1.1–2.0 cm length, 19% at 5.1–6.0 cm, and the same as for fruit bodies attached to mycelium at 9.1–10.0 cm. Fruit bodies not immersed in water grew less in a saturated atmosphere than those in water. The mycelium must supply other substances than water for normal elongation during about two-thirds of the growth period, and only water thereafter. Isolated fruit bodies fed with filtered glucose, trehalose, sucrose, or mannitol grew better than on water. Maltose and fructose increased elongation only slightly, and sorbose had no effect. Potato extract, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate gave no or very little growth promotion, but addition of glucose strongly increased growth on the natural extracts compared to glucose alone. Of 21 amino acids added separately to glucose, only asparagine, hydroxyproline, arginine, and to a lesser extent glutamine, stimulated growth of isolated fruit bodies. Growth was not promoted by pure asparagine, glutamine, and serine, or by thiamin or indoleacetic acid. Growth was inhibited by urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium tartrate with or without glucose.Growth promoting substances were most effective in young fruit bodies and except for glucose the promotion disappeared in fruit bodies isolated at 6.1–7.0 cm length, which corresponds to the end of the period of rapid elongation. Apical portions of fruit bodies with caps grew better on glucose than whole fruit bodies. Growth of decapitated isolated stipes was not promoted by nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b72-097
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1972
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Promotion of stipe elongation in Flammulina velutipes by a diffusate from excised lamellae supplied with nutrients
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1976
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 54, No. 12 ( 1976-06-15), p. 1306-1315
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 54, No. 12 ( 1976-06-15), p. 1306-1315
    Abstract: Flammulina velutipes fruit bodies were grown on partly decayed Populus tremuloides sawdust supplemented with wheat bran and malt extract. In each culture there was a gradation in fruit body size, which served to select test specimens at an early stage of growth. Diffusates collected in agar blocks were applied on the apex of decapitated stipes. Plain agar and dilute potato dextrose agar (PDA/2) alone had the same slight effect on growth. Lamellae placed on plain agar caused limited growth promotion. Lamellae on PDA/2 gave 100–150% more growth promotion than on plain agar during early development, but the activity decreased to zero during the middle of the stage of rapid elongation. Lamellae of that age had no effect on young stipes and the older stipes were insensitive to diffusate from young lamellae. Very small amounts of lamellae promoted stipe elongation. Potato extract alone did not stimulate production of the lamellar diffusate and glucose was less effective than the two nutrients combined. A delay of 2 h in applying lamellar diffusate reduced stipe elongation, and there was no response after 12 h delay. Pilear trama did not produce growth-promoting diffusate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b76-143
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1976
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The effects of substrate, temperature, and photoperiod on conidiationof Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1977
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 55, No. 3 ( 1977-02-01), p. 254-259
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 55, No. 3 ( 1977-02-01), p. 254-259
    Abstract: Fifteen isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis were used to determine the effects of substrate, temperature, and photoperiod on growth and conidiation. Conidiation was achieved with seven isolates when either 15% V-8 juice agar (1.5 g/l CaCO 3 and 15 g/l agar) or autoclaved leaves of wheat or wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.) were used as substrates. However, V-8 juice agar provided the most consistent and abundant conidiation. Conidiophore production was observed over a temperature range of 10 to 31 °C while conidia were produced from 10 to 25 °C. Optimal conidiation on 15% V-8 juice agar occurred at about 21 °C. Twenty-five different photoperiods were tested and conidiophores were formed with all regimens containing alight period. Conidia were produced with 1 to 21 h of light (4790 lx) per day with an optimum at 12 ± 1 h at 21 °C on 15% V-8 juice agar.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b77-035
    Language: French
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1977
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. I. Induction by decapitation and basal cutting on sporangiophores attached to mycelium and after isolation
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 1970
    In:  Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 1970-01-01), p. 55-65
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Botany, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 48, No. 1 ( 1970-01-01), p. 55-65
    Abstract: Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores attached to mycelium and isolated sporangiophores cultured on plain agar blocks were decapitated at 1–2 mm below the apex (stage 1) or the top of the sporangium (stages 3, 4). One or more sporangiophore initials regenerated at or very near the wound closure after formation of a cross wall. They emerged only from the side on 82–85% of all parents and on most of the rest from the wound closure wall. Lateral initials frequently perforated the original wall. Regeneration on isolated and attached sporangiophores reached 100% at 12 h on stage 1 and 18 h on stage 3, but only 80% after 24 h on stage 4. The frequency of two or more initials per parent decreased from stage 1 to 4 and was greater on attached than on isolated specimens. Fewer than half of all parents with two initials showed maturation of both. Single sporangiophores elongating on isolated stage 1 parents had a larger diameter, greater stage 1 length, and 66% greater final length than on stage 4. Stage 1 was always very short (average maximum, 5.1 mm). Sporangium formation and maturation were most synchronized after regeneration on stage 1 and least on stage 4.Sporangiophores cut at 5 mm above the base regenerated less frequently than after decapitation and the decrease was larger in stage 4 than in stage 1. Hyphae and sporangiophores regenerated alone or together, but hyphae were most common on attached stage 1 stumps. Regeneration was always from the wound closure wall, and two or more sporangiophore initials per parent were less frequent on stumps than near the apex.Observations on outflowing of drops of cell contents and on wound closure are discussed in relation to regeneration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0008-4026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/b70-006
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 1970
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 218116-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481926-0
    SSG: 12
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