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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Denominator Doesn’t Matter: Standardizing Healthcare-Associated Infection Rates by Bed Days or Device Days
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 710-716
    Details
    In: Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 710-716
    Abstract: To examine the impact on infection rates and hospital rank for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) using device days and bed days as the denominator DESIGN Retrospective survey from October 2010 to July 2013 SETTING Veterans Health Administration medical centers providing acute medical and surgical care PATIENTS Patients admitted to 120 Veterans Health Administration medical centers reporting healthcare-associated infections METHODS We examined the importance of using device days and bed days as the denominator between infection rates and hospital rank for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP for each medical center. The relationship between device days and bed days as the denominator was assessed using a Pearson correlation, and changes in infection rates and device utilization were evaluated by an analysis of variance. RESULTS A total of 7.9 million bed days were included. From 2011 to 2013, CAUTI decreased whether measured by device days (2.32 to 1.64, P =.001) or bed days (4.21 to 3.02, P =.006). CLABSI decreased when measured by bed days (1.67 to 1.19, P =.04). VAP rates and device utilization ratios for CAUTI, CLABSI, and VAP were not statistically different across time. Infection rates calculated with device days were strongly correlated with infection rates calculated with bed days (r=0.79–0.94, P 〈 .001). Hospital relative performance measured by ordered rank was also strongly correlated for both denominators (r=0.82–0.96, P 〈 .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that device days and bed days are equally effective adjustment metrics for comparing healthcare-associated infection rates between hospitals in the setting of stable device utilization. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;00(0): 1–7
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0899-823X , 1559-6834
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/ice.2015.42
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2106319-9
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    GRADES: A New Instrument for Spectroscopy of the Local Hot Gas
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  International Astronomical Union Colloquium Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 91-94
    Details
    In: International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 91-94
    Abstract: Competing models for the origin of the local component of the diffuse X-ray background span more than an order of magnitude in temperature. We propose to test these models with a new instrument, the GRating Array Diffuse EUV Spectrometer (GRADES) , which is sensitive to diffuse emission in the 90 – 260 Å bandpass, and offers a peak spectral resolution of about λ /127.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0252-9211
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0252921100070780
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Low Energy Cosmic Rays Emitted by the Orion Complex into the Local Medium
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  International Astronomical Union Colloquium Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 187-190
    Details
    In: International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 187-190
    Abstract: The excess of γ -ray emission in the energy range 3–7 MeV discovered by COMPTEL in the direction of the Orion complex may imply that there is a powerful source of low energy cosmic rays in the local galactic medium. Several interpretations of the excess have been suggested. One of them assumes that the emission is identified with nuclear de-excitation lines of excited 16 O and 14 C. To provide the excess the energy deposit in these nuclei should be as large as ~ 10 39 erg s −1 . If a comparable part of these nuclei escape into the local galactic medium they can play a significant role in the energy balance there. If the excess is interpreted as continuous it can be produced by bremsstrahlung emission of fast 10 MeV electrons. Much less energy deposit in these electrons is necessary (~ 10 36 erg s −1 ) to generate the observed Orion flux. The intensity of these electrons even near Earth can be higher than that of the galactic cosmic ray electrons.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0252-9211
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0252921100070950
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2001
    In:  Review of International Studies Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 069-090
    Details
    In: Review of International Studies, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 069-090
    Abstract: This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War . First, the authors briefly introduce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be analysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and normative as well as practical policy implications of their observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0260-2105 , 1469-9044
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500010706
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481956-9
    SSG: 8
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2001
    In:  Review of International Studies Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 069-090
    Details
    In: Review of International Studies, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 069-090
    Abstract: This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War . First, the authors briefly introduce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be analysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and normative as well as practical policy implications of their observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0260-2105 , 1469-9044
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S026021050001069X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481956-9
    SSG: 8
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Disaster Preparedness: Hospital Decontamination and the Pediatric Patient— Guidelines for Hospitals and Emergency Planners
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2008
    In:  Prehospital and Disaster Medicine Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2008-04), p. 166-173
    Details
    In: Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 23, No. 2 ( 2008-04), p. 166-173
    Abstract: In recent years, attention has been given to disaster preparedness for first responders and first receivers (hospitals). One such focus involves the decontamination of individuals who have fallen victim to a chemical agent from an attack or an accident involving hazardous materials. Children often are overlooked in disaster planning. Children are vulnerable and have specific medical and psychological requirements. There is a need to develop specific protocols to address pediatric patients who require decontamination at the entrance of hospital emergency departments. Currently, there are no published resources that meet this need. An expert panel convened by the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene developed policies and procedures for the decontamination of pediatric patients.The panel was comprised of experts from a variety of medical and psychosocial areas.Using an iterative process, the panel created guidelines that were approved by the stakeholders and are presented in this paper.These guidelines must be utilized, studied, and modified to increase the likelihood that they will work during an emergency situation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1049-023X , 1945-1938
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1049023X0000580X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2162069-6
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    31. Commission de L’heure
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1939
    In:  Transactions of the International Astronomical Union Vol. 6 ( 1939), p. 267-267
    Details
    In: Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 6 ( 1939), p. 267-267
    Abstract: Durant la période de 1933 à 1936 le Bulletin Horaire a donné les heures définitives des signaux horaires d’après la moyenne de 15 observatoires. A partir du I er janvier 1937 on introduit trois observatoires en plus (Kharkov, Manille et Tokyo), qui communiquent régulièrement leurs résultats au B.I.H. Au Bureau International de l’Heure certains perfectionnements sont actuelle ment en voie de réalisation. Il s’agit d’une horloge à diapason d’une part, et, de l’autre, d’un ensemble nouveau pour l’émission des signaux horaires. M. Lambert va donner une communication sur ce sujet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0251-107X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0251107X00018186
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1939
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the Zero-Level of the Soft X-ray Background
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  International Astronomical Union Colloquium Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 113-116
    Details
    In: International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 113-116
    Abstract: The soft X-ray background (SXRB, 0.1 – 2.0 keV) is generally believed to be comprised of a local component, the Local (Hot) Bubble (LHB), which is only marginally absorbed, and of distant emission (galactic halo, extragalactic background). It is vital to know the foreground emission (spectrum, intensity) if one wants to disentangle and determine the 3-dimensional structure of the X-ray emitting regions. During the ROSAT PSPC All-Sky Survey non-cosmic enhancements of the measured X-ray count rate have been observed. These lasted typically for up to 8 hours (i.e. a couple of orbits). Using PSPC data it has been shown that these so-called “long-term enhancements” (LXE) are related to geomagnetic storms and variations of the solar wind. Moreover, during an observation of the comet Hyakutake indications for a correlation of the X-ray background with the X-ray brightness of the comet have been found. This can be interpreted in terms of an X-ray emitting region around the Earth. Although the variable component of these enhancements could be subtracted from the sky maps an uncertainty remained concerning an undetected and relatively constant contribution which might be present in soft X-ray observations. As a consequence this could explain or contribute to the high PSPC count rate observed from the dark side of the Moon.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0252-9211
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0252921100070822
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    High-Velocity Clouds and their Soft X-ray Emission
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  International Astronomical Union Colloquium Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 455-466
    Details
    In: International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 455-466
    Abstract: Diffuse excess ¼ keV soft X-ray emission was found to be positionally correlated with the column density distribution of the high velocity cloud (HVC) complex C (Kerp et al. 1996). Here we point out that the detected diffuse X-ray emission is indeed associated with the HVC phenomenon. For this purpose we study the ¼ keV radiation transfer as well as the H I column density distribution of HVCs and intermediate velocity clouds (IVCs) towards HVC complex C in detail. We present evidence that on arcmin scales the ¾ keV soft X-ray emission is positionally anticorrelated with the HVC column density distribution of an individual HVC filament of complex C.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0252-9211
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0252921100071438
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Energetic Particles in the Local Bubble
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  International Astronomical Union Colloquium Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 177-186
    Details
    In: International Astronomical Union Colloquium, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 166 ( 1997), p. 177-186
    Abstract: The current status of observations of energetic particles in the “local bubble” is reviewed. This includes primarily “direct” measurements of cosmic rays made in the Solar System, but also the “remote sensing” made possible by observing cosmic ray produced γ -rays in the nearby interstellar clouds. Since the energetic events responsible for the formation of our local bubble may also have produced copious amounts of cosmic rays, fossil records are examined to determine whether there is a corresponding signature. The observations show that: 1) the cosmic ray (proton) intensity is fairly homogeneous throughout the local bubble and its adjacent interstellar clouds, 2) there is some evidence for a “recent” local cosmic ray injection about 40,000 years ago, 3) on longer time scales (a few million years) the cosmic ray intensity was constant within a factor two, 4) there is apparently some “activity” in the Orion cloud, as evidenced by low energy γ -ray signatures, and 5) there are two unexplained observations – the variations in the energy spectra, in particular the significantly flatter spectrum of heavy cosmic rays (Fe) and the matter path length variation, which yields consistently larger path lengths for the lighter elements (H, He). It is suggested that these observations are compatible with two cosmic ray populations – an older one in equilibrium with losses from the galaxy and a younger one which is not yet strongly affected by losses. The latter could be a cosmic ray signature of the formation of the local bubble.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0252-9211
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0252921100070949
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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