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  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein  (14)
  • Bildungsgesch. Forschung
  • Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 〈Hanover, NH〉  (14)
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  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein  (14)
  • Bildungsgesch. Forschung
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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Shock effects on frozen materials : exploding wire experiments (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ123366
    Format: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 287
    Content: Hugoniot curves were generated from simultaneous measurements of shock and free-surface velocities, obtained from samples of frozen Fairbanks (Fox) silt, using the exploding wire technique. The abrupt change in slope of the Us-Up Hugoniot is indicative of a phase change. The shape of the P-V Hugoniot suggests that the transformation begins immediately but does not go to completion. This means that, although the pressure lies slightly above the Rayleigh line through the mixed phase region, the slope does not increase as rapidly as it would if the material had stayed in the initial phase.
    Content: CONTENTS: Preface. - Conversion factors. - Introduction. - Test procedure. - Test results. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Hugoniot data. - Abstract.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-202-287 , Online frei verfügbar
    In: Research report
    Language: Undetermined
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974609
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190423131010
    Format: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    Content: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Chemical fractionation of brine in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190418112525
    Format: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-6
    Content: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127821.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9312
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of an ice-covered river : field techniques and initial data (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190626153636
    Format: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-11
    Content: This initial study of the ice-covered Tanana River, near Fairbanks, Alaska, attempted to 1) establish field methods for systematic and repetitive quantitative analyses of an ice-covered river's regime, 2) evaluate the instruments and equipment for sampling, and 3) obtain the initial data of a long-term study of ice cover effects on the morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of a braided river. A methodology was established, and detailed measurements and samplings, including profiling by geophysical techniques, were conducted along cross sections of the river. A small, portable rotary drill rig equipped with a 356-mm (14-in.) ice auger was used to cut large diameter holes in the ice cover for through-the-ice measurements. Portable heat sources and a heated shelter were required to continuously thaw and dry equipment for the repetitive measurements. Measurements included ice cover thickness, water level, water depth, temperature, flow velocity, suspended load and bed load, frazil ice distribution and bed material composition. Remotely gathered data included apparent resistivity and subsurface radar profiling. The various techniques, sampling gear and problems encountered during use in the subfreezing cold are described in detail in this report.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited
    In: CRREL Report, 86-11
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9318
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Experimental determination of heat transfer coefficients in water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190626142929
    Format: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-3
    Content: Experiments to study the melting of a horizontal ice sheet with a flow of water above it were conducted in a 35 m long refrigerated flume with a cross section of 1.2x1.2 m. Water depth, temperature, and velocity were varied as well as the temperature and initial surface profile of the ice sheet. The heat transfer regimes were found to consist of forced turbulent flow at high Reynolds numbers with a transition to free convection heat transfer. There was no convincing evidence of a forced laminar regime. The data were correlated for each of the regimes, with the Reynolds number, Re, or the Grashof number combined with the Reynolds number as Gr/Re to the 2.5 power used to characterize the different kinds of heat transfer. For water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet, the melting heat flux, for low flow velocities, was not found to drop below the value for the free convection case-488.5 W/sq m-as long as the water temperature exceeds 3.4 C. This is significant since the free convection melt values far exceed those for laminar forced convection. At the low flow velocities, the melting flux was not dependent upon the fluid temperature until the water temperature dropped below 3.4 C, when q sub c = 135.7 (Delta T). In general, the heat transfer was found to significantly exceed that of non-melting systems for the same regimes. This was attributed to increased free stream turbulence, thermal instability due to the density maximum of water near 4 C, and the turbulent eddies associated with the generation of a wavy ice surface during the melting.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length
    In: CRREL Report, 86-3
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA170427
    URL: https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/bitstream/11681/9438/1/CR-86-3.pdf
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  • 6
    Book
    Book
    Laboratory studies of cold fog dispersal by compressed air (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ122979
    Format: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 327
    Content: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Theory of formation, growth and precipitation of ice crystals. - Fog characteristics. - Liquid water content. - Size distribution of liquid water droplets. - Results and discussion. - Sudden expansion system. - Continuous flow. - Conclusions and recommendations. - Conclusions. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Content: Two compressed air systems for glaciating supercooled clouds were studied in the laboratory. The first system used the sudden expansion of compressed air and was found to be most efficient at 27 psig producing an average of 5.2 x 10^8 ice crystals per cm^3 of air. The second system used a continuous flow of air through nozzles of various designs, of which the supersonic nozzle was found to be the most efficient, producing a maximum of 2.5 x 10^8 crystals per cm^3 of air at 27 psig. The above data were obtained at an ambient temperature of -4°C, but data for other temperatures and pressures were obtained and are presented in the text.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-202-327 , Online frei verfügbar
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/632641232
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  • 7
    Book
    Book
    A hydraulic model investigation of drifting snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ105760
    Format: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    Content: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-201-78/16 , CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9400
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  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Blank corrections for ultratrace atomic absorption analysis (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ105557
    Format: ii, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-3
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-201-79/3
    In: CRREL Report, 79-3
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9018
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  • 9
    Book
    Book
    Development and design of sludge freezing beds (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190730101313
    Format: v, 58 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-20
    Content: This study develops design criteria for a new sludge dewatering unit operation called a sludge freezing bed. This bed uses natural freeze-thaw to condition the sludge. The total depth of sludge that can be frozen, thawed and dewatered by this process in a year is the main criterion needed for design. Laboratory tests assessed the dewaterability of freeze-thaw conditioned water treatment plant sludge and both anaerobically and aerobically digested wastewater sludges at various depths. Mathematical models for predicting the design depth were developed; values for the input parameters to the models were obtained from the literature or from laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. The dewaterability tests indicated that the depth of sludge that can be applied is not limited by drainability. Up to 2.0 m of each sludge drained in minutes after freeze-thaw conditioning. Except for the aerobically digested sludge, the solids content after drainage is high enough to permit mechanical removal. The physical and thermal characteristics of frozen sludge were found to be equivalent to those of ice. An analysis of the freezing and thawing models reveals that the design of a freezing bed will depend on the duration and intensity of the freezing and thawing seasons.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Purpose Scope Literature review Fundamentals of freeze separation Applications of freeze separation technology Conclusions Concept development Background Site visits Final concept Dewaterability studies Sludge characteristics Specific resistance and capillary suction time Filtrate quality Drainage tests Drying tests Development of design models Basic energy balance relationship Development of freezing model Development of thawing model Other models Evaluation of sludge input parameters Frozen sludge density, ϱf Layer thickness, ϵ Settled solids fraction, θ Thermal conductivities, Kfs, Kss Latent heat of fusion, L Absorptance, α Freezing point, Tf Summary Evaluation of climatic input parameters Ambient air temperatures, Taf, Tat Insolation, I Convection coefficient, hc Use of models for design Freezing design depth Thawing design depth Validation Example Conclusions anid recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Sludge freezing at the Salem, New Hampshire, Wastewater Treatment Plant
    In: CRREL Report, 88-20
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a205955.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9061
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  • 10
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    Book
    Baseline acidity of ancient precipitation from the South Pole (1984)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190425152828
    Format: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Content: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA145007
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9510
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