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  • Undetermined  (11)
  • Singh, Raju Jan  (11)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Raising and Sharing Revenues from Natural Resources : A Review of Country Practices (2015)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759657212
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: MFM Global Practice discussion paper,no. 5
    Content: Natural resources offer opportunities, but also bring challenges. They have generally been linked to a series of negative outcomes like economic decline, corruption, and conflict. Oil and minerals reserves, in particular, are often very spatially concentrated, and their discovery becomes a potential source of conflict between the governments, the people of the producing areas, and those of the rest of the country. But can this increased risk of conflict be prevented? Are there ways for the government to change this course of events? This paper tries to contribute to this discussion by looking at the international practices in raising and sharing natural resource revenues (NRR) among different levels of government. The study observes that sharing NRR with subnational governments of the producing areas is the prevailing practice worldwide. There is a rationale to compensate the subnational government of the producing areas for the negative environmental, social, and economic impact of production activities. Assignment to all - including the non-producing - subnational governments is less frequent, although it is increasingly used (particularly in Latin America). This option increases the number of stakeholders and gives them incentives to exert control. This is a relevant argument, particularly in countries with a weak capacity of public scrutiny of government activities. The volatility of revenue or the low absorption capacity of small government units may nevertheless create problems. Similarly, the allocation of NRR to individuals with direct transfers, a complement to the intergovernmental allocation rather than an alternative, can increase the welfare of citizens by increasing their scrutiny of NRR use by government
    Note: English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oil and Civil Conflict : Can Public Spending Have a Mitigation Effect? (2014)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759725781
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Content: In this paper, the conditions under which the spending patterns of oil resources may mitigate the risk of violent domestic conflict are studied. Some recent research suggests that more government spending either in general or specifically in welfare and military may reduce the risk of civil conflict onset (Hegre and Sambanis, 2006; Basedau and Lay, 2009; Fjelde and de Soysa, 2009; Taydas and Peksen, 2012). While oil wealth has begun to be considered in the study of civil conflict as an important source of revenue for governments, there has not been a systematic analysis of whether oil-rich countries can increase public spending or alter the particular allocation of such spending to social sectors or the military as a way to mitigate the risk of conflict. We use time-series cross section data (148 countries, 1960-2009) to test the hypothesis that oil has a conditional effect on civil conflict depending on the size of government expenditure and the allocation of government spending. Our dependent variable is the onset of small and large civil conflict (Gleditch et al., 2002). The empirical estimations show that small and large conflicts alike are less likely when large parts of oil resources are dedicated to military spending. Increased spending in education, health or social security is associated with lower risk of small-scale conflict, irrespective of the level of oil revenue. On the other hand, higher levels of general government expenditure do not appear to have any robust mitigating effects. The paper proceeds as follows: Section II reviews work on natural resources and conflict; Section III discusses the literature on public spending and conflict; Section IV presents our approach, derives testable hypotheses, and presents the data; Section V describes the results; and Section VI concludes
    Note: Africa , English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Haiti : Toward a New Narrative (2015)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759734802
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostic
    Content: This Systematic Country Diagnostic seeks to identify the most important constraints to and opportunities for inclusive and sustainable growth in Haiti, a country that is one of the poorest and least equal countries in the world. For this purpose, an extensive review of the literature (from both within and outside the World Bank) was carried out, as well as broad consultations across the country. The results point out five broad themes around which activities need to be organized in order to ignite a process whereby Haiti could set itself on a new development path: (i) balancing macroeconomic stability with developmental needs; (ii) improving statistics and analytics; (iii) creating greater economic opportunities and better jobs, including through infrastructure and human capital; (iv) (re)building the social contract; and (v) reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. Progress on all these themes is needed simultaneously. In light of the tighter budget constraints facing the government, maintaining the stability of the macroeconomic environment, and improving knowledge and statistics to increase the effectiveness of public policy (including more transparent fiscal reporting) call more particularly for immediate attention
    Note: Haiti , Latin America & Caribbean , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oil and Civil Conflict : Can Public Spending Have a Mitigation Effect?
    Elsevier
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_178066592X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Content: This paper explores the conditions under which public spending could minimize violent conflict related to oil wealth. Previous work on the resource curse suggests that oil can lead to violent conflict because it increases the value of the state as a prize or because it undermines the state's bureaucratic penetration. On the other hand, the rentier state literature has long argued that oil might provide states with resources to deliver public and private goods, and stabilize political regimes. The empirical evidence to settle these conflicting predictions is limited. This paper argues that the effect of oil on civil conflict is conditional on the size of government expenditure and the allocation of government spending for welfare or the military. To test these hypotheses, logit models of conflict onset are used and a global sample of 148 countries from 1960 to 2009 is examined. Higher levels of military spending are found to be associated with lower risks of both minor and major conflict onset in countries rich in oil and gas. By contrast, in countries with little oil or gas resources, increases in military spending are associated with a higher risk of conflict. Welfare expenditure is associated with a lower risk of small-scale conflict, irrespective of the level of oil revenue. However, general government spending does not appear to have any robust mitigating effects. Consistent with the focus in the more recent literature to disentangle the average effect of natural resources, these results nuance the conditions under which there may be a resource curse. The results point to what governments can do with resource revenues to mitigate conflict risk
    Note: en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Trade Reduce Poverty? : A View from Africa
    Elsevier
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1780665911
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Content: Although trade liberalization is being actively promoted as a key component in development strategies, theoretically, the impact of trade openness on poverty reduction is ambiguous. On the one hand, a more liberalized trade regime is argued to change relative factor prices in favor of the more abundant factor. If poverty and relative low income stem from abundance of labor, greater trade openness should lead to higher labor prices and a decrease in poverty. However, should the re-allocation of factors be hampered, the expected benefits from freer trade may not materialize. The theoretical ambiguity on the effects of openness regarding the trade-poverty relationship is also apparent in the empirical literature. To resolve this ambiguity, this paper examines whether the effect of openness on poverty varies with some country characteristics. Using a panel of African countries over the period 1981-2010 and testing for non-linearities in the trade-poverty relationship, we find that trade openness tends to reduce poverty in countries where financial sectors are deep, education levels high and institutions strong
    Note: Africa , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revenue Sharing of Natural Resources in Africa : Reflections from a Review of International Practices (2014)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759725773
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Content: The African continent is one of the world richest regions in oil, gas and minerals. Proven reserves have expanded and prospects improved recently making the continent an important player on the world stage. The share of natural resources in GDP is increasing rapidly. Exports of minerals and hydrocarbons account for more than a quarter of total exports in half of the sub-Saharan economies and the share of natural resources revenue (NRR) on total government revenue is expected to become dominant for an increasing number of countries. Wealth of natural resources offers opportunities but it also brings in challenges. Natural resources have generally been linked to a series of negative outcomes like economic decline, corruption and autocratic rule (McNeish, 2010). Oil and minerals reserves are often point source natural resources, being usually very spatially concentrated. Their discovery becomes almost inevitably a potential source of conflict between the governments, the people of the producing areas and those of the rest of the country (Fearon and Laitin, 2003). In other words, intergovernmental sharing is a big issue that needs a solution when natural resources are discovered and exploited. Full centralization of NNR is the exception rather than the rule, as we will observe in the paper. It is practiced for oil and gas by both autocratic regimes (such as Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries), and fully fledged democratic systems, such as Norway and the UK. Full centralization does not imply, however, the absence of compensating mechanisms, or of indirect transfers in favor of the governments of the producing areas. In the UK, for example, Scotland receives no share of oil taxes, but is compensated with a larger share of block grants to local governments (the Barnett formula ). Norway rewards the local governments closer to the producing areas with generous infrastructure projects, such as tunnels and bridges linking very sparsely populated areas and islands. Autocratic countries may also use repression to quench the request for a share of NRR from their producing areas
    Note: Africa , English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Poverty and Shared Prosperity : Let's Move the Discussion Beyond Growth
    Taylor and Francis
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1780662920
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Content: Some authors argue that it is enough to focus on growth to achieve lower poverty and greater shared prosperity. Policy-makers are warned that any effort to make growth more equal would be a distraction at best and could even be detrimental. Achieving the World Bank target of a 3% poverty rate by 2030 will require, however, more targeted policies favoring the poorest segments of the population. But what would be these policies? While studies investigating determinants of GDP growth have been numerous, less is known about factors influencing household incomes at the lowest segments of the income distribution. This paper estimates income drivers for the poorest two income quintiles drawing on a panel of 117 countries over the period 1967-2011. Its results suggest that maintaining macroeconomic stability as well as investing in human and physical capital would not only be associated with faster overall economic growth, but also with even faster income growth for the poorest segments of the population. This paper confirms the central role overall economic growth should play in any strategy to reduce poverty. Its results suggest, however, that in addition policy-makers may have instruments to tweak the distribution of the benefits of faster economic growth in favor of the households at the bottom of the income distribution. There thus need not be a trade-off between inequality and growth
    Note: en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guns, Books, or Doctors? Conflict and Public Spending in Haiti : Lessons from Cross-Country Evidence (2016)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759651532
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 7681
    Content: Haiti's economic development has been held back by a history of civil conflict and violence. With donor assistance declining from its exceptional levels following the 2010 earthquake, and concessional financing growing scarce, Haiti must learn to live with tighter budget constraints. At the same time, the United Nations forces that have provided security in the past decade are scaling down. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the conditions under which public spending can minimize violent conflict, and draws possible lessons for Haiti. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 148 countries over the period 1960-2009, simulations for Haiti suggest that increases in military spending would be associated with a higher risk of conflict, an observation in line with Haiti's own history. Greater welfare expenditure (education, health, and social assistance), by contrast, would be associated with lower risk of conflict
    Note: Haiti , Latin America & Caribbean , English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Financial Channels, Property Rights, and Poverty : A Sub-Saharan African Perspective (2016)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1759653659
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 7559
    Content: Studies on the link between financial development and poverty have been inconclusive. Some claim that deeper financial sectors should improve the allocation of capital by allowing entrepreneurs greater access to finance, which should particularly favor the poor. Others argue that improvements in the financial system primarily benefit the rich and politically connected. The literature has also been ambiguous about the channels through which finance may be associated with lower poverty (deposits versus credit). Looking at a sample of 37 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1992 through 2006, the paper suggests that financial deepening is associated with lower poverty through different channels depending on the strength of property rights. In the absence of well-defined and enforced property rights, wider access to saving and risk-sharing instruments is accompanied by a reduction in poverty. Only once property rights grow stronger is credit associated with lower poverty
    Note: Africa , Haiti , English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Growth (But Not Only) Is Good for the Poor : Some Cross-Country Evidence to Promote Growth and Shared Prosperity in Haiti (2017)
    World Bank, Washington, DC
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_175964613X
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper No. 7975
    Content: Many low-income countries, such as Haiti, have high ambitions and socioeconomic needs to achieve substantial income growth, especially for the poorest income quintiles. This situation raises the question of policy prioritization, which is often difficult to address, since reliable country-specific micro data are scarce in most low-income countries. Although many studies have investigated the determinants of growth of gross domestic product, less is known about the factors influencing household incomes at the lowest segments of the income distribution. Focusing on the specific case of Haiti, a country with one of the lowest income levels, this paper proposes an approach to handle this challenge: it estimates income drivers for the poorest two income quintiles from cross-country regressions. The results suggest that maintaining macroeconomic stability as well as investing in human and physical capital would not only be associated with faster overall economic growth, but also with even faster income growth for the poorest segments of the population. Thus, there need not be a trade-off between inequality and growth. Economies could foster faster growth while also increasing inclusiveness, ensuring that everyone can live up to their potential
    Note: Haiti , Latin America & Caribbean , English , en_US
    Language: Undetermined
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
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