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  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)  (12)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rainfall chemistry composition in two ecosystems in the northeastern Brazilian Amazon (Amapá State)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 105, No. D23 ( 2000-12-16), p. 28895-28905
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. D23 ( 2000-12-16), p. 28895-28905
    Abstract: The rainfall chemical composition in two Amazonian ecosystems, a “terra firme” forest (dense tropical rain forest) and the “cerrado” (savanna) are presented. Both areas are located in the northeast Brazilian Amazon (Amapá State). This study evaluated the statistical differences in the rainfall chemistry, as well as the deposition through rainfall, for each ecosystem. The chemical species evaluated in the rainwater were Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , Cl − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , Fe 3+ , Al 3+ , Zn 2+ , and Mn 2+ for both ecosystems. Factor analysis for the terra firme ecosystem indicated that there is a significant difference between the dry and wet periods in the rainfall chemical composition, indicating a biomass‐burning signature (K + in association with Zn 2+ ). High deposition of solutes, except for Mn 2+ and Cl − , was also observed during the dry period. Comparison between the terra firme and cerrado rainfall chemistry showed statistical differences in concentration for the marine species (Na + and Cl − ) and for the soil dust species (Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , and Mn 2+ ). The sea‐salt and biogenic sources of chemical species in terra firme forest rainwater are equally important. The site nearer to the sea (cerrado) has rainfall chemistry dominated by species having marine origins. The terra firme forest also has rainfall chemistry dominated by marine origin species, although the biogenic and soil dust origin species are highly significant at this site. Also in the terra firme a biomass‐burning signature was observed. The amount of sea salt deposited was more than 50% larger in the cerrado owing to its proximity to the shore.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900235
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Raman lidar measurements of Pinatubo aerosols over southeastern Kansas during November-December 1991
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1992
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 19, No. 15 ( 1992-08-03), p. 1599-1602
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 19, No. 15 ( 1992-08-03), p. 1599-1602
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/92GL01473
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cloud liquid water, mean droplet radius, and number density measurements using a Raman lidar
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1999
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 104, No. D24 ( 1999-12-27), p. 31411-31419
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 104, No. D24 ( 1999-12-27), p. 31411-31419
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901004
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Storm travel distance calculations for total phosphorus and suspended materials in rivers
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1979
    In:  Water Resources Research Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 1979-12), p. 1354-1360
    Details
    In: Water Resources Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 15, No. 6 ( 1979-12), p. 1354-1360
    Abstract: From previous work it appears that total phosphorus is transported through rivers by a series of storm events. This paper presents a method for calculating the average distance of travel during any given storm event. The method uses the hydrograph, chemograph, and flow characteristics at a point in the river. Comparisons were made between storm events at the same station in a river, between different stations in the same river basin, and between stations in different rivers. Results show the distance of travel is dependent upon the magnitude and duration of the storm event but not on the magnitude of the total phosphorus concentration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0043-1397 , 1944-7973
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/WR015i006p01354
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1979
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 5564-5
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Fractal nature of the planetary boundary layer depth in the trade‐wind cumulus regime
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 22, No. 13 ( 1995-07), p. 1705-1708
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 22, No. 13 ( 1995-07), p. 1705-1708
    Abstract: The fractal nature of the planetary boundary layer depth in the trade wind cumulus regime was explored. The boundary layer depths were derived from discontinuities in airborne lidar backscatter profiles obtained during the Frontal Air‐Sea Interaction EXperiment (FASINEX) in February 1986. Scale‐invariant behaviour was observed over horizontal distances ranging from 50 m to 50 km. The degree of intermittency and non‐stationarity of the signals were calculated using standard multifractal statistical methods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276 , 1944-8007
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95GL01655
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021599-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
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    Comparison of aerosol optical properties and water vapor among ground and airborne lidars and Sun photometers during TARFOX
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2000
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 105, No. D8 ( 2000-04-27), p. 9917-9933
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 105, No. D8 ( 2000-04-27), p. 9917-9933
    Abstract: We compare aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and precipitable water vapor (PWV) measurements derived from ground and airborne lidars and Sun photometers during the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment. Such comparisons are important to verify the consistency between various remote sensing measurements before employing them in any assessment of the impact of aerosols on the global radiation balance. Total scattering ratio and extinction profiles measured by the ground‐based NASA Goddard Space Flight Center scanning Raman lidar system, which operated from Wallops Island, Virginia (37.86°N, 75.51°W), are compared with those measured by the Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) airborne lidar system aboard the NASA ER‐2 aircraft. Bias and root‐mean‐square differences indicate that these measurements generally agreed within about 10%. Aerosol extinction profiles and estimates of AOT are derived from both lidar measurements using a value for the aerosol extinction/backscattering ratio S a = 60 sr for the aerosol extinction/backscattering ratio, which was determined from the Raman lidar measurements. The lidar measurements of AOT are found to be generally within 25% of the AOT measured by the NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sun Photometer (AATS‐6). However, during certain periods the lidar and Sun photometer measurements of AOT differed significantly, possibly because of variations in the aerosol physical characteristics (e.g., size, composition) which affect S a . Estimates of PWV, derived from water vapor mixing ratio profiles measured by LASE, are within 5–10% of PWV derived from the airborne Sun photometer. Aerosol extinction profiles measured by both lidars show that aerosols were generally concentrated in the lowest 2–3 km.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901202
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Observations of water vapor by ground‐based microwave radiometers and Raman lidar
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 99, No. D9 ( 1994-09-20), p. 18695-18702
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. D9 ( 1994-09-20), p. 18695-18702
    Abstract: In November to December 1991, a substantial number of remote sensors and in situ instruments were operated together in Coffeyville, Kansas, during the climate experiment FIRE II. Included in the suite of instruments were (1) the NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) three‐channel microwave radiometer, (2) the NASA GSFC Raman lidar, (3) ETL radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), and (4) frequent, research‐quality radiosondes. The Raman lidar operated only at night and the focus of this portion of the experiment concentrated on clear conditions. The lidar data, together with frequent radiosondes and measurements of temperature profiles (every 15 min) by RASS allowed profiles of temperature and absolute humidity to be estimated every minute. We compared 2‐min measurements of brightness temperature ( T b ) with calculations of T b that were based on the Liebe and Lay ton (1987) and Liebe et al. (1993) microwave propagation models, as well as the Waters (1976) model. The comparisons showed the best agreement at 20.6 GHz with the Waters model, with the Liebe et al. (1993) model being best at 31.65 GHz. The results at 90 GHz gave about equal success with the Liebe and Layton (1987) and Liebe et al. (1993) models. Comparisons of precipitable water vapor derived independently from the two instruments also showed excellent agreement, even for averages as short as 2 min. The rms difference between Raman and radiometric determinations of precipitable water vapor was 0.03 cm which is roughly 2%. The experiments clearly demonstrate the potential of simultaneous operation of radiometers and Raman lidars for fundamental physical studies of water vapor.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD01487
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Raman lidar measurements of aerosol extinction and backscattering: 2. Derivation of aerosol real refractive index, single‐scattering albedo, and humidification factor using Raman lidar and aircraft size distribution measurements
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 103, No. D16 ( 1998-08-27), p. 19673-19689
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. D16 ( 1998-08-27), p. 19673-19689
    Abstract: Aerosol backscattering and extinction profiles measured by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) during the remote cloud sensing (RCS) intensive operations period (IOP) at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) southern Great Plains (SGP) site during two nights in April 1994 are discussed. These profiles are shown to be consistent with the simultaneous aerosol size distribution measurements made by a PCASP (Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe) optical particle counter flown on the University of North Dakota Citation aircraft. We describe a technique which uses both lidar and PCASP measurements to derive the dependence of particle size on relative humidity, the aerosol real refractive index n , and estimate the effective single‐scattering albedo ω 0 . Values of n ranged between 1.4–1.5 (dry) and 1.37–1.47 (wet); ω 0 varied between 0.7 and 1.0. The single‐scattering albedo derived from this technique is sensitive to the manner in which absorbing particles are represented in the aerosol mixture; representing the absorbing particles as an internal mixture rather than the external mixture assumed here results in generally higher values of ω 0 . The lidar measurements indicate that the change in particle size with relative humidity as measured by the PCASP can be represented in the form discussed by Hanel [1976] with the exponent γ = 0.3 ± 0.05. The variations in aerosol optical and physical characteristics captured in the lidar and aircraft size distribution measurements are discussed in the context of the meteorological conditions observed during the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/98JD01647
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor from GOES, Raman lidar, and cross-chain loran atmospheric sounding system measurements
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 99, No. D10 ( 1994), p. 21005-
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. D10 ( 1994), p. 21005-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/94JD01721
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1994
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094104-0
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Raman lidar measurements of aerosol extinction and backscattering: 1. Methods and comparisons
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 103, No. D16 ( 1998-08-27), p. 19663-19672
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. D16 ( 1998-08-27), p. 19663-19672
    Abstract: This paper examines the aerosol backscattering and extinction profiles measured at night by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) during the remote cloud sensing (RCS) intensive operations period (IOP) at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) southern Great Plains (SGP) site in April 1994. These lidar data are used to derive aerosol profiles for altitudes between 0.015 and 5 km. Since this lidar detects Raman scattering from nitrogen and oxygen molecules as well as the elastic scattering from molecules and aerosols, it measures both aerosol backscattering and extinction simultaneously. The aerosol extinction/backscattering ratio varied between approximately 30 sr and 75 sr at 351 nm. Aerosol optical thicknesses derived by integrating the lidar profiles of aerosol extinction measured at night between 0.1 and 5 km are found to be about 10–40% lower than those measured by a Sun photometer during the day. This difference is attributed to the contribution by stratospheric aerosols not included in the lidar estimates as well as to diurnal differences in aerosol properties and concentrations. Aerosol profiles close to the surface were acquired by pointing the lidar nearly horizontally. Measurements of aerosol scattering from a tower‐mounted nephelometer are found to be 40% lower than lidar measurements of aerosol extinction over a wide range of relative humidities even after accounting for the difference in wavelengths. The reasons for this difference are not clear but may be due to the inability of the nephelometer to accurately measure scattering by large particles.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/98JD01646
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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    SSG: 16,13
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