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  • MPI Bildungsforschung  (34)
  • 2020-2024  (34)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inventories, Input Costs, and Productivity Gains from Trade Liberalizations (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081817
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (55 Seiten)
    Content: Sourcing internationally entails additional costs due to larger per inventory holdings. When firms switch toward foreign sources, these unobserved costs increase. This paper revisits the effect of trade liberalization on firms' productivity taking into account the inventory premium of importing and input cost heterogeneity. Through model simulations, the paper shows that in the presence of inventory holding costs, their omission in revenue-based productivity measures leads to a systematic overestimation of the elasticity of productivity to input tariffs. Controlling for the firm's import intensity and inventory usage in the estimation of productivity corrects for the bias. The paper studies the relevance of this potential bias during India's trade liberalization in the early 1990s. First, it documents that inventory holdings of intermediate goods increased significantly with import intensity and input tariffs. Second, it extends a standard productivity estimation procedure with a control function of the various firm-level input costs. The mismeasurement channel accounts for around 35 percent of the estimated productivity gains. Consistent with the gradual adjustment to the tariff reductions, the bias in the response of firm-level productivity is backloaded
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9564
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9564
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Does Trade Respond to Anticipated Tariff Changes? : Evidence from NAFTA (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081635
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (54 Seiten)
    Content: Firms anticipate upcoming tariff changes by shifting their purchases to periods with lower costs. This paper shows that such anticipatory dynamics overstate the trade elasticity. Standard identification of the trade response to trade cost changes uses tariff variation from free trade agreements and assumes that trade flows equal their consumption. However, free trade agreements eliminate tariffs gradually through announced phaseouts. This allows firms to delay their purchases until tariff cuts are effective, while consuming their inventories. Indeed, during the North American Free Trade Agreement's staged tariff reductions, imports experienced sizable anticipatory slumps followed by libseralization bumps. To study the behavior of consumed imports, a measure is constructed that uses inventory-to-sales ratios to smooth the trade flows. Its application to the data yields that the annual trade-flow elasticity is 56 percent larger than the trade-consumption response and that the ratio of the long- to short-run elasticity increases from 2.3 with trade flows to 3.4 with consumed imports. The measure is validated through Monte Carlo simulations of an (s,S) ordering model that reproduces the observed trade pattern
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9646
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9646
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding FDI Spillovers in the Presence of GVCs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081636
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (46 Seiten)
    Content: Does a global value chain framework provide additional insights into the question of whether foreign direct investment is beneficial to host countries? The literature has found mixed results on whether foreign direct investment provides positive spillovers over and above mere financing. But the studies have focused on one country, or studies with an international focus tend to abstract from intersectoral linkages. By examining this question in the context of global value chains, this paper provides a much better understanding of the association as well as general validity. It harmonizes three major panel data sets: 1) the Multi-Regional Input-Output table for international input-output linkages, 2) the FDI Markets reports for greenfield foreign direct investment, and 3) the World Bank Enterprise Surveys for firm performance measures. The paper produces a rich panel data set from 2011 to 2017. The findings show that foreign direct investment has a positive effect on labor productivity in sectors and firms within those sectors. Moreover, global value chain participation plays a key role in shaping the foreign direct investment effects. Sectors with lower global value chain participation benefit more from foreign direct investment: doubling the foreign direct investment in those sectors results in an 8 percent productivity gain. The positive effect seems to be due to the increased competition created by foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment spillovers also take place through domestic and foreign backward linkages, which means that foreign direct investment also has positive inter-sector and cross-border spillovers
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9645
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9645
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhancing Female Entrepreneurship through Cash Grants : Experimental Evidence from Rural Tunisia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081494
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Content: In Tunisia, while social protection and labor programs are in place, severe challenges including inefficiency, fragmentation, and inequity limit the country's ability to respond to increasing social needs. Gender issues are also one of the critical areas since young women are experiencing even more severe challenges getting into the tight labor market than young men. Unemployment in the MENA region has been a challenge for some time, markedly during the Arab Spring, resulting in the need to create over 50 million jobs in the region in the next decade, to ensure socio-political stability. Unemployment rates are highest in rural and low-income areas. It is in this context that a pilot project of Community Works andLocal Participation (CWLP) was initiated in rural Jendouba in 2015. It was financed by the Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) through the World Bank and implemented by the Tunisia Republic's Ministry of Vocational Training and Employment (MVTE). A rigorous randomized control trial (RCT) was embedded in the second phase of the CWLP roll-out (starting in late 2015 and early 2016) and carried out by the World Bank'sDIME Department in partnership with MVET's ONEQ. The study's main objective was to capture the effects of CWLP's cash for work activities. The results of this study, based on a detailed survey of over 4,000 participants and non-participants 6-12 months after completion of project activities, suggested that in general, the CWLP has had positive impacts on the economic well-being of beneficiaries and to a small extent on social and psychological well-being. However, these results also raised concerns that these positive effects may not persist in the long-run, particularly for women who still face huge constraints participating in the tight labor market, which has yet to fully recover to pre-Jasmine revolution levels
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/35863
    DOI: 10.1596/35863
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade-Policy Dynamics : Evidence from 60 Years of U.S.-China Trade (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081218
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (54 Seiten)
    Content: This paper studies the growth of Chinese imports into the United States from autarky during 1950-1970 to about 15 percent of overall imports in 2008, taking advantage of the rich heterogeneity in trade policy and trade growth across products during this period. Central to the analysis is an accounting for the dynamics of trade, trade policy, and trade-policy expectations. The analysis isolates the lagged effects of past reforms and the current effects of uncertainty about future reforms. It builds a multi-industry, heterogeneous-firm model with a dynamic export participation decision to estimate a path of trade-policy expectations. The findings show that being granted Normal Trade Relations (NTR) status in 1980 was largely a surprise and that, in the early stages, this reform had a high probability of being reversed. The likelihood of reversal dropped considerably during the mid-1980s, and, despite China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, changed little throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. Thus, although uncertainty depressed trade substantially following the 1980 liberalization, much of the trade growth that followed China's WTO accession was a delayed response to previous reforms rather than a response to declining uncertainty
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9741
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9741
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ebb and Flow : Volume 1. Water, Migration, and Development (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049080846
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (158 Seiten)
    Content: Migration shapes the lives of those who move and transforms the geographies and economies of their points of departure and destinations alike. The water sector, and the availability of water itself, implicitly and explicitly shape migration flows. Ebb and Flow: Volume 1. Water, Migration, and Development presents new global evidence to advance our understanding of how fluctuations in water availability, as induced by rainfall shocks, influence internal migration, and hence regional development. It finds that cumulative water deficits result in five times as much migration as water excess does. But there are important nuances in why and when these events lead to migration. Where there is extreme poverty and migration is costly, water deficits are more likely to trap people than induce them to migrate. Water shocks can also influence who migrates. Workers leaving regions because of water deficits are often less advantaged than typical migrants and bring with them lower skills, raising important implications for the migrants themselves and receiving regions. Cities are the destination of most internal migrants, but even here, water scarcity can haunt them. Water shortages in urban areas, which lead to so-called day zero events, can significantly slow urban growth and compound the vulnerability of migrants. No single policy can be completely effective at protecting people and their assets from water shocks. Instead, the report puts forth a menu of overlapping and complementary policy options that target both people and places to improve livelihoods and turn water-induced crises into opportunities for growth. A key message is that policies that focus on reducing the impacts of water shocks must be complemented by strategies that broaden opportunities and build the longterm resilience of communities. Doing so will give individuals more agency to determine the best outcome for themselves and to thrive wherever they may choose to locate
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druckausgabe ISBN 9781464817458
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1745-8
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1745-8
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Losing Livelihoods : The Labor Market Impacts of COVID-19 in Bangladesh (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048273582
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper provides early insights into the labor market impacts of the ongoing Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) crisis in Bangladesh, with a special focus on three especially vulnerable areas: poor areas in Dhaka and Chittagong City Corporations and Cox's Bazar district. The authors build on household surveys collected before the crisis and phone monitoring surveys collected after the start of the crisis to shed light on the implications of COVID-19 for employment and earnings. The findings presented indicate substantial labor market impacts both at the extensive and intensive margin, with important variation across areas and gender, largely due to the nature of occupations affected by the crisis. The findings also point to substantial uncertainty about job prospects
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/34449
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    NCD Care Continuum and Opportunities for Action within Health Reform in Ukraine (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081651
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Content: Ukraine is amid a comprehensive health sector reform to transform the current unaffordable and inefficient system into a modern, more efficient, and affordable one. The country's health system is not addressing non-communicable diseases (NCD) and chronic conditions effectively, and NCD-related health outcomes compare relatively poorly to countries with a similar level of health financing. The paper analyzed the continuum of care for four conditions (hypertension, diabetes, breast, and cervical cancer) using the cascade framework as an analytical tool and programmatic data from two regions of Ukraine (Lviv and Poltava). It draws on global evidence of good and cost-efficient practices and includes the findings from guided discussions with Ukrainian health care planners, administrators, and providers.
    Content: The analysis found significant gaps in detection, treatment monitoring, and treatment adherence in hypertension care (the largest breakpoints were blood pressure monitoring and achieving treatment targets) and similarly in diabetes care (underdiagnosis, inappropriate or incomplete treatment monitoring, sub-optimal treatment success). In breast cancer care, there was inadequate screening coverage among eligible women, post-screening losses, and a lack of documentation regarding treatment outcomes. In cervical cancer care, the screening intervals for covered women were short, creating inefficiencies, while many women were not screened despite program eligibility, and there was also a lack of long-term monitoring of women who had undergone treatment. The authors discuss the methodological approach of analyzing routine medical records and cancer registry data and triangulating data across multiple data sources.
    Content: Important lessons and policy implications include the need to revise sequence of services, focus on follow up and retention in care, develop systems for managing risk factors, and strengthen the monitoring and data recording of NCD cases. Improved NCD care would save lives, reduce disability, save resources in health care, and reduce the impact of NCDs on individuals and society
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/35587
    DOI: 10.1596/35587
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Stabi Berlin
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    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Taking Stock of Trade Policy Uncertainty : Evidence from China's Pre-WTO Accession (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049081830
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (57 Seiten)
    Content: This paper studies the effects on international trade from the annual tariff uncertainty about China's Most Favored Nation (MFN) status renewal in the United States prior to joining the World Trade Organization. The paper makes four main findings. First, in monthly data trade increases significantly in anticipation of uncertain future increases in tariffs and falls upon renewal. Second, the probability of a tariff increase was perceived to be relatively small, with an average annual probability of non-renewal of about 4.5 percent. Third, what matters more is the expected future tariff rather than the uncertainty around it. These effects are identified using within-year variation in the risk of trade policy changes around the renewal vote and trade flows. An (s,S) inventory model generates this behavior and that variation in the strength of the stockpiling in advance of the vote is increasing in the storability of goods. Fourth, the costs associated with within-year trade policy induced stockpiling reduce entrants' incentive to operate in a market with tariff uncertainty. The results explain why trade may hold up in advance of a prospective policy change, such as Brexit or the US-China escalating tariff war of 2018-19, but may fall sharply even if expected tariff increases do not materialize
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9551
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9551
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Spillover Effects of China's Trade and Growth Shocks on ASEAN Countries : Evidence from a GVAR Model (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049079484
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (29 Seiten)
    Content: The paper uses a global vector autoregression model with quarterly time series data from 1994 to 2016 to investigate the spillover effects of Chinese trade and growth shocks on 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. Time varying trade weights are used to construct the foreign variables in individual country models and structural generalized impulse response functions are used to conduct the dynamic analysis. The results show that a positive shock to Chinese trade and growth has a positive effect on the growth of Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The effect is much weaker and statistically insignificant for other countries
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Khan, Nazmus Sadat Spillover Effects of China's Trade and Growth Shocks on ASEAN Countries: Evidence from a GVAR Model Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2022
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10225
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10225
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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