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  • CSIRO Publishing  (13)
  • Biodiversity Research  (13)
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  • CSIRO Publishing  (13)
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  • Biodiversity Research  (13)
  • 1
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 25, No. 1 ( 2013), p. 200-
    Abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has allowed major progress in studies of the functional nuclear organization (Markaki et al. 2010 Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 75, 475–492; Markaki et al. 2012 Bioessays 34, 412–426). We have exploited these new possibilities to explore nuclear organization at different stages of bovine pre-implantation development (4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage). In particular, we studied the topography of RNA polymerase II and the distribution of transcriptionally competent and noncompetent chromatin using antibodies against H3K4me3 and H3K27me3, respectively. For comparison, we have started analyses of mouse pre-implantation embryos and embryonic stem cells as well. Our results support the chromosome territory-interchromatin compartment (CT-IC) model (Cremer and Cremer 2010 Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2, a003889; Cremer et al. 2012 In: Epigenetic Regulation and Epigenomics 451–483). In all cell types, the nuclear space is occupied by chromosome territories (CTs; Koehler et al. 2009 Exp. Cell Res. 315, 2053–2063), the interchromatin compartment (IC), and one or several nucleoli. The CTs are built up from interconnected, megabase-sized chromatin domains (CDs). These ~1-Mbp CDs may consist of a series of ~100-kbp CDs (Cremer et al. 2000 Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 10, 179–212), which globally form a compact chromatin core surrounded by a layer of decondensed chromatin, called the perichromatin region. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that the perichromatin region represents the nuclear compartment, where transcription, co-transcriptional splicing, DNA-replication, and DNA-repair take place (Rouquette et al. 2010 Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol. 282, 1–90). The IC provides a contiguous, crowded compartment, which starts with channels at nuclear pores and pervades the chromatin compartment both between and within CTs. Small-scale chromatin loops of the perichromatin region can protrude into the interior of IC channels allowing direct contacts between CDs in cis and trans. At other sites the IC expands to wider, chromatin-free lacunas with splicing speckles and nuclear bodies. This model is in line with a fractal higher-order chromatin arrangement at all levels from CTs, chromosome arms and bands to ~1 Mbp CDs organized as fractal globules (Mirny 2011 Chromosome Res. 19, 37–51). This work is supported by the DFG (ZA 425/1-3, CR 59/29-2).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 1965
    In:  Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 1965), p. 303-
    In: Australian Journal of Botany, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 1965), p. 303-
    Abstract: Permanent milacre quadrats were stsdied on a mnge of sites burnt in vario.;s years. All the recent burns occurred in March. Low herbs, predominantly bryophytes, colonized about 90% of the ground 12 months after burning, and 99 % 6 months later. Marchantia polymorpha was one of the earliest colonizers. On the wetter sites it covered up to 75 % of the ground 14 years after burning, and then declined rapidly. Marchantia growing in exposed places tended to be killed during summer. The fire mosses, Funaria hygrometrica and Ceratodon purpureus, colonized most of the ground not covered by Marchantia and reached peaks of 30-84% cover about 2 years after the fire. After 5 years the fire mosses had almost disappeared. Polytrichum juniperinum succeeded Marchantia and the fire mosses, reaching its peak (38-90 %) about 4 years after burning. Practically all of the low herbs tend to disappear when the taller vegetation becomes dense. The taller vegetation tends to be successively dominated in time by herbaceous fire-weeds, ferns, and woody perennials. Senecio minimus, the most abundant fire-weed, reached up to 79 %cover 2 years after burning, but died suddenly after reaching its peak. The development of ferns depended largely on the abundance of rhizomes surviving the fire (abundance before the fire, nature of fire). Histiopteris incisa and Hypolepis rugulosa were typical of sites which had carried rain-forest understoreys. Pteridium esculentum was initially limited to sites which had carried wet sclerophyll understoreys, but tended to replace the other ferns within 10 years on all but the most sheltered, moist sites. Although patchy at first, the ferns covered 50% of some areas within 4 years. Their expansion and persistence seems to be limited mainly by competition from taller plants. Most of the woody plants germinated within a few months after the fire from seed which was either stored in the ground or shed from nearby trees (depending on the species). Availability of seed and intensity of browsing by native game appear to be the two main factors which determined the abundance of established woody plants. Under favourable conditions the woody plants became dominant so early that the fern stage was by-passed. Intensive browsing was able to delay the dominance of woody plants, often for many years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0067-1924
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 1965
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496155-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2015
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2015), p. 139-
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 27, No. 1 ( 2015), p. 139-
    Abstract: Nuclear invaginations carrying nuclear pores may facilitate increased mRNA export and protein import to areas inside the nucleus remote from the nuclear border. In this study on rabbit embryos, we investigated whether large early embryonic nuclei and the increased import/export demands around major embryonic genome activation (MGA) at the 8-cell stage affected the quantity of nuclear invaginations carrying nuclear pores. To achieve this objective, we used super-resolution 3-dimensional structured illumination microscopy on 10 pronuclei or nuclei per stage of 23 in vivo-fertilized and in vitro-cultured embryos stained with antibodies for the nucleoporin NUP153 and lamin B and stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for chromatin. Statistical comparisons between stages were performed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. At the zygote stage, the female pronucleus displayed on average 16.5 and the male pronucleus featured on average 15.25 wide and narrow nuclear envelope invaginations, carrying large or tiny amounts of cytoplasm. Subsequent stages showed predominantly wide invaginations targeting nucleoli. The contact areas between nucleoli and invaginations were free of nuclear pores. In contrast, narrow invaginations, which are the almost exclusive type of invaginations during cattle and mouse pre-implantation development, were not in contact with nucleoli. At the 2-cell stage, the number of invaginations increased to an average of 27.3 invaginations per nucleus (P  〈  0.05) and increased again to peak at the 4-cell stage with 51.2 invaginations per nucleus (P  〈  0.01). At the 8-cell stage (MGA), the amount of nuclear invaginations was reduced to 25.4 invaginations per nucleus (P  〈  0.01). The reduced number of nuclear invaginations at the 8-cell stage could be associated with a significant decrease in average nuclear volume from 2593 µm3 at the 4-cell stage to 960 µm3 at the 8-cell stage (P  〈  0.001) and a subsequent reduced average distance from areas inside the nucleus to the nuclear border. Nuclear invagination numbers continued their decline at the 21-cell stage with 5.2 invaginations per nucleus (P  〈  0.001), whereas nuclear volumes decreased to 618 µm3 (P  〈  0.001). The morula stage, with 6.9 invaginations per nucleus (P = 0.9), and the blastocyst stage, with 4.5 invaginations per nucleus (P = 0.5), showed no more significant changes. Large NUP153 cytoplasmic clusters present before MGA may represent a maternally provided NUP153 deposit. MGA may mark the switch from the use of a NUP153 deposit to on-demand production. Additionally, over- and under-representation analyses on mitotic blastomeres revealed that NUP153 association with chromatin is initiated during metaphase before the initiation of the regeneration of the lamina (P  〈  0.001; chi-squared goodness-of-fit test). In conclusion, rabbit embryonic development is accompanied by stage-dependent changes of the amount of nuclear invaginations carrying nuclear pores. Although cattle and mouse embryos almost exclusively feature narrow invaginations restricted to the nuclear periphery and not in contact with nucleoli, rabbit embryos feature additional wide invaginations that can reach across the nucleus and target nucleoli.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2015
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 1972
    In:  Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 1972), p. 175-
    In: Australian Journal of Botany, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 20, No. 2 ( 1972), p. 175-
    Abstract: The vegetative axillary buds of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. at various ages were studied by light microscopy in serial sections and by direct observations in the field and glasshouse. All buds (except the very first apical bud) originated from axillary meristems, i.e. from generative tissue which arose in the axils of primordial leaves and survived in a meristematic condition for many years. Each axillary meristem normally produced one emergent primary bud and then an indefinite sequence of concealed accessory buds. The extensive dynamic shoot-system condensed within a primary bud comprised secondary as well as tertiary axes and their respective appendages. All parts were present throughout the year in a continuous sequence of maturation which extended also to the expanding shoot. During winter, development appeared to be merely slowed down or suspended. Primary buds which did not grow into shoots were shed after only a few weeks. The accessory buds were formed in a uniserial descending series at the base of and abaxial to each primary axillary bud. The first of the accessory buds was initiated within the primary bud, and the second within the expanding shoot. The first accessory bud resembled young primary buds in structure, but subsequent accessory buds were less and less complex. Keeping pace with the cambium, the axillary meristem formed a radial trace of thick-walled parenchyma in the wood and accessory buds embedded in a strand of thin-walled parenchyma in the bark. The distal portions of the bud strand and the buds embedded in it were shed progressively with the decorticating bark. Each of the bud strands which traversed the bark of 20-year-old E. viminalis Labill. was found to contain six to 12 radial strips of meristematic tissue. When epicormic growth was stimulated, several of these strips produced files of separate, new, condensed shoots. Of the scores of shoots thus initiated throughout the length of the bud strand, up to 10 or 20 of the distal ones emerged from the bark and grew into epicormic shoots. The buds of 20 other eucalypt species were examined by dissecting microscope only. It appeared that their bud systems were essentially similar to that of E. regnans. The widened concept of the axillary meristem shifts attention from individual buds to the continuous generative powers of the axillary meristem and helps to explain the outstanding capacity of the eucalypts to produce new shoots.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0067-1924
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 1972
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496155-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2011
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2011), p. 94-
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2011), p. 94-
    Abstract: Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications and histone variants, as well as chromatin remodelling play a fundamental role in the regulation of pre‐ and postimplantation mammalian development. Recent studies have indicated that nuclear architecture provides an additional level of regulation, which needs to be explored in order to understand how a fertilised egg is able to develop into a full organism. Studies of 3D preserved nuclei of IVF preimplantation embryos from different mammalian species, such as mouse, rabbit and cow, have demonstrated that nuclear architecture undergoes major changes during early development. Both similarities and species‐specific differences were observed. Nuclear transfer experiments demonstrated changes of nuclear phenotypes, which to some extent reflect changes seen in IVF preimplantation embryos albeit with a different timing compared with IVF embryos. The dynamics of nuclear architecture is further substantiated by major changes during postmitotic terminal cell differentiation. Recent breakthroughs of 3D fluorescence microscopy with resolution beyond the conventional Abbe limit in combination with 3D electron microscopy provide the potential to explore the topography of nuclear structure with unprecedented resolution and detail.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2011
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 26, No. 1 ( 2014), p. 147-
    Abstract: Development of mammalian pre-implantation embryos provides an excellent model to explore interactions of nuclear organisation and nuclear functions. Based on light optical sectioning with confocal laser scanning microscopy and structured illumination microscopy, we performed a quantitative three-dimensional image analysis of nuclei in early bovine embryos generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of bovine fibroblast nuclei. The same sequence of changes was observed in nuclei of both IVF and SCNT embryos during embryonic genome activation (EGA) is that typically achieved in embryos between 8 and 16 cells. In both pre-EGA IVF and SCNT embryos, chromosome territories (CT) were assembled as spatially distinct entities at the nuclear periphery, whereas the nuclear interior was typically occupied by a mostly chromatin free lacuna enriched with splicing factors. Detection of H3K4m3 demonstrates the presence of transcriptionally competent chromatin before EGA, which was correlated with large-scale movements of CT into the nuclear interior and a several-fold decrease of nuclear volumes. Post-EGA nuclei are characterised by a conventional nuclear architecture with chromatin distributed throughout the nuclear space, heterochromatin enriched with histone markers for transcriptionally silent chromatin beneath the nuclear lamina and around nucleoli, as well as heterochromatin clusters and chromocenters throughout the nuclear interior. Pre- and post-EGA nuclei were recorded with the superior resolution of structured illumination microscopy to allow a quantitative analysis of the nuclear topography of H3K4me3 and RNAP II signals. These signals were highly significantly enriched in the perichromatin region (PR) surrounding the compact, transcriptionally silent interior of megabase-sized chromatin domains, which form the basic structural units of CT. The PR is in direct contact with interchromatin compartment (IC) channels starting at nuclear pores, permeating the nuclear space and harboring nuclear bodies in IC lacunas. Our findings support a model for the functional nuclear architecture based on spatially distinct, but co-aligned three-dimensional networks of an active and an inactive nuclear compartment. The active nuclear compartment is built up from the structurally and functionally interacting IC and PR, whereas the inactive nuclear compartment consists of the compact, transcriptionally silent core of chromatin domain clusters. This work is supported by the DFG (ZA 425/1-3, CR 59/29-2).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2014
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 1965
    In:  Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 1965), p. 11-
    In: Australian Journal of Botany, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 1965), p. 11-
    Abstract: Living fruits are completely filled with seeds; and although partial dehiscence is usual in some species as soon as the fruit has matured, no seed is shed until the fruit died and the loculi have widened. The widening is accomplished by three mechanisms, illustrated respectively by E. regnans, E. globulus, and E. calophylla. In .E. regnans there is a thin, woody ovary wall which retracts well into the calyx tube. In E. globulus the loculi are surrounded by thick fleshy tissue which shrinks strongly when dried but remains adnate to the rigid exterior calyx tube. In E. calophylla the valves are also rather fleshy, but not adnate to the calyx tube; they shrink strongly in both longitudinal and centrifugal directions. The above three mechanisms serve not only to widen but also to open the loculi. the case of fruits with strongly protruding valves, opening is aided by the outward bending of the valve tips (e.g. E. viminalis). The bending occurs because the dorsal layer of the valve consists of softer tissue which shrinks more strongly than the ventral layer. The other species examined (E. simmondsii, E. urnigera, E. obliqua, E. delegatensis, E. coccifera, E. ficifolia, E. setosa, E. eximia, E. grandfilia, E. aspera, E. clavigera, E. tesselaris) all depend on one or more of the above mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0067-1924
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 1965
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496155-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 1975
    In:  Australian Journal of Botany Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 1975), p. 27-
    In: Australian Journal of Botany, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 1975), p. 27-
    Abstract: The growth and development of shoots of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. trees up to 8 m tall growing in their natural environment in central Tasmania were studied continuously for 3 years and related to climatic factors. The influences of temperature were further investigated by experiments with seedlings in a phytotron. Height growth was practically nil in winter and greatest in summer. Throughout the year weekly rates of height growth were closely related to weekly mean maximum air temperatures, increasing from nil or slight at 10�C to peak rates at the highest temperatures experienced (25°). Substantial diameter increments were observed in all seasons and their relation to temperature was relatively weak. There was no positive relation between weekly growth in height or diameter and weekly precipitation. Bud and shoot growth were characterized by continuity of development of all organs throughout the growing season. The youngest of the leaves and internodes which had emerged before winter from the bud resumed growth in spring, but did not reach the lengths achieved by those leaves and internodes which emerged from the bud after winter. It was only by this morphological feature that the boundaries of the annual shoot were identifiable. In agreement with the field observations, the growth of seedlings in glasshouses was found to be slow at day/night air temperatures of 10/5°C and to increase steeply with temperatures to 24/19°. Amongst the notable morphogenic influences associated with increasing temperatures in the glasshouses were poorer root development relative to top growth, thinner and smaller but more numerous leaves, and shorter and more numerous internodes. The elongation of individual leaves and internodes was faster but considerably less prolonged as temperatures increased. The E. regnans seedlings tested failed to prove thermoperiodically sensitive. It is concluded that the dormancy in shoot development observed in the field during winter is due to quiescence imposed by low temperatures, and that in the Tasmanian environment the pattern of growth and development of the vegetative shoots of E. regnans is directly and predominantly controlled by air temperatures throughout the year.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0067-1924
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 1975
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1496155-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2009
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2009), p. 118-
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 21, No. 1 ( 2009), p. 118-
    Abstract: Reprogramming of nuclei after somatic cell nuclear transfer is a crucial process to reset the expression profile of the donor cell to that of a developing embryo. Reprogramming affects the epigenome of the donor nucleus, which is the complete set of epigenetic determinants that establishes and maintains a given transcriptome. These epigenetic determinants include e.g. DNA methylation, modifications of histone tails, histone variants, and other chromatin components. A less well characterized level of epigenetic gene regulation is the spatial higher order chromatin organization. In somatic cells chromosomes are organized as individual entities called chromosome territories (CTs), which localize according to their gene density with gene-rich chromosomes being in the nuclear interior, gene-poor ones at the nuclear periphery. We have shown previously that this gene density related distribution is established during major genome activation (MGA) in bovine in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos, while embryos up to the 8-cell stage do not show a difference in their CT localization. In the present study, we investigated whether the gene density related distribution of chromosomes present in bovine fibroblasts is reprogrammed after nuclear transfer (NT), i.e. erased to restore the situation found in IVF embryos. Moreover, we analyzed if a gene density related CT arrangement is re-established at the same time point as in IVF embryos, i.e. during MGA. Therefore we analyzed the nuclear distribution of bovine chromosome 19 (19 genes Mb–1) and 20 (5 genes Mb–1) in one-, 2- and 4-cell NT embryos as pre-MGA stages and in embryos with 10–20 nuclei cells–1, representing embryos during MGA. CTs were visualized via a recently developed protocol utilizing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on three dimensionally preserved embryos. In 1- and 2-cell embryos we could not detect a gene density related CT distribution arguing for a rapid reprogramming, i.e. erasure of the positional information previously present in the donor nuclei. Surprisingly, we observed a precocious establishment of a gene density related distribution already at the 4-cell stage that became more pronounced in 10–20-cell embryos, when this specific CT distribution is established in IVF embryos. We conclude that the spatial arrangement of chromosomes is an epigenetic parameter that is rapidly reprogrammed upon nuclear transfer of a somatic nucleus, exposed to the oocyte cytoplasm. Moreover, the gene density related positioning of chromosomes in bovine NT embryos is re-established earlier than in IVF embryos, suggesting a possible involvement in early developmental failures of NT embryos. Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ZA 425/1-2, CR 59/26-1).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2009
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    CSIRO Publishing ; 1972
    In:  Australian Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 1972), p. 849-
    In: Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 1972), p. 849-
    Abstract: In several experiments the author found that eucalypt seedlings grown in artificial light were "dwarfed" compared with those grown in sunlight. The most obvious abnormality in dwarfed seedlings of the species tested was a severe reduction in the elongation of internodes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-9417
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 1972
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2602883-9
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