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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development of Relationships between Safety and Congestion for Urban Freeways
    SAGE Publications ; 2013
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2398, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 28-36
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2398, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 28-36
    Abstract: The development of relationships between safety and congestion is documented; traffic volume, speed, and crash data by 15-min periods for urban freeways in the areas of Seattle, Washington, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, were used. The safety–congestion relationships were developed to provide a basis for estimating the safety effects of design treatments intended to reduce nonrecurrent congestion and increase travel time reliability. The relationships were developed with traffic volume and speed data from detectors in individual lanes for 564 urban freeway segments during study periods of up to 3 years. Traffic crash records were obtained for the same time periods as the volume and speed data. The U-shaped relationship between crash rate per million vehicle miles of travel and traffic density (the level-of-service measure for freeways) was found, with the highest crash rates at low and high traffic densities and the lowest crash rates in the middle range of traffic densities. The high crash rates at lower traffic densities represent predominantly single-vehicle crashes, whereas the high crash rates at higher traffic densities represent predominantly multiple-vehicle crashes. Quantitative safety–congestion relationships were developed for the range of traffic densities from 20 to 78 passenger cars per hour per lane, corresponding to the level-of-service range from C to F.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2398-04
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Simple Sensors Used for Measuring Service Times and Counting Pedestrians : Strengths and Weaknesses
    SAGE Publications ; 2011
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2214, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 77-84
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2214, No. 1 ( 2011-01), p. 77-84
    Abstract: Sensors composed of light barriers and switching mats are used to continuously measure service times at security and border checkpoints in an airport setting. The service times in combination with the number of service checkpoints operating in parallel determine the passenger flow. Checkpoints are a major bottleneck at airports and hence determine the capacity of the whole airport system. The results show that at the considered locations both light barriers and switching mats after initial calibration are able to provide continuous information of acceptable accuracy on the distribution of service times. In addition, the technology can be used to inexpensively measure the flow of passengers with reasonable accuracy compared with other pedestrian counting technologies. As such it provides valuable input to the airport operations management.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2214-10
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of Horizontal Curvature on Driver Visual Demand
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1737, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 71-77
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1737, No. 1 ( 2000-01), p. 71-77
    Abstract: A consistent design allows drivers to perform safely the task of driving, allowing attention or capacity to be dedicated to obstacle avoidance and navigation. A measure of the consistency of a design is the amount of visual information needed by a driver to maintain an acceptable path on the roadway. Vision occlusion is a technique that measures driver visual demand on a roadway. It allows a more direct evaluation of the effects of various geometric elements on the driver. Studies of the effects of variations of curve radius, deflection angle, spacing, and sequences revealed several relationships between roadway geometry and visual demand. Curve radius and its reciprocal were found to be significantly related to visual demand in both on-road and test track studies. Small changes in visual demand were also found between types of curve pairs (S and broken back) with differing spacing between the curves. Visual demand was found to be a promising measure of effectiveness for use in studies of design consistency.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1737-09
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safety of Channelized Right-Turn Lanes for Motor Vehicles and Pedestrians
    SAGE Publications ; 2013
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2398, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 93-100
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2398, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 93-100
    Abstract: The paper presents the results of research undertaken to evaluate how the safety performance of intersection approaches with channelized right-turn lanes compares with that of intersection approaches with conventional right-turn lanes or shared through and right-turn lanes. Crash data for nearly 400 intersection approaches in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, including intersection approaches with channelized right-turn lanes, conventional right-turn lanes, and shared through and right-turn lanes, were analyzed to compare the safety performance of the three right-turn treatment types. The research results indicate that intersection approaches with channelized right-turn lanes appear to have similar motor vehicle safety performance as approaches with conventional right-turn lanes or shared through and right-turn lanes. This result was found both at the downstream end of the channelized right-turn lane (where the right-turning vehicle merges with the cross street traffic) and at the upstream end of the channelized right-turn lane (where the right-turning vehicle begins the right-turn maneuver). Intersection approaches with channelized right-turn lanes also appear to have similar pedestrian safety performance as approaches with shared through and right-turn lanes. Intersection approaches with conventional right-turn lanes have substantially more pedestrian crashes (approximately 70% to 80% more) than approaches with channelized right-turn lanes or shared through and right-turn lanes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2398-11
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Serious Road Traffic Injuries in Europe, Lessons from the EU Research Project SafetyCube
    SAGE Publications ; 2018
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2672, No. 32 ( 2018-12), p. 1-9
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2672, No. 32 ( 2018-12), p. 1-9
    Abstract: The EU research project SafetyCube pays specific attention to serious road injuries, defined as nonfatal road traffic casualties with an injury severity level of MAIS3+. By means of surveys, information was collected on current practices concerning the estimation of the number of MAIS3+ casualties and on costs related to serious road injuries in different European countries. Moreover, the effect of differences in practices on the estimated number of MAIS3+ casualties was investigated by applying different methods to the same data. Finally, by means of a literature review, analysis of additional case studies, and burden of injury calculations, health impacts of serious road injuries were investigated. This paper presents six main lessons learned from these activities. Practices concerning the estimation of the number of MAIS3+ casualties differ between countries; some countries apply correction factors to police data, other countries use hospital data, and a third group of countries uses linked police and hospital data. Practices also differ concerning the selection of MAIS3+ road traffic injuries within hospital data. Differences in methodology appear to affect the MAIS3+ estimate. Therefore, one should be careful when comparing figures from different countries. The SafetyCube guidelines can support further harmonization. It is important to reduce the number of serious road injuries because injuries can have major impacts on a casualty’s life and pose a burden to society. About 75% of the MAIS3+ road traffic casualties are not fully recovered 3 years postcrash. Moreover, serious road injuries cost countries up to 2.7% of their gross domestic product.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/0361198118758055
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Service Life of Durable Pavement Markings
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1749, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 13-21
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1749, No. 1 ( 2001-01), p. 13-21
    Abstract: The service life of durable pavement markings was evaluated over a period of nearly 4 years. The evaluation included 85 study sites in 19 states at which a total of 362 longitudinal pavement marking lines (edgelines, centerlines, and lane lines) were installed. Marking materials included epoxy, flat and profiled polyester, flat and profiled poly(methyl methacrylate), flat and profiled thermoplastic, and profiled preformed tape; glass beads; and standard and snow-plowable raised retroreflective pavement markers. One site with conventional paint markings and three sites with waterborne paint markings were included for comparison. The service life of marking materials and roadway types was modeled as a function of time and cumulative traffic passages. Regression modeling identified large variations in the shape of the relationship for identical materials and types of lines between different sites within a given state and required that modeling be done separately for each pavement marking line at each study site. Variations in service life can be attributed to roadway type, region of the country where the markings were installed (e.g., weather conditions, manufacturers of marking materials and glass beads, and individual state highway agencies), marking specifications, contractors installing the markings, quality control at the time of installation, and winter maintenance snow removal policies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1749-03
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Treatment Effects and Design Guidance for High- to Low-Speed Transition Zones for Rural Highways
    SAGE Publications ; 2013
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2348, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 47-57
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2348, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 47-57
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a study to develop improved design guidance for high- to low-speed transition zones on rural highways. The primary steps of the research included a literature review and state-of-practice review on speed reduction treatments used in transition zones and observational field studies of several transition zone treatments in the United States. The principal findings from the observation field studies are that roundabouts and transverse pavement markings increase the rate of compliance of vehicles traveling at or below the speed limit at the end of a transition zone by 15% and 20%, respectively, as compared with no treatment. Roundabouts increase the rate of compliance of vehicles traveling within 5 mph (8 km/h) of the speed limit at the end of a transition zone by 11%, compared with no treatment. The findings support previous research that indicates the need to provide additional measures through the community to maintain speed reduction downstream of the transition zone through the community. This paper also addresses several issues to be considered in the design of high- to low-speed transition zones, including definitions and site characteristics of the geographical limits or boundaries of the transition zone study area; a methodology for assessing whether a high- to low-speed transition zone has speed limit compliance or safety issues to support the need for, and the selection of, an appropriate treatment to address the issues; and guiding principles and design concepts to be considered in the design of a transition zone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2348-06
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Travel Behavior and Electric Mobility in Germany : Is the Problem the Driving Range, Costs, or Both?
    SAGE Publications ; 2013
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2385, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 45-52
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2385, No. 1 ( 2013-01), p. 45-52
    Abstract: A reluctance to switch to electric vehicles is observed in various countries despite national efforts to promote them. The question of whether electric cars are capable of meeting daily mobility requirements in Germany is investigated. The analysis is based on data from the German Mobility Panel Survey from 1995 to 2010 and the travel survey of 2009 and 2010 for the Stuttgart, Germany, area and combines a long-term travel behavior analysis with a region-specific verification. The focus is on individuals who exclusively drive a car and walk during the day and who rely on the car as a primary means of transport. For this group, the determinants of the decision to drive an internal combustion engine vehicle versus a battery electric vehicle (BEV) are analyzed, with a focus on driving range and energy costs. Results of the analysis suggest that around 80% of all daily travel by car drivers could be done with currently available models of electric cars and that charging them only at night would be sufficient in most cases. Therefore, the driving range of BEVs cannot be the restricting factor. In contrast, the current cost structure of BEVs (high investment cost, low energy cost) is not favorable for the large share of drivers with low annual mileage because the high investment cost is not compensated for by low operation costs. In the Stuttgart region, drivers from the suburbs would benefit most from such energy cost savings; however, city dwellers would need other cost structures or incentives to switch to BEVs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2385-06
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effect of Stopping Sight Distance on Crashes at Crest Vertical Curves on Rural Two-Lane Highways
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 2486, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 45-53
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 2486, No. 1 ( 2015-01), p. 45-53
    Abstract: This paper demonstrates that the crash reduction benefits of improving stopping sight distance (SSD) vary substantially over the highway system, with the greatest benefits likely at locations where a horizontal curve, intersection, or driveway is in a sight-restricted area. The paper analyzes crash data for 452 crest vertical curves on two-lane highways in the state of Washington, approximately equally distributed between sites with SSD below and above existing design criteria. Preliminary analyses found statistically significant differences in crash frequency between the groups of sites in SSD categories, but the statistical significance of these differences disappeared when a factor was introduced to account for the presence of horizontal curves, intersections, or driveways that were hidden from an approaching driver's view by the sight restriction. The presence of such hidden features was found to be highly statistically significant. There is a need for highway design guidance to give higher priority to addressing sight distance limitations when hidden roadway features are present and to recognizing that sight distance improvements may have little effect on crash frequency or severity when such hidden features are not present. Consideration should also be given to development of SSD models for use in highway design to reflect better the differences in SSD needs on various elements of the roadway system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/2486-06
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Concrete with a Hollow Cylinder Tensile Tester
    SAGE Publications ; 2002
    In:  Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board Vol. 1789, No. 1 ( 2002-01), p. 183-190
    Details
    In: Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, SAGE Publications, Vol. 1789, No. 1 ( 2002-01), p. 183-190
    Abstract: A hollow cylinder tensile tester (HCT) has recently been shown to be a suitable surrogate test device for the Superpave ® indirect tension test. The feasibility of using the HCT to obtain the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete was explored. Previous studies have shown the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete in tension and compression to be similar at low temperatures and high loading frequencies and that minor differences can be expected at higher temperatures and lower loading frequencies. Here, the HCT device compared favorably with dynamic modulus measurements obtained with uniaxial compression testing apparatus at 0°C and 20°C. In addition, test results were found to be in reasonable agreement with the Witczak dynamic modulus predictive equation. The ability to simply and rapidly measure the creep compliance, tensile strength, and dynamic modulus of bituminous paving mixtures over a range of temperatures and loading conditions makes the HCT device a useful general-purpose mixture analysis tool. It appears that this portable device may serve as a practical method to satisfy testing requirements for high reliability (Level 1) pavement designs in the forthcoming AASHTO 2002 design guide being developed under NCHRP 1-37A for the mitigation of both fatigue cracking and thermal cracking. However, a broader experimental program, including tests at higher temperatures and a broader range of test frequencies, is needed to fully validate the compatibility of HCT measurements with NCHRP 1-37A models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-1981 , 2169-4052
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3141/1789-20
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2002
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