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  • Stabi Berlin  (38)
  • Naturkundemuseum Potsdam
  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
  • Kammergericht
  • Kunsthochschule Berlin
  • Zentrum f. Militärgeschichte
  • Bibliothek Wandlitz
  • SB Schlieben
  • Singh, Manmohan  (38)
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845880063
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1455228044 , 9781455228041
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 11/66
    Inhalt: Recent regulatory efforts, especially in the U.S. and Europe, are aimed at reducing moral hazard so that the next financial crisis is not bailed out by tax payers. This paper looks at the possibility that central counterparties (CCPs) may be too-big-to-fail entities in the making. The present regulatory and reform efforts may not remove the systemic risk from OTC derivatives but rather shift them from banks to CCPs. Under the present regulatory overhaul, the OTC derivative market could become more fragmented. Furthermore, another taxpayer bailout cannot be ruled out. A reexamination of the two key issues of (i) the interoperability of CCPs, and (ii) the cost of moving to CCPs with access to central bank funding, indicates that the proposed changes may not provide the best solution. The paper suggests that a tax on derivative liabilities could make the OTC derivatives market safer, particularly in the transition to a stable clearing infrastructure. It also suggests reconsideration of a ""public utility"" model for the OTC market infrastructure
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845900447
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 145520224X , 9781455202249
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 10/190
    Inhalt: Probability of default (PD) measures have been widely used in estimating potential losses of, and contagion among, large financial institutions. In a period of financial stress however, the existing methods to compute PDs and generate loss estimates that may vary significantly. This paper discusses three issues that should be taken into account in using PD-based methodologies for loss or contagion analyses: (i) the use of - risk-neutral probabilities - vs. -real-world probabilities; - (ii) the divergence between movements in credit and equity markets during periods of financial stress; and (iii) the assumption of stochastic vs. fixed recovery for financial institutions’ assets. All three elements have nontrivial implications for providing an accurate estimate of default probabilities and associated losses as inputs for setting policies related to large banks in distress
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845900498
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1455201839 , 9781455201839
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 10/172
    Inhalt: This paper examines the sizable role of rehypothecation in the shadow banking system. Rehypothecation is the practice that allows collateral posted by, say, a hedge fund to its prime broker to be used again as collateral by that prime broker for its own funding. In the United Kingdom, such use of a customer’s assets by a prime broker can be for an unlimited amount of the customer’s assets while in the United States rehypothecation is capped. Incorporating estimates for rehypothecation (and the associated re-use of collateral) in the recent crisis indicates that the collapse in non-bank funding to banks was sizable. We show that the shadow banking system was at least 50 percent bigger than documented so far. We also provide estimates from the hedge fund industry for the - churning - factor or re-use of collateral. From a policy angle, supervisors of large banks that report on a global consolidated basis may need to enhance their understanding of the off-balance sheet funding that these banks receive via rehypothecation from other jurisdictions
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845900455
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1451982763 , 9781451982763
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 10/99
    Inhalt: To mitigate systemic risk, some regulators have advocated the greater use of centralized counterparties (CCPs) to clear Over-The-Counter (OTC) derivatives trades. Regulators should be cognizant that large banks active in the OTC derivatives market do not hold collateral against all the positions in their trading book and the paper proves an estimate of this under-collateralization. Whatever collateral is held by banks is allowed to be rehypothecated (or re-used) to others. Since CCPs would require all positions to have collateral against them, off-loading a significant portion of OTC derivatives transactions to central counterparties (CCPs) would require large increases in posted collateral, possibly requiring large banks to raise more capital. These costs suggest that most large banks will be reluctant to offload their positions to CCPs, and the paper proposes an appropriate capital levy on remaining positions to encourage the transition
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845907875
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (8 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1451875835 , 9781451875836
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 03/242
    Inhalt: In times of distress when a country loses access to markets, there is evidence that credit default swap (CDS) spreads are a leading indicator for sovereign risk than the EMBI+ sub-index for the country. However, it is not easy to discern the variables that determine the level of CDS spreads in Emerging Markets (EM); traders only quote the CDS spreads and not the inputs that are required to calculate such spreads. This note provides some evidence from Argentina and Brazil that reveals inconsistency between theory and practice in pricing CDS spreads in EM. This note suggests an alternate methodology that links CTD (cheapest-to-deliver) bonds to recovery values assumed in CDS contracts. Furthermore, special features that pertain to CDS contracts (repo specialness, short squeezes by central banks) may also magnify the financial distress of a sovereign
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    UID:
    gbv_845865773
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1451857837 , 9781451857832
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 03/161
    Inhalt: On a credit rating-adjusted basis, spreads on U.S. high-yield debt have typically been regarded as a lower bound for emerging market debt. However in the C-rated and defaulted segment, emerging market debt has traded at lower spreads than similarly rated U.S. high yield debt. We show that the lower spreads reflect the fact that the total returns from defaulted debt in the emerging markets have been significantly higher than returns from similarly rated high yield defaulted debt under Chapter 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845870092
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1451865147 , 9781451865141
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 06/254
    Inhalt: Credit default swaps (CDS) provide the buyer with insurance against certain types of credit events by entitling him to exchange any of the bonds permitted as deliverable against their par value. Unlike bonds, whose risk spreads are assumed to be the product of default risk and loss rate, CDS are par instruments, and their spreads reflect the partial recovery of the delivered bond''s face value. This paper addresses the implications of the difference between bond and CDS spreads and shows the extent to which the recovery assumption matters for determining CDS spreads. A no-arbitrage argument is applied to extract recovery rates from CDS and bond markets, using data from Brazil''s distress in 2002-03. Results are related to the observation that preemptive restructurings are now more common than straight defaults in sovereign bond markets and that this leads to a decoupling of CDS and bond spreads
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845955667
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1498322425 , 9781498322423
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 14/203
    Inhalt: Nonbanks such as central counterparties (CCPs) are a useful lens to see how regulators view the role of the lender-of-last-resort (LOLR). This paper explores the avenues available when a nonbank failure is likely, specifically by considering the options of keeping CCPs afloat. It is argued that CCPs have, by regulatory fiat, become “too important to fail,” and thus the imperative should be greater loss-sharing by all participants that better align the distribution of risks and rewards of CCPs, the clearing members and derivative end-users. In the context of LOLR, the proposed variation margin gains haircut (VMGH) is discussed as a way of limiting the taxpayer put
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845962604
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1513523813 , 9781513523811
    Serie: IMF Working Papers: Working Paper No. 15 / 202
    Inhalt: In recent years, many money and repo rates in the United States have been between zero and 25 basis points. As Fed’s liftoff approaches, the question of the level of these rates (and the markets that determine them) becomes increasingly important. The paper discusses (i) whether the Fed can control short–term rates as it starts to tighten; and (ii) what are the advantages and disadvantages of using asset sales versus a large reverse repo program (RRP). A large RRP by the Fed will deprive the financial system of the money pool (i.e., GSEs and money market funds) as the Fed will directly absorb the money on to its balance sheet. This will rust the financial plumbing that connects the money pool to collateral suppliers. Some asset sales may be preferred to a large RRP as this will result in a market-determined repo rate and will allow the Fed to reach its monetary policy liftoff objectives with minimal footprint on market plumbing. We also discuss cost of issuing short tenor T-bills relative to a large RRP in a rising rate environment
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : International Monetary Fund
    UID:
    gbv_845951033
    Umfang: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 1498367135 , 9781498367134
    Serie: IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 14/111
    Inhalt: This paper focuses on how changes in financial plumbing of the markets may impact the monetary policy options as central banks contemplate lift off from zero lower bound (ZLB). Under the proposed regulations, banks will face leverage ratio constraints. As a result of quantitative easing (QE), banks want balance sheet “space” for financial intermediation/ non-depository activities. At the same time, regulatory changes are boosting demand for high quality liquid assets. The paper also discusses the role of repo markets and the importance of collateral velocity and the need to avoid wedges between repo and monetary policy rates when leaving ZLB
    Sprache: Englisch
    URL: Volltext  (IMF e-Library)
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