Umfang:
Online-Ressource (XIV, 510p. 94 illus., 19 illus. in color, digital)
ISBN:
9789400712423
Serie:
Tree Physiology 4
Inhalt:
The book explores interlinkages between women's employment and fertility at both a macro- and a micro-level in EU member states, Norway and Switzerland. Similarly as many other studies on the topic, it refers to the cross-country variation in the macro-context for explaining cross-country differences in women's labour supply and fertility levels. However, in contrast to other studies, which mainly focus on Western Europe, it extends the discussion to Central and Eastern European countries. Furthermore, it looks at the macro-context from a multi-dimensional perspective, indicating its four dimensions as relevant for fertility and women's employment choices: economic (living standards), institutional (family policies), structural (labour market structures), and cultural (social norms). A unique feature of the study is the development of indices that measure the intensity of institutional, structural, and cultural incompatibilities between women's employment and fertility. These indices are used for ranking European countries from the perspective of the country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation. A country where these conditions are the worst, but where women are additionally perceived as important income providers, is picked up for an in-depth empirical study of the interrelationship between fertility and women's employment choices. Finally, against the review of theoretical concepts predominantly used for studying interdependencies between fertility and women's labour supply the book assesses the micro-level empirical studies available on the topic and proposes an analytical approach for modelling the two variables. Thereby, it also contributes to methodological developments in the field.
Anmerkung:
Includes bibliographical references and index
,
Size- and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Function; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: The Whole-Lifespan Perspective on Integration of Structure and Function; Chapter 1: A Lifespan Perspective on Integrating Structure and Function in Trees; 1 Introduction; 2 History of Investigations into Effects of Size and Age on Trees; 3 Technological Innovations; 4 Foundations of Plant Water Relations; 5 Recurrent Themes in Book; 5.1 Microclimate; 5.2 Changes in Structure, Function and Functional Relationships; 5.3 Scaling of Structure and Function with Size; 5.4 Tradeoffs
,
5.5 Decline in Productivity of Individual Trees and Stands5.6 Plasticity; 5.7 Age vs. Size; 6 Emerging Issues and Open Questions; 6.1 Gaps in Knowledge; 6.2 Questions About Integration and Feedbacks; 6.3 Questions About Changes in Structure and Function over the Tree's Life-Cycle; 7 Conclusions; References; Part II: Reproduction and Regeneration; Chapter 2: Age-Related Changes in Tree Growth and Functional Biology: The Role of Reproduction; 1 Introduction; 2 Life History Theory and Tree Reproduction: An Overview; 3 Size at Onset of Maturity
,
4 Size-Dependence of Reproductive Allocation and Effort4.1 Direct Assessments of Size-Dependent Carbon Partitioning; 5 Moncarpic Trees; 6 Empirical Evidence for the "Costs of Reproduction" in Polycarpic Trees; 6.1 Correlation vs. Causation in Analysis of Reproductive Costs; 6.2 Meta-analyses: Literature Search and Analytic Methods; 6.3 Dendrochronological Studies; 6.4 Reproductive Allocation and Shoot Extension Within Tree Crowns; 6.5 Reproduction and Shoot Demography Within Tree Crowns; 6.6 Leaf-Level Gas-Exchange, Chemistry and Morphology; 6.7 Belowground Processes
,
6.8 Reproduction Effects That Don't Fit into a "Costs" Framework6.9 Sexual Dimorphism of Functional Traits in Dioecious Trees; 6.10 Interactions Between Reproduction and Biotic Factors; 7 Synthesis and Some Implications for Future Studies; References; Chapter 3: The Earliest Stages of Tree Growth: Development, Physiology and Impacts of Microclimate; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Population Dynamics and Seedlings; 1.2 Working Definitions of Life Stages; 1.3 Population Range Shifts and Reforestation; 1.4 Causes of Seedling Mortality; 2 Seedling Environments; 2.1 Near-Surface Incident Radiation
,
2.2 The Effect of the Boundary Layer on Heat and Mass Fluxes2.3 Importance of Ecological Facilitation to Seedling Environment; 3 Early Seedling Development; 4 Future Research; References; Part III: Integration of Structure and Function Across Ontogeny; Chapter 4: Regulation of Ontogeny in Temperate Conifers; 1 Introduction; 2 Regulation of Conifer Vegetative Ontogeny; 2.1 Germinant and Seedling Stages; 2.2 Seedling to Small-Sapling Stage; 2.3 Late Sapling to Young-Mature (Pole) Stage; 2.4 Old-Growth Stage; 3 Regulation of the Vegetative-Reproductive Transition and Reproductive Effort
,
3.1 Intrinsic Regulation of Precocity and Fecundity
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9789400712416
Weitere Ausg.:
Buchausg. u.d.T. Size- and age-related changes in tree structure and function Dordrecht : Springer, 2011 ISBN 9789400712416
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9789400737693
Sprache:
Englisch
Fachgebiete:
Land-, Forst-, Fischerei- und Hauswirtschaft. Gartenbau
,
Biologie
Schlagwort(e):
Baum
;
Pflanzenphysiologie
;
Umweltphysiologie
DOI:
10.1007/978-94-007-1242-3
URL:
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