Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (415 p.)

ISBN: 1-281-05522-0 , 9786611055226 , 0-08-054493-2

Series Statement: Progress in industrial microbiology ; v. 33

Content: Microbial utilization of the inexhuaustible lignocellulosic biomass for the production of industrial chemicals, liquid fuels, protein-rich feed and food, and preparation of cellulose polymers, is an attractive approach to help meet energy and food demands. Whilst biomass has served as substrate in microbial processes for the production of alchololic beverages for a long time, it is only recently that broader applications of this material have been envisaged. Hemicellulose-derived sugars have many potential uses in the production of industrial chemicals and solvents. Considerable developments h

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Microbial Pentose Utilization: Current Applications in Biotechnology; Copyright Page; Contents; Chapter I. Overview of Problems and Potential; 1 Energy Demand; 2 Lignocellulosic Resources; 3 Global Availability of Lignocellulosic Materials; 4 Nature of Lignocellulosic Materials; 5 Applications in Biotechnology; 6 References; Chapter II. Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Hemicelluloses; 1 Introduction; 2 Biosynthesis of Hemicellulosic Substances; 3 Chemistry of Hemicelluloses; 4 Enzymatic Analysis of the Structure; 5 Biodegradation of Hemicelluloses; 6 References , Chapter III. Extraction of Pentosans from Lignocellulosic Materials1 Introduction; 2 Enzymatic Treatment; 3 Physical Treatment; 4 Chemical Treatment; 5 Thermal Treatment; 6 References; Chapter IV. Microbial Uptake of Pentoses; 1 Introduction; 2 Mode of Sugar Uptake; 3 Pentose Uptake in Yeast; 4 Pentose Uptake in Bacteria; 5 Regulation of Pentose Uptake; 6 Genetic Studies on Pentose Uptake; 7 References; Chapter V. Microbial Metabolism of Pentoses; 1 Introduction; 2 Metabolism of D-Xylose; 3 Regulation of D-Xylose Metabolism; 4 Metabolism of L-Arabinose; 5 References , Chapter VI. Microbial Production of Ethanol1 Introduction; 2 Microorganisms used for Ethanol Production; 3 Kinetics of Growth and Product Formation; 4 Simultaneous Pentose Isomerization and Fermentation; 5 Whole Cell Immobilization; 6 Coculture; 7 Performance on Natural Substrates; 8 Factors Affecting Ethanol Production; 9 References; Chapter VII. Microbial Production of Acetone and Butanol; 1 Introduction; 2 Microorganisms used for Acetone-Butanol Production; 3 Kinetics of Growth and Product Formation; 4 Performance on Natural Substrates; 5 Factors affecting Acetone and Butanol Production , 6 ReferencesChapter VIII. Microbial Production of 2,3-Butanediol; 1 Introduction; 2 Microorganisms used for 2,3-Butanediol Production; 3 Kinetics of Growth and Product Formation; 4 Reactor Systems; 5 Performance on Natural Substrates; 6 Factors affecting 2,3-Butanediol Production; 7 References; Chapter IX. Microbial Production of Organic Acids; 1 Introduction; 2 Acetic Acid; 3 Lactic Acid; 4 Citric Acid; 5 Propionic Acid; 6 Itaconic Acid; 7 Fumaric Acid; 8 Mixed Acid Fermentation; 9 References; Chapter X. Microbial Production of Xylitol; 1 Introduction , 2 Microorganisms used for Xylitol Production3 Kinetics of Growth and Product Formation; 4 Factors Affecting Xylitol Production; 5 References; Chapter XI. Microbial Production of Single Cell Protein (SCP) and Single Cell Oil (SCO); 1 Introduction; 2 Microorganisms used for SCP Production; 3 Microorganisms used for SCO Production; 4 References; Chapter XII. Microbial Tolerance to Solvents and Organic Acids; 1 Introduction; 2 Effect of Solvents and Organic Acids on Cellular Physiology of Microorganisms; 3 Adaptive Modifications in Microorganisms Leading to Solvent Tolerance , 4 Manipulation of Membrane Lipid Composition and Tolerance to Solvents , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-444-82039-6

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (591 p.)

ISBN: 1-283-17380-8 , 9786613173805 , 0-08-053353-1

Series Statement: Handbook of low and high dielectric constant materials and their applications ; v. 2

Content: Recent developments in microelectronics technologies have created a great demand for interlayer dielectric materials with a very low dielectric constant. They will play a crucial role in the future generation of IC devices (VLSI/UISI and high speed IC packaging). Considerable efforts have been made to develop new low as well as high dielectric constant materials for applications in electronics industries. Besides achieving either low or high dielectric constants, other materials' properties such as good processability, high mechanical strength, high thermal and environmental stability, low the

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Handbook of Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials and Their Applications; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; About the Editor; List of Contributors; Chapter 1. LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MATERIALS FOR INTERLAYER DIELECTRICS; 1. The Need for Low Dielectric Constant (Low-er) Interlayer Dielectrics; 2. Current Status of the Technology; 3. Low-er Materials; 4. Deposition of Polymer Thin Films; 5. Electrical Characterization of Dielectric Materials; 6. Summary; Acknowledgments; References , Chapter 2. LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS FOR ELECTRONIC PACKAGING APPLICATIONS1. Introduction; 2. Substrate Materials for Electronic Packaging; 3. Fundamental Concepts of Low-Dielectric-Constant Dielectric Materials; 4. Low-Dielectric-Constant Glass and Glass-Ceramic Systems; 5. Chemical Processing of Glasses and Nonoxide Ceramics; 6. Oxynitride Glasses; 7. Modified Oxide Sol-Gel Approaches to Synthesize Borophosphosilicate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics; 8. Development of Borophosphosilicate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics , 9. Incorporation of Nitrogen and Its Influence on the Structure and Dielectric Properties of Borosilicate Glasses10. Conclusions; 11. Summary and Prospects; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 3. LOW-k AMORPHOUS CARBON FILMS FOR INTERCONNECTS OF SUBMICRON-SCALE DEVICES; 1. Deposition of Amorphous Carbon Thin Films; 2. Integration of Fluorinated Amorphous Carbon; 3. Summary; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 4. CYANATE ESTER RESINS WITH LOW DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS; 1. Introduction; 2. Historical Developments; 3. Cyanate Ester Resin Chemistry; 4. Dielectric Properties , 5. Applications6. Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 5. LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT EPOXY RESINS; 1. Introduction; 2. The Key Technology of Low Dielectric Constant Epoxy Resins; 3. Alkyl Phenol Novolac Epoxy Resins; 4. Dicyclopentadiene Epoxy Resins; 5. Active Ester Novolac Hardeners; 6. Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 6. CHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING OF ORGANIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR IC APPLICATIONS; 1. Introduction; 2. Historical Perspective on Polymer Chemical Mechanical Polishing; 3. Description of Dielectric Chemical Mechanical Polishing , 4. Fundamental Physical Mechanisms in Dielectric Chemical Mechanical Polishing5. Previous LOW-K Chemical Mechanical Polishing Work; 6. Chemical Mechanical Polishing of FLARE; 7. Chemical Mechanical Polishing Performance of ZrO2-Based Slurry on FLARE; 8. Surface Structure of Polished FLARE Films; 9. Summary; Acknowledgments; References; Chapter 7. DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY OF CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS AND BLENDS; 1. Introduction; 2. Background; 3. Single-Component Systems; 4. Polymer Blends; 5. Conclusions; References; Chapter 8. METALLOPHTHALOCYANINES AS HIGH-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MATERIALS , 1. Monomeric Phthalocyanines , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-513905-5

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (299 p.)

ISBN: 1-281-05818-1 , 9786611058180 , 0-08-054492-4

Series Statement: Progress in industrial microbiology ; v. 32

Content: A comprehensive and consolidated account of how microorganisms can play a significant role in degrading and detoxifying toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic compounds is detailed in this book. Moreover, the volume deals with all aspects of microbial degradation, ranging from screening methods for the degradative microorganisms, processes of degradation, strain improvement for enhanced biodegradation, and elimination of undesirable compounds to improving health and environmental protection strategies. The book will provide an opportunity for scientists in the areas of microbiology,

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Biotransformations: Microbial degradation of health-risk compounds; Copyright Page; Contents; Foreword; Preface; List of abbreviations; List of contributors; Chapter 1. Microbial degradation of nitrogenous xenobiotics of environmental concern; Chapter 2. Synthesis and degradation of dimethyl nitrosamine in the natural environment and in humans Tadashi Yoshinari; Chapter 3. Aflatoxin biotransformations: biodetoxification aspects; Chapter 4. Metabolism and cometabolism of halogenated C-1 and C-2 hydrocarbons , Chapter 5. Aerobic biodegradation of polycyclic and halogenated aromatic compoundsChapter 6. Microbial degradation of halogenated aromatics; Chapter 7. Microbial degradation of azo dyes; Chapter 8. Microbial degradation of natural rubber; Chapter 9. Microbial degradation of polyesters; Chapter 10. Degradation of hazardous organic compounds by rhizosphere microbial communities; Chapter 11. Microbial degradation of styrene; Chapter 12. Microbial degradation of vinyl chloride; Chapter 13. Isolation and characterization of neurotoxin-degrading gene; Chapter 14. Microbial degradation of tannins , Index , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-444-81977-0

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (282 p.)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-281-02685-9 , 9786611026851 , 0-08-054065-1

Content: Rock Mass Classifications - A Practical Approach in Civil Engineering was written in response to the many unanswered questions regarding this subject. Questions such as - Is Classification reasonably reliable? Can it be successful in crisis management of geohazards? Can a single Classification system be general for all rock structures? Is Classification a scientific approach? Laborious field research was undertaken in the Himalayan mountains by a team of scientists from the Central Mining Research Institute (CMRI), University of Roorkee (UOR), Central Soil and Material Research Station

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION: A Practical Approach in Civil Engineering; Copyright Page; CONTENTS; PREFACE; CHAPTER 1. PHILOSOPHY OF QUANTITATIVE CLASSIFICATIONS; 1.1 The Classification; 1.2 Philosophy of Classification System; 1.3 Management of Uncertainties; 1.4 Present Day Practice; 1.5 Scope of the Book; CHAPTER 2. SHEAR ZONE TREATMENT IN TUNNELS AND FOUNDATIONS; 2.1 Shear Zone; 2.2 Treatment for Tunnels; 2.3 Treatment for Dam Foundations; CHAPTER 3. ROCK MATERIAL; 3.1 Rock Material; 3.2 Homogeneity and Inhomogeneity; 3.3 Classification of Rock Material; 3.4 Class l and II Rocks , 3.5 Uniaxial Compression3.6 Stability in Water; 3.7 Classification on the Basis of Slake Durability Index; CHAPTER 4. ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION; 4.1 Rock Quality Designation (RQD); 4.2 Direct Method; 4.3 Indirect Methods; 4.4 Weighted Joint Density; CHAPTER 5. TERZAGHl'S ROCK LOAD THEORY; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Rock Classes; 5.3 Rock Load Factor; 5.4 Modified Terzaghi's Theory for Tunnels and Caverns; CHAPTER 6. ROCK MASS RATING (RMR); 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Collection of Field Data; 6.3 Estimation of Rock Mass Rating (RMR); 6.4 Applications of RMR; 6.5 Inter-relation Between RMR and Q , 6.6 PrecautionsCHAPTER 7. PREDICTION OF GROUND CONDITIONS FOR TUNNELLING; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 The Tunnelling Conditions; 7.3 Empirical Approach; 7.4 Theoretical / Analytical Approach; 7.5 Effect of Thickness of Weak Band on Squeezing Ground Condition; CHAPTER 8. ROCK MASS QUALITY (Q) - SYSTEM; 8.1 The Q-System; 8.2 The Joint Orientation and the Q-system; 8.3 Updating of the Q-system; 8.4 Collection of Field Data; 8.5 Classification of the Rock Mass; 8.6 Estimation of Support Pressure; 8.7 Unsupported Span; 8.8 Design of Supports; 8.9 New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) , 8.10 Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT)8.11 Other Applications of the Q - System; CHAPTER 9. ROCK MASS NUMBER; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Inter-relation Between Q and RMR; 9.3 Prediction of Ground Conditions; 9.4 Prediction of Support Pressure; 9.5 Effect of Tunnel Size on Support Pressure; 9.6 Correlations for Estimating Tunnel Closure; 9.7 Effect of Tunnel Depth on Support Pressure and Closure in Tunnels; 9.8 Approach for Obtaining Ground Reaction Curve (GRC); 9.9 Coefficient of Volumetric Expansion of Failed Rock Mass; CHAPTER 10. ROCK MASS INDEX; 10.1 Introduction , 10.2 Selection of Parameters used in RMi10.3 Calibration of RMi from Known Rock Mass Strength Data; 10.4 Scale Effect; 10.5 Examples (Palmstrom, 1995); 10.6 Applications of RMi; 10.7 Benefits of Using RMi; 10.8 Limitations of RMi; CHAPTER 11. RATE OF TUNNELLING; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Classification of Ground/Job Conditions for Rate of Tunnelling; 11.3 Classification of Management Conditions for Rate of Tunnelling; 11.4 Combined Effect of Ground and Management Conditions on Rate of Tunnelling; CHAPTER 12. SUPPORT SYSTEM IN CAVERNS; 12.1 Support Pressure; 12.2 Wall Support in Caverns , 12.3 Roof Support in Caverns , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-08-043013-9

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (317 p.)

ISBN: 1-281-04693-0 , 9786611046934 , 0-08-052971-2

Series Statement: Food science and technology international series

Content: The Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) recently endorsed the use of computers in food science education. The minimum standards for degrees in food science, as suggested by IFT,""require the students to use computers in the solution of problems, the collection and analysis of data, the control processes, in addition to word processing.""Because they are widely used in business, allow statistical and graphical of experimental data, and can mimic laboratory experimentation, spreadsheets provide an ideal tool for learning the important features of computers and programming. In addition, they ar

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Computer Applications in Food Technology: Use of Spreadsheets in Graphical, Statistical, and Process Analyses; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1. A Primer on Using Spreadsheets; 1.1 Using a Mouse in Spreadsheets; 1.2 Starting Excel; 1.3 Using Menus and Dialog Boxes; 1.4 Use of Tool Bars; 1.5 Moving in a Worksheet; 1.6 Planning a Worksheet; 1.7 Entering Text; 1.8 Worksheet Calculations; 1.9 Naming the Worksheet; 1.10 Inserting and Deleting Rows and Columns; 1.11 Aligning Cell Contents; 1.12 Formatting Numbers; 1.13 Changing Fonts; 1.14 Adding Borders , 1.15 Protecting Cells1.16 Printing Worksheets (Previewing Pages, Headers and Footers); 1.17 Charts; 1.18 Creating a Chart; 1.19 Drawing on the Worksheet; 1.20 Creating Pivot Tables; 1.21 Macros; 1.22 Database; 1.23 Goal Seek; 1.24 Use of Data Analysis Command in Calculations; Chapter 2. Chemical Kinetics in Food Processing; 2.1 Determining Rate Constants of Zero-Order Reactions; 2.2 First-Order Rate Constants and Half-Life of Reactions; 2.3 Determining Energy of Activation of Vitamin Degradation during Food Storage; 2.4 Rates of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions , Chapter 3. Microbial Destruction in Thermal Processing of Foods3.1 Determining Decimal Reduction Time from Microbial Survival Data; 3.2 Thermal Resistance Factor, z-Value, in Thermal Processing of Foods; 3.3 Sampling to Ensure That a Lot Is Not Contaminated with More Than a Given Percentage; 3.4 Determining Process Lethality for Conduction Heating Food with a Microorganism with a z-Value of 18°F; 3.5 Calculating Thermal Process Time for Food with a Microorganism with a z-Value of 180F , 3.6 Determining Center and Mass-Averaging Sterilizing Value for a Thermal Process (I. High Sterilizing Value Case)3.7 Determining Center and Mass-Average Sterilizing Values for a Thermal Process (II. Low Sterilizing Values); Chapter 4. Statistical Quality Control in Food Processing; 4.1 Control Charts; 4.2 Probability of Occurrence in a Normal Distribution; 4.3 Using Binomial Distribution to Determine Probability of Occurrence; 4.4 Probability of Defective Items in a Sample Obtained from a Large Lot; 4.5 Determining Confidence Limits for a Population Mean Using t-Distribution , Chapter 5. Sensory Evaluation of Foods5.1 Statistical Descriptors of a Population Estimated from Sensory Data Obtained for a Sample; 5.2 Analysis of Variance: One-Factor, Completely Randomized Design; 5.3 Analysis of Variance for a Two-Factor Design without Replication; 5.4 Use of Linear Regression in Analyzing Sensory Data; Chapter 6. Mechanical Transport of Liquid Foods; 6.1 Measuring Viscosity of Liquid Foods Using a Capillary Tube Viscometer; 6.2 Using a Pitot Tube to Measure Velocity of Water in a Pipe; 6.3 Rheological Properties of Power Law Fluids; 6.4 Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number , 6.5 Friction Factors for Water Flow in a Pipe , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-646382-4

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (861 p.)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 1-281-05935-8 , 9786611059354 , 0-08-053375-2

Content: The Handbook of Vacuum Technology consists of the latest innovations in vacuum science and technology with a strong orientation towards the vacuum practitioner. It covers many of the new vacuum pumps, materials, equipment, and applications. It also details the design and maintenance of modern vacuum systems. The authors are well known experts in their individual fields with the emphasis on performance, limitations, and applications rather than theory. There aremany useful tables, charts, and figures that will be of use to the practitioner.Key Features* User oriented with man

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; HANDBOOK OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; Part 1: Fundamentals of Vacuum Technology and Surface Physics; Chapter 1.1. Vacuum Nomenclature and Definitions; 1.1.1 Basic Definition; 1.1.2 Pressure Regions of Vacuum; Chapter 1.2. Gas Properties; 1.2.1 Description of Vacuum as a Low-Pressure Gas; 1.2.2 Characteristics of a Gas-Basic Definitions; 1.2.3 Gas Laws; Chapter 1.3. Molecular Processes and Kinetic Theory; 1.3.1 General Description; 1.3.2 Molecular Motion; 1.3.3 Kinetic Theory Derivation of the Gas Laws; 1.3.4 Pressure , 1.3.5 Molecular Mean Free Path1.3.6 Number of Impacts with the Chamber Wall; 1.3.7 Time to Form a Monolayer; 1.3.8 Thermal Transpiration; 1.3.9 Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity; 1.3.10 Coefficient of Diffusion; Chapter 1.4. Throughput, Pumping Speed, Evacuation Rate, Outgassing Rate, and Leak Rate; Chapter 1.5. Gas Flow; 1.5.1 Nature of Gas Flow; 1.5.2 Turbulent Flow; 1.5.3 Viscous, Streamline, or Laminar Flow; 1.5.4 Molecular Flow; 1.5.5 Flow Relationships; Chapter 1.6. Conductance; 1.6.1 Conductance; 1.6.2 Conductances in Parallel; 1.6.3 Conductances in Series , Chapter 1.7. Flow Calculations1.7.1 Equations for Viscous Flow; 1.7.2 Equations for Molecular Flow; 1.7.3 Knudsen's Formulation; 1.7.4 Clausing Factors; Chapter 1.8. Surface Physics and Its Relation to Vacuum Science; 1.8.1 Physical Adsorption or ""Adsorption""; 1.8.2 Chemisorption; 1.8.3 Sticking Coefficient; 1.8.4 Surface Area; 1.8.5 Surface Adsorption Isotherms; 1.8.6 Capillary Action; 1.8.7 Condensation; 1.8.8 Desorption Phenomena; 1.8.9 Thermal Desorption; 1.8.10 Photoactivation; 1.8.11 Ultrasonic Desorption; 1.8.12 Electron- and Ion-Stimulated Desorption , 1.8.13 Gas Release from SurfacesReferences; Part 2: Creation of Vacuum; Chapter 2.1. Technology of Vacuum Pumps - An Overview; 2.1.1 Vacuum Pump Function Basics; 2.1.2 Gas Transport: Throughput; 2.1.3 Performance Parameters; 2.1.4 Pumping Speed; 2.1.5 Pumpdown Time; 2.1.6 Ultimate Pressure; 2.1.7 Forevacuum and High-Vacuum Pumping; 2.1.8 Pump System Relationships; 2.1.9 Crossover from Rough to High-Vacuum Pumps; 2.1.10 Pumping System Design; References; Chapter 2.2. Diaphragm Pumps; 2.2.1 Introduction: Basics and Operating Principle; 2.2.2 State-of-the-Art Design and Manufacturing , 2.2.3 Performance and Technical Data2.2.4 Modular Concept for Specific Application Setups: Standalone Operation; 2.2.5 Diaphragm Pumps as Backing and Auxiliary Pumps in Vacuum Systems; References; Chapter 2.3. Vacuum Blowers; 2.3.1 Introduction; 2.3.2 Equipment Description; 2.3.3 Blower Operating Principle; 2.3.4 Blower Pumping Efficiency; 2.3.5 Blower Pumping Speed Calculations; 2.3.6 Power Requirements; 2.3.7 Temperature Considerations; 2.3.8 Flow and Compression Ratio Control Mechanisms; 2.3.9 Liquid-Sealed Blowers; 2.3.10 Selected System Arrangements , Chapter 2.4. Vacuum Jet Pumps (Diffusion Pumps) , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-352065-7

Language: English

UID:

Format: X, 260 S. : , Ill.

Edition: 2. Aufl.

ISBN: 3-906407-01-2

Note: Nebentitel: Kindertypen in der Homöopathie

Language: German

Keywords: Homöopathisches Arzneimittel ; Konstitutionstyp ; Kind

Author information: Jus, Mohinder Singh 1947-2019

UID:

Format: X, 535 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.

ISBN: 0-306-45289-8

Series Statement: Advances in experimental medicine and biology 391 : Natural toxins ; 2

Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Congress

UID:

Format: 1 online resource.

Series Statement: Policy research working papers ; 1442

Content: March 1995 Six case studies show that raising energy prices to eliminate subsidies does not harm the poor, growth, inflation, or industrial competitiveness. And public revenues improve. When domestic energy prices in developing countries fall below opportunity costs, price increases are recommended to conserve fiscal revenue and to ensure efficient use of resources. Using six case studies, Hope and Singh investigate the effect of energy price increases on the poor, inflation, growth, public revenues, and industrial competitiveness. The effect on households in various income classes depends on the energy commodity's share in the household budget and the price elasticity of demand. For energy as a whole (electricity and fuels, traditional and commercial), budget shares often decline with income. So in terms of income distribution, taxing energy is not ideal. But commercial fuel consumption increases greatly with income, so any subsidies applied will largely benefit nonpoor urban households. For each commercial energy source (electricity, kerosene, diesel, and gasoline) proportionate household spending will generally be lower, and some energy sources will be luxuries. In no instance does energy spending exceed 10 percent of the typical household budget for any income group. The effect on industry is generally modest, since cost shares for energy typically range from 0.5 to 3 percent (with the typical value being 1.5). In addition, many industries are flexible enough to substitute when energy prices increase. Energy prices tended to increase in adjustment and liberalization programs, and industrial output usually increased even with the higher energy prices. This suggests that the effect of the price increase is modest compared with the effects of other changes in the environment. There are exceptions, of course, such as energy-intensive industries with limited possibilities for substitution. Estimating the effects on public deficits is straightforward, even with uncertainty about demand elasticities: Energy price increases reduce the drain on public resources significantly. It is harder to trace the effects on inflation and growth in national income. The effects on inflation will generally not be severe, and inflation may even be reduced in the intermediate to long run, through lowered public deficits. Income growth rates were generally higher after the years of energy price adjustments than they were in the years before the price increases (with one exception) and the years of the price increases (with one exception). Income growth rates were higher during the years of price increases than before in about half of the case-study countries. This paper -- a product of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to study the distributional and environmental effects of energy pricing policies. The study was funded in part by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Pollution and the Choice of Economic Policy Instruments in Developing Countries (RPO 676-48)3.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (25 pages) : , illustrations.

Series Statement: NASA technical memorandum ; 107372

Note: Title from title screen (viewed Aug. 3, 2016). , "December 1996"--Report documentation page. , "Prepared for the Tenth American Conference on Crystal Growth sponsored by the American Association for Crystal Growth, Vail, Colorado, August 4-9, 1996." , "Performing organization: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center"--Report documentation page.

Language: English