UID:
almahu_9949602165402882
Format:
1 online resource (754 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783319440972
Series Statement:
Advances in Volcanology Series
Note:
Intro -- Preface -- We Thank Our Sponsors -- Contents -- Part One Adapting Warnings for Volcanic Hazards William J. McGuire -- 28 Volcano Crisis Communication: Challenges and Solutions in the 21st Century -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: The Complexities of Volcanic Crisis Communication -- 2 Learning from the Past: Key Events that Shaped Crisis Communication -- 3 Key Solutions -- 3.1 Assessing the Threat -- 3.2 Assessing and Communicating Uncertainty -- 3.3 Establishing an Early Warning System -- 3.4 Decision-Making Tools -- 4 Where Are We Now and What Are the New Challenges? -- References -- 19 Communication Demands of Volcanic Ashfall Events -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Complex Communication Environment Associated with Ashfalls -- 2.1 Disaster Risk Reduction Context -- 2.2 Complex Communication Environment -- 3 Tools for Ash Hazard Characterisation and Dissemination -- 3.1 Hazard Maps (Background and Crisis) -- 3.2 Ash Forecasting Products -- 3.3 Public Involvement in Ashfall Mapping: The Role of Citizen Science -- 3.4 Media Releases -- 3.5 Informal Communication -- 3.6 Standard Protocols for Determining Hazardous Characteristics of Ash -- 3.6.1 Protocol for Assessment of Respiratory Health Hazards -- 3.6.2 Protocol for Assessment of Hazards from Leachable Elements -- 4 Sector-Specific Considerations for Communication of Ashfall Hazards and Risks -- 4.1 Public Health -- 4.1.1 Crystalline Silica -- 4.1.2 Particulate Matter -- 4.2 Agriculture -- 4.3 Infrastructure -- 4.4 Clean-up -- 5 Ongoing Communication Demands: Managing Long-Duration Eruptions -- 6 Communication Demands During Recovery -- 7 Lessons -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 49 Volcanic Ash and Aviation-The Challenges of Real-Time, Global Communication of a Natural Hazard -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Airways Volcano Watch -- 3 Volcano Monitoring.
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4 The Challenges -- 4.1 Ash-Cloud Detection and Forecasts -- 4.2 Communications -- 4.3 Science Challenges -- 5 Warning System Enhancements -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Volcanic Gases: Silent Killers -- Abstract -- 1 Volcanic Gases, Insidious Hazards -- 2 Developing Risk Mitigation Strategies for CO2 Flows and Accumulations -- 3 Monitoring and Communicating "Vog" Hazards -- 4 The Great Dry Fog: Preparing for a Future Laki-Style Event -- 5 Perspectives for the Future -- References -- 33 Active Hydrothermal Features as Tourist Attractions -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Visitor Safety in Hydrothermal Environments -- 1.2 Definitions of Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability -- 1.3 Hydrothermal or Geothermal? -- 2 The Challenges of Hydrothermal Tourist Sites -- 2.1 Direct Use of Hot Springs as Tourist Attraction -- 2.2 Potential Hazards-Beauty or Beast? -- 3 Communicating, Forecasting and Managing Natural Hazards-A Mission Impossible? -- 3.1 The Main Challenges of Hazard Communication -- 3.2 How Are Hazards and Risks in Hydrothermal Areas Communicated to the Public? -- 4 Hazard and Crisis Communication -- 4.1 Alerting the Public-Communicating Warnings -- 4.2 The Main Stakeholders and Their Responsibilities -- 5 Hazard Management -- 5.1 Why Are People Reluctant to Respond to Warnings? -- 5.2 Why Are Authorities Reluctant to Announce Evacuations? -- 6 Conclusion -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- How Dangerous Is Yellowstone? -- References -- 34 Mapping Hazard Zones, Rapid Warning Communication and Understanding Communities: Primary Ways to Mitigate Pyroclastic Flow Hazard -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Can We Communicate PDC Hazard Zones? -- 3 How Do We Warn People in Time? -- 3.1 Difficulties in Providing Timely Warnings -- 3.2 Modern Versus Traditional Warning Tools -- 3.3 Official Warning Versus Community-Based Warning.
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4 Why Are People Reluctant to Evacuate? -- 5 Building Trust in Hazard and Risk Communication to Ensure Better Responses to Evacuations -- 6 Conclusion: Improving Crisis Management Capabilities for PDC's Risk Reduction -- References -- 35 The Communication and Risk Management of Volcanic Ballistic Hazards -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ballistic Hazard and Risk Management -- 3 Assessments of Ballistic Hazard and Risk -- 4 Communication and Risk Management Strategies -- 4.1 Ballistic Communication Processes and Products in Different Risk Contexts -- 4.1.1 Volcano Quiescence -- 4.1.2 Volcanic Crisis -- 4.2 On-Going Challenges in Ballistic Risk Communication -- 5 Case Studies -- 5.1 2012 Eruptions of Upper Te Maari, Tongariro, New Zealand -- 5.2 Yasur Volcano, Vanuatu -- 5.3 Sakurajima Volcano, Japan -- 5.4 2014 Eruption of Mt. Ontake, Japan -- 6 Discussion -- 6.1 Understand the Context and Assess the Risk -- 6.2 Reflections on the Four Case Study Volcanoes -- 6.3 Critical Issues -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Imagining the Unimaginable: Communicating Extreme Volcanic Risk -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Extreme Eruptions -- 2 Volcanic Risk Scenarios -- 2.1 Large Magnitude Basaltic Eruptions -- 2.2 Large Magnitude Explosive Eruptions -- 2.3 Volcanic Risk Webs -- 3 Systemic Volcanic Risk: Global Communication Structures and Decision-Making Systems -- 3.1 Managing Communication -- 3.2 The Nature of Communication -- 4 Single Event Communication -- 4.1 Professionalising Volcanology -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 24 Part One Summary: Adapting Warnings for Volcanic Hazards -- Part Two Observing Volcanic Crises Gill Jolly and Carina J. Fearnley -- 32 Volcanic Unrest and Hazard Communication in Long Valley Volcanic Region, California -- Abstract -- 1 Geologic Setting and Background.
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2 Hazard Communication (and Miscommunication) During Two Decades of Strong Volcanic Unrest (1978-2000) -- 3 Maintaining Community Awareness and Preparedness During Low-Level Volcanic Unrest (2001-May 2016) -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 43 Volcanic Hazard Communication at Pinatubo from 1991 to 2015 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Audiences: Who Needed to Learn About Volcanic and Lahar Hazard? -- 3 Pre-eruption Messages -- 4 How Were the Warnings Prepared and Presented? -- 4.1 Briefings and Video -- 4.2 Alert Levels -- 4.3 Pre-eruption Hazard Map -- 4.4 A Probability Tree -- 4.5 Recommendations for Evacuation -- 4.6 Personal Communications -- 5 Post-eruption Lahar Messages -- 6 How Were Lahar Warnings Prepared and Presented? -- 6.1 Briefings and Video -- 6.2 Hazard Maps -- 6.3 Short-Term, Immediate Lahar Warnings -- 6.4 Probabilities of Lahars -- 6.5 Personal Factors -- 7 Lessons to Remember -- References -- 4 Instrumental Volcano Surveillance and Community Awareness in the Lead-Up to the 1994 Eruptions at Rabaul, Papua New Guinea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Precursory Activity (I): 1971-1985 -- 2.1 The Nature of Volcanic Unrest at Rabaul-Characteristics of Rabaul Volcanic Crises -- 2.2 Volcanic Crises in the Period 1971-1985 -- 3 Impact of Precursory Activity (I): Volcano Monitoring, Contingency Planning and Public Awareness, 1983-1985 -- 3.1 Volcano Monitoring -- 3.2 Contingency Planning -- 3.3 Establishment of Public Information Unit -- 3.4 Three Initiatives of PIU -- 4 Precursory Activity (II): 1985-1994 -- 4.1 Fluctuating Activity: August 1985 to Mid September 1994 -- 4.2 The Ultimate Crisis of 18-19 September, 1994 -- 4.3 Outbreak of Twin Eruptions: 19 September 1994 -- 5 Responses to the Ultimate Crisis and Outbreak of Eruptions -- 5.1 Timeline of Events and Responses, 18-19 September 1994.
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5.2 Response of Government Authorities -- 5.3 Community Response -- 5.4 Outcomes -- 6 Lessons -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 37 Challenges in Responding to a Sustained, Continuing Volcanic Crisis: The Case of Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico, 1994-Present -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Popocatépetl Volcano: Geologic Setting and Eruptive History -- 3 Ongoing Unrest, Eruptive Activity, and Volcanic Crisis -- 4 Evolution of the Activity Influences Public Perception of Hazards -- 5 Development of Risk-Mitigation Strategies Since 1994 -- 6 Scientific Strategies and Scientific Challenges -- 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 38 Organisational Response to the 2007 Ruapehu Crater Lake Dam-Break Lahar in New Zealand: Use of Communication in Creating an Effective Response -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 What to Do About an Anticipated Lahar? -- 1.3 Planning a Response to a Ruapehu Crater Lake Lahar -- 1.4 Communication -- 2 The Lahar Event -- 3 Method for Communication Research -- 4 Results and Discussion: Communication for the Lahar Event -- 4.1 Internal Communication -- 4.1.1 Internal Communication During the Planning Process -- 4.1.2 Internal Communication During the Response -- 4.2 External Communication -- 4.2.1 Communication of Public Information Prior to the Lahar -- 4.2.2 Communication of Public Information During Response to the Lahar -- 4.3 Technical Capacity -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Civil Protection and Emergency Management in Iceland -- 3 Methods -- 4 Crisis Coordination and Communication During the Eyjafjallajökull Eruptions -- 4.1 20 March 2010 Events -- 4.2 14 April 2010 Events.
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4.3 Impact on Local Residents.
Additional Edition:
Print version: Fearnley, Carina J. Observing the Volcano World Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2018 ISBN 9783319440958
Language:
English
Keywords:
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