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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 386 Seiten) , 25 cm

Edition: Online_Ausgabe Boulder, Colo NetLibrary 2002 E-Books von NetLibrary Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 22382847

ISBN: 0253108802

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Von Hendy, Andrew The modern construction of myth 2001

Language: English

Keywords: Mythos ; Theorie ; Geschichte 1700-2000 ; Mythos ; Geschichte ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books ; Electronic books.

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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 263 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 23 cm

Edition: Online_Ausgabe Boulder, Colo NetLibrary 2001 E-Books von NetLibrary Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 22382847

ISBN: 0585362556

Note: Based on a symposium held in Grangärde, Sweden. - Includes bibliographical references and indexes

Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Emerging cognitive abilities in early infancy 2000

Language: English

Subjects: Psychology

Keywords: Kind ; Kognitive Entwicklung ; Kognition ; Kleinstkind ; Konferenzschrift ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books ; Konferenzschrift ; Electronic books.

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Format: 1 Online-Ressource (449 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Karten , 23 cm

Edition: Online_Ausgabe Boulder, Colo NetLibrary 2000 E-Books von NetLibrary Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 22382847

ISBN: 0585283990

Series Statement: Classics of the radical Reformation 8

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 417-419) and indexes

Additional Edition: Reproduktion von Karlstadt, Andreas, 1486-1541 The essential Carlstadt 1995

Language: English

Keywords: Karlstadt, Andreas 1486-1541 ; Anthologie ; Electronic books.

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Author information: Karlstadt, Andreas 1486-1541

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Format: 1 online resource (717 pages)

ISBN: 9783319586892

Series Statement: Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment Ser.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: What Does It Mean to Be a Nonprofit Educational Measurement Organization in the Twenty-First Century? -- 1.1 What Is an Educational Nonprofit? -- 1.2 Where Did ETS Come From? -- 1.3 What Does the Past Imply for the Future? -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- Part I: ETS Contributions to Developing Analytic Tools for Educational Measurement -- Chapter 2: A Review of Developments and Applications in Item Analysis -- 2.1 Item Analysis Indices -- 2.1.1 Item Difficulty Indices -- 2.1.2 Item Discrimination Indices -- 2.2 Item and Test Score Relationships -- 2.2.1 Relating Item Indices to Test Score Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Conditional Average Item Scores -- 2.3 Visual Displays of Item Analysis Results -- 2.4 Roles of Item Analysis in Psychometric Contexts -- 2.4.1 Differential Item Functioning, Item Response Theory, and Conditions of Administration -- 2.4.2 Subgroup Comparisons in Differential Item Functioning -- 2.4.3 Comparisons and Uses of Item Analysis and Item Response Theory -- 2.4.3.1 Similarities of Item Response Theory and Item Analysis -- 2.4.3.2 Comparisons and Contrasts in Assumptions of Invariance -- 2.4.3.3 Uses of Item Analysis Fit Evaluations of Item Response Theory Models -- 2.4.4 Item Context and Order Effects -- 2.4.5 Analyses of Alternate Item Types and Scores -- References -- Chapter 3: Psychometric Contributions: Focus on Test Scores -- 3.1 Test Scores as Measurements -- 3.1.1 Foundational Developments for the Use of Test Scores as Measurements, Pre-ETS -- 3.1.2 Overview of ETS Contributions -- 3.1.3 ETS Contributions About -- 3.1.4 Intervals for True Score Inference -- 3.1.5 Studying Test Score Measurement Properties With Respect to Multiple Test Forms and Measures -- 3.1.5.1 Alternative Classical Test Theory Models. , 3.1.5.2 Reliability Estimation -- 3.1.5.3 Factor Analysis -- 3.1.6 Applications to Psychometric Test Assembly and Interpretation -- 3.2 Test Scores as Predictors in Correlational and Regression Relationships -- 3.2.1 Foundational Developments for the Use of Test Scores as Predictors, Pre-ETS -- 3.2.2 ETS Contributions to the Methodology of Correlations and Regressions and Their Application to the Study of Test Scores as Predictors -- 3.2.2.1 Relationships of Tests in a Population's Subsamples With Partially Missing Data -- 3.2.2.2 Using Test Scores to Adjust Groups for Preexisting Differences -- 3.2.2.3 Detecting Group Differences in Test and Criterion Regressions -- 3.2.2.4 Using Test Correlations and Regressions as Bases for Test Construction -- 3.3 Integrating Developments About Test Scores as Measurements and Test Scores as Predictors -- 3.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 4: Contributions to Score Linking Theory and Practice -- 4.1 Why Score Linking Is Important -- 4.2 Conceptual Frameworks for Score Linking -- 4.2.1 Score Linking Frameworks -- 4.2.2 Equating Frameworks -- 4.3 Data Collection Designs and Data Preparation -- 4.3.1 Data Collection -- 4.3.2 Data Preparation Activities -- 4.3.2.1 Sample Selection -- 4.3.2.2 Weighted Samples -- 4.3.2.3 Smoothing -- 4.3.2.4 Small Samples and Smoothing -- 4.4 Score Equating and Score Linking Procedures -- 4.4.1 Early Equating Procedures -- 4.4.2 True-Score Linking -- 4.4.3 Kernel Equating and Linking With Continuous Exponential Families -- 4.4.4 Preequating -- 4.4.5 Small-Sample Procedures -- 4.5 Evaluating Equatings -- 4.5.1 Sampling Stability of Linking Functions -- 4.5.1.1 The Standard Error of Equating -- 4.5.1.2 The Standard Error of Equating Difference Between Two Linking Functions -- 4.5.2 Measures of the Subpopulation Sensitivity of Score Linking Functions. , 4.5.3 Consistency of Scale Score Meaning -- 4.6 Comparative Studies -- 4.6.1 Different Data Collection Designs and Different Methods -- 4.6.2 The Role of the Anchor -- 4.6.3 Matched-Sample Equating -- 4.6.4 Item Response Theory True-Score Linking -- 4.6.5 Item Response Theory Preequating Research -- 4.6.6 Equating Tests With Constructed-Response Items -- 4.6.7 Subscores -- 4.6.8 Multidimensionality and Equating -- 4.6.9 A Caveat on Comparative Studies -- 4.7 The Ebb and Flow of Equating Research at ETS -- 4.7.1 Prior to 1970 -- 4.7.2 The Year 1970 to the Mid-1980s -- 4.7.3 The Mid-1980s to 2000 -- 4.7.4 The Years 2002-2015 -- 4.8 Books and Chapters -- 4.9 Concluding Comment -- References -- Chapter 5: Item Response Theory -- 5.1 Some Early Work Leading up to IRT (1940s and 1950s) -- 5.2 More Complete Development of IRT (1960s and 1970s) -- 5.3 Broadening the Research and Application of IRT (the 1980s) -- 5.3.1 Further Developments and Evaluation of IRT Models -- 5.3.2 IRT Software Development and Evaluation -- 5.3.3 Explanation, Evaluation, and Application of IRT Models -- 5.4 Advanced Item Response Modeling: The 1990s -- 5.4.1 IRT Software Development and Evaluation -- 5.4.2 Explanation, Evaluation, and Application of IRT Models -- 5.5 IRT Contributions in the Twenty-First Century -- 5.5.1 Advances in the Development of Explanatory and Multidimensional IRT Models -- 5.6 IRT Software Development and Evaluation -- 5.6.1 Explanation, Evaluation, and Application of IRT Models -- 5.6.2 The Signs of (IRT) Things to Come -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Research on Statistics -- 6.1 Linear Models -- 6.1.1 Computation -- 6.1.2 Inference -- 6.1.3 Prediction -- 6.1.4 Latent Regression -- 6.2 Bayesian Methods -- 6.2.1 Bayes for Classical Models -- 6.2.2 Later Bayes -- 6.2.3 Empirical Bayes -- 6.3 Causal Inference -- 6.4 Missing Data. , 6.5 Complex Samples -- 6.6 Data Displays -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Contributions to the Quantitative Assessment of Item, Test, and Score Fairness -- 7.1 Fair Prediction of a Criterion -- 7.2 Differential Item Functioning (DIF) -- 7.2.1 Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Methods -- 7.2.1.1 Early Developments: The Years Before Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Was Defined at ETS -- 7.2.1.2 Mantel-Haenszel (MH): Original Implementation at ETS -- 7.2.1.3 Subsequent Developments With the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) Approach -- 7.2.1.4 Standardization (STAND) -- Standardization's (STAND's) Definition of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) -- Standardization's (STAND's) Primary Differential Item Functioning (DIF) Index -- Extensions to Standardization (STAND) -- 7.2.1.5 Item Response Theory (IRT) -- 7.2.1.6 SIBTEST -- 7.2.2 Matching Variable Issues -- 7.2.3 Study Group Definition -- 7.2.4 Sample Size and Power Issues -- 7.3 Fair Linking of Test Scores -- 7.4 Limitations of Quantitative Fairness Assessment Procedures -- References -- Part II: ETS Contributions to Education Policy and Evaluation -- Chapter 8: Large-Scale Group-Score Assessment -- 8.1 Organization of This Chapter -- 8.2 Overview of Technological Contributions -- 8.2.1 Early Group Assessments -- 8.2.2 NAEP's Conception -- 8.2.3 Educational Opportunities Survey (EOS) -- 8.2.4 NAEP'S Early Assessments -- 8.2.5 Longitudinal Studies -- 8.2.6 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Score Decline -- 8.2.7 Calls for Change -- 8.2.7.1 The Wall Charts -- 8.2.8 NAEP's New Design -- 8.2.9 NAEP's Technical Dissemination -- 8.2.10 National Assessment Governing Board -- 8.2.11 NAEP's International Effects -- 8.2.12 Other ETS Technical Contributions -- 8.3 ETS and Large-Scale Assessment -- 8.3.1 Early Group Assessments -- 8.3.1.1 Project Talent -- 8.3.1.2 First International Mathematics Study (FIMS). , 8.3.2 NAEP's Conception -- 8.3.3 Educational Opportunities Survey -- 8.3.4 NAEP's Early Assessments -- 8.3.5 Longitudinal Studies -- 8.3.6 SAT Score Decline -- 8.3.6.1 Improvisation of Linking Methods -- 8.3.6.2 Partitioning Analysis -- 8.3.7 Call for Change -- 8.3.8 NAEP's New Design -- 8.3.9 NAEP's Technical Dissemination -- 8.3.9.1 Documentation of NAEP Procedures and Results -- 8.3.9.2 NAEP's Secondary-Use Data and Web Tools -- 8.3.10 National Assessment Governing Board -- 8.3.10.1 Comparability of State and National Estimate -- 8.3.10.2 Full Population Estimation -- 8.3.11 Mapping State Standards Onto NAEP -- 8.3.11.1 Testing Model Fit -- 8.3.11.2 Aspirational Performance Standards -- 8.3.12 Other ETS Contributions -- 8.3.12.1 Rater Reliability in NAEP -- 8.3.12.2 Computer-Based Assessment in NAEP -- 8.3.12.3 International Effects -- 8.3.12.4 ETS Contributions to International Assessments -- 8.3.13 NAEP ETS Contributions -- 8.3.13.1 The FORTRAN IV Statistical System (F4STAT) -- 8.3.13.2 Fitting Robust Regressions Using Power Series -- 8.3.13.3 Computational Error in Regression Analysis -- 8.3.13.4 Interpreting Least Squares -- 8.3.14 Impact on Policy-Publications Based on Large-Scale Assessment Findings -- Appendix: NAEP Estimation Procedures -- The Early NAEP Estimation Process -- Scaling -- Conditioning -- Variance Estimation -- Sampling Error -- Measurement Error -- Alternative Psychometric Approaches -- Possible Future Innovations -- Random Effects Model -- Adaptive Numerical Quadrature -- Using Hierarchical Models -- References -- Chapter 9: Large-Scale Assessments of Adult Literacy -- 9.1 Expanding the Construct of Literacy -- 9.2 Developing a Model for Building Construct-Based Assessments -- 9.3 Expanding and Implementing Large-Scale Assessment Methodology. , 9.3.1 Models Allowing the Derivation of Comparable Measures and Comparisons Across Literacy Assessments.

Additional Edition: Print version: Bennett, Randy E. Advancing Human Assessment Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2017 ISBN 9783319586878

Language: English

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Format: 1 online resource (442 pages)

ISBN: 9783319257181

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Innovation for Marginalized Smallholder Farmers and Development: An Overview and Implications for Policy and Resear... -- Introduction -- Defining Small Farms Comprehensively -- Determinants of ``Smallness ́́of Farms -- Patterns and Change of Small Farms -- Size and Productivity -- Persisting Rural Poverty and Untapped Potential -- Innovation Strategies for the Rural Poor -- Overview: Innovative Intensification and Diversification for and with Marginalized Small Farmers -- Conclusions and Implications for Policy and Research -- References -- Part I: Innovation for the Rural Poor: Theory, Trends and Impacts -- Chapter 2: Institutional and Technological Innovations in Polycentric Systems: Pathways for Escaping Marginality -- Innovation in Polycentric Systems -- Marginality in Polycentric Systems -- Pathways Out of Marginality: Institutional and Technological Innovations -- Enabling and Inhibiting Functions of Institutions -- Horizontal and Vertical Value Creating Institutions in Polycentric Order -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Innovations for Food and Nutrition Security: Impacts and Trends -- Introduction -- Current FNS Situation -- The Main Features of Technological and Institutional Innovations for FNS -- The Impacts of Innovations -- The Impact of New Platform Technology -- ICT -- Biofortification -- The Impact of Traditional Technology Through the Home Garden -- Future Trends and Priorities of FNS Innovation: A Stakeholder Survey -- General FNS Awareness -- Agricultural Innovations and FNS -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 4: Psychology of Innovation: Innovating Human Psychology? -- Creative Process, Marginality and the Need to Innovate/Renovate -- Innovation as the `Lava ́from the Fount of Creativity: Few Behavioral Characteristics. , Psychology Behind Innovations -- Modelling Creativity in Innovation Management -- Innovation Diffusion: Identifying Barriers and Processes of Change -- Some Self-introspective Questions: Poverty or Innovations? -- Where Is Novelty and Innovation in the Lives of the Poor and Why Is It Necessary? -- Do Poverty, Deprivation, and Adversity Mar Capacities That Drive Novelty-Seeking Behavior? -- References -- Chapter 5: An Optimization Model for Technology Adoption of Marginalized Smallholders -- Background -- Theoretical Analysis -- The Optimization Problem for Rural Households Under the Poverty Line -- The Optimization Problem for Rural Households Under the Survival Line -- Theoretical Support for Government Intervention -- Budget Injection for Extremely Poor Rural Households -- The Improvement of Technology Adoption -- Improvement in Input Elasticities -- Reduction of Transaction Costs -- Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Diversification of Agricultural Production and Income -- Chapter 6: The BRAC Approach to Small Farmer Innovations -- Introduction -- BRAC Agriculture and Food Security Program: Partnership Is the Key -- BRAC Innovations for Small Farmer Agriculture -- Technology Innovation -- G-1: Market Share of BRAC Seed in Bangladesh -- Technology with Financial Support -- Agriculture Commodities Marketing Support -- Extension Innovation -- BRAC Innovations and the Future Outlook for Agriculture and Food Security Programs -- Bangladesh -- BRAC International -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Agricultural Research and Extension Linkages in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia -- Introduction -- Research: Extension Linkage Models -- History of Research and Extension Organizations and Linkage in Ethiopia -- Current Mechanisms for Research and Extension Linkage -- Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 8: Institutional Innovations for Encouraging Private Sector Investments: Reducing Transaction Costs on the Ethiopian F... -- Introduction -- Seed Production in Ethiopia -- Why Is There Not More Investment in Seed Production? -- Institutions Preventing the Private Sector from Increasing Seed Production -- What Is the Nature of Transaction Costs Arising in the Ethiopian Seed System? -- The Direct Seed Marketing Pilots -- Institutional Innovations to Improve Seed Supply and Access to Improved Seed -- How Can These Changes Be Brought About? -- References -- Chapter 9: Agricultural Service Delivery Through Mobile Phones: Local Innovation and Technological Opportunities in Kenya -- Introduction -- Kenyaś ICT Ecosystem for Local Entrepreneurs -- Opportunities -- Network Infrastructure -- A Supportive Innovation Environment -- Government Policy -- M-Pesa -- A Growing Customer Base -- and Challenges -- M-Services for Kenyan Farmers -- Box 9.1: The Case of M-Farm -- Mobile Technology Outlook -- Diversity of Mobile Connected Devices -- Internet of Things -- Capitalizing on Big Networks -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Identification and Acceleration of Farmer Innovativeness in Upper East Ghana -- Introduction -- Farmer Innovation Contest -- Impact Evaluation of Farmer Field Fora -- Farmer Field Fora -- Empirical Method -- Data -- Descriptive Statistics -- Probability of FFF Participation -- Effect of FFF Participation on Farmer Innovation -- Conclusions -- Appendices -- Appendix 1: List of Applications Received in Innovation Contest Rounds 2012 and 2013, as Well as Additional 20 Innovations Ide... -- Appendix 2: Test of Matching Quality (Kernel Matching) -- References -- Chapter 11: Gender, Social Equity and Innovations in Smallholder Farming Systems: Pitfalls and Pathways -- Introduction. , Gender and the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations -- Concepts -- Analytical Categories for Identifying Opportunities and Trade-Offs in Innovations -- Technological Innovations in Agriculture from a Gender and Social Perspective -- The Case of Conservation Agriculture -- The Case of Small-Scale Biomass Production for Decentralized Bio-energy -- Opportunities and Pathways to Enhance Gender and Social Equity Through Sustainable Intensification -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Assessing the Sustainability of Agricultural Technology Options for Poor Rural Farmers -- Background -- Evaluating Technologies for Innovation assessmentSustainable Agriculture -- Analytical Framework -- Criteria for Sustainable Agriculture -- Application of the Tool -- Results -- Limitations of the Framework -- Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 13: Land Degradation and Sustainable Land Management Innovations in Central Asia -- Introduction -- The Conceptual Framework -- Constraints, Drivers and Impacts of SLM Adoption in Central Asia -- Lessons Learnt from Previous Experiences -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Biomass-Based Value Webs: A Novel Perspective for Emerging Bioeconomies in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Challenges for the Food and Agricultural System in Sub-Saharan African Countries -- Africaś Biomass Potential -- The Emerging Bioeconomy -- The Bioeconomy Will Intensify the Ties Between Biomass Production and Processing -- Change Perspectives Towards an Innovative Approach: Biomass-Based Value Web -- Conclusions and Implications -- References -- Part III: Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture -- Chapter 15: Adoption of Stress-Tolerant Rice Varieties in Bangladesh -- Introduction -- Data -- Sampling -- Survey Questionnaire -- Training and Survey Administration -- Data Entry, Cleaning, and Analysis -- Profile of Survey Farmers. , Household Characteristics -- Inequality in Distribution of Operated Land -- Farm-Size Groups and Size of Operated Land -- Patterns of Land Tenure -- Irrigation -- Share of Rice Crops on Total Rice Land -- Usage of Modern Rice Varieties -- Usage of CSISA-Promoted Rice Varieties by Number of Rice Farmers in the FTF Zone -- Area Covered by CSISA-Promoted Rice Varieties -- Paddy Yields -- Patterns of Seed Use -- The Determinants of Farmers ́Adoption and Duration of Farm Technologies -- Cohort Analysis and Survivor Functions of CSISA Varieties -- Determinants of Time-to-Adoption of CSISA Varieties -- Determinants of Duration of CSISA Varieties Technology -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: More Than Cereal-Based Cropping Innovations for Improving Food and Livelihood Security of Poor Smallholders in Mar... -- Introduction -- Conceptual Framework and Methods for Analysis -- Selection of Study Areas, Sample for Assessment and Survey Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Bio-Physical Conditions for the Poor SHs in the Marginal Sub-Districts in Bangladesh: Unused Potentials -- Box 16.1: Farmers Are Physically Weak and Naturally Vulnerable -- Number and Characteristics of the Poor at Each Poverty Strata -- Poor SHs Livelihood Capitals as Per Stratification -- Poor SHs ́Livelihood Opportunities and Income Pattern Across Poverty Strata -- Segmentation of Poor SHs: Findings from Cluster Analysis -- Technology Innovations for Poor Small Holders and the Barriers: Beyond Crop Technology Innovations -- Conclusions -- Annex 1: Characteristics of Poor SHs with Regard to Crop Technology Innovations in Marginality Hotspots with Agricultural Pote... -- Annex 2: Strata of Specific Livelihood Options for Poor SHs in Marginality Hotspots in Bangladesh -- Annex 3: Technology Innovations for Marginal Areas: Results from the TIGA Perception Study 2013 -- References. , Chapter 17: Integrated Rice-Fish Farming System in Bangladesh: An Ex-ante Value Chain Evaluation Framework.

Additional Edition: Print version: Gatzweiler, Franz W. Technological and Institutional Innovations for Marginalized Smallholders in Agricultural Development Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2016 ISBN 9783319257167

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Format: 1 online resource (620 pages)

ISBN: 9783319282015

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Volatile and Extreme Food Prices, Food Security, and Policy: An Overview -- 1.1 The Relevance of Food Price Volatility -- 1.2 Understanding the Linkages Between Food Security, Price Volatility, and Extreme Events -- 1.2.1 The Concept of Food Security -- 1.2.2 Food Price Volatility -- 1.2.3 Extreme Events -- 1.3 Conceptual Framework of Volatility, Food Security Impacts, and Policy Responses -- 1.4 Contribution and Contents of the Book -- 1.5 Implications for Policymaking -- 1.5.1 Policies to Prevent and Reduce Excessive Price Volatility -- 1.5.1.1 Agricultural Markets: Information, Transparency, and Regulation -- 1.5.1.2 Stocks, Trade, and Regional Cooperation -- 1.5.1.3 Biofuel Policies, Energy Prices, Climate Change, and Technological Change -- 1.5.2 Social Protection and Nutrition Policies -- 1.5.3 New International Institutional Arrangements -- 1.6 Implications for Future Research -- References -- Part II Food Price Volatility at International Food Commodity Markets -- 2 Volatile Volatility: Conceptual and Measurement Issues Related to Price Trends and Volatility -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Price Levels and Price Variability -- 2.3 Different Measures and Concepts -- 2.3.1 Prices in Real or Nominal Terms -- 2.3.2 World Prices: In What Currency? -- 2.3.3 Domestic Prices and World Prices -- 2.3.4 Time Horizons -- 2.3.5 The Selection of Food Indices and Food Prices -- 2.3.6 Trends and Volatility: Different Approaches -- 2.3.7 Trends and cycles -- 2.3.8 Shorter-term Variations -- 2.3.9 Expected and Historical Volatility -- 2.3.10 Scaling the Shocks -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Drivers and Triggers of International Food Price Spikes and Volatility -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conceptual Framework -- 3.3 Estimation Methods -- 3.4 Data -- 3.5 Results and Discussion. , 3.5.1 Determinants of Food Price Spikes -- 3.5.2 Food Price Volatility -- 3.5.3 Food Price Trigger -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 The Effects of Southern Hemisphere Crop Production on Trade, Stocks, and Price Integration -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Model -- 4.3 Numerical Solution Strategy -- 4.4 Model Simulations -- 4.5 Impact of Shifting Production on Trade -- 4.6 Effects of Shifts in Production on Regional Stocks -- 4.7 Effects of Shifts in Production on Soybean Price Integration -- 4.8 Carrying Costs Among Northern and Southern Exporters -- 4.9 Effects of Production Shifts on Price Variability -- 4.10 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Food Price Changes, Price Insulation, and Their Impacts on Global and Domestic Poverty -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Effects of Food Price Changes on Poverty -- 5.2.1 Short-Run Effects -- 5.2.2 Longer-Run Effects -- 5.3 Policy Responses -- 5.4 Recent Developments in Poverty Reduction -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Alternative Mechanisms to Reduce Food Price Volatility and Price Spikes: Policy Responses at the Global Level -- 6.1 Background -- 6.2 Review of Policies Proposed/Implemented to Reduce Price Volatility Before 2007 -- 6.3 Review of Policies Proposed as a Result of the 2007-2008 and 2010 Food Price Crises -- 6.3.1 Information -- 6.3.2 Trade Facilitation -- 6.3.3 Reserves and Stocks -- 6.3.4 Financial Instruments -- 6.3.5 Regulatory Proposals -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Worldwide Acreage and Yield Response to International Price Change and Volatility: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis for Wheat, Rice, Corn, and Soybeans -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Related Literature -- 7.3 Conceptual Framework -- 7.4 Data -- 7.5 Econometric Model -- 7.6 Results -- 7.6.1 Econometric Results -- 7.6.1.1 Robustness Checks -- 7.6.2 Simulation Results -- 7.7 Conclusions -- A.1 Appendix -- References. , 8 Food Crisis and Export Taxation: Revisiting the Adverse Effects of Noncooperative Aspect of Trade Policies -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Why Do Countries Implement Export Restrictions? -- 8.3 To What Extent Does Export Taxation Amplify Food Price Volatility? -- 8.4 Can Export Restrictions Be Disciplined in the WTO Framework? -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks: Looking for a Solution -- References -- Part III Commodity and Financial Market Linkages -- 9 Directional Volatility Spillovers Between Agricultural, Crude Oil, Real Estate, and Other Financial Markets -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Previous Empirical Results on Market Linkages -- 9.2.1 Agricultural-Energy Market Linkages -- 9.2.2 (Agricultural) Commodity-Financial Market Linkages -- 9.3 Description of the Methodology and Data -- 9.3.1 Data -- 9.3.2 Generalized Forecast Error Variance Decompositions -- 9.3.3 Volatility Spillover Indices -- 9.4 Empirical Results -- 9.4.1 Rolling VAR Estimation and Spillover Index Calculation -- 9.4.2 Discussion of Results -- 9.4.2.1 Agricultural: Energy Linkages -- 9.4.2.2 Commodity: Financial Linkages -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 A Roller Coaster Ride: An Empirical Investigation of the Main Drivers of Wheat Price -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Literature Review -- 10.3 Variables and Data -- 10.4 Empirical Evidence -- 10.4.1 Preliminary Unit Root Test -- 10.4.2 Johansen and Juselius Analysis -- 10.4.3 Empirical Results -- 10.4.4 Discussion of Results and implications -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Annex -- References -- 11 Relative Prices of Food and the Volatility of Agricultural Commodities: Evidence for a Panel of Developing Economies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.2.1 Relative Food Prices at Country Level -- 11.2.2 Conditional Global Volatility and Its Relation to Country Level Relative Food Prices -- 11.2.3 Beta Regression. , 11.3 Data, Empirical Model, and Estimation -- 11.3.1 Data -- 11.3.2 Empirical Model and Estimation -- 11.3.3 Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Appendix -- Tables -- Data Sources -- References -- 12 How Strong Do Global Commodity Prices Influence Domestic Food Prices in Developing Countries? A Global Price Transmission and Vulnerability Mapping Analysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Existing Work on Price Transmission -- 12.3 Theoretical Framework -- 12.4 Empirical Model -- 12.5 Data -- 12.6 Results -- 12.6.1 Transmission from the FAO Food Price Index -- 12.6.2 Vulnerability Mapping: How Many Poor People Are Affected by Global Price Changes? -- 12.6.3 Pass-Through and Equilibrium Effects -- 12.6.4 Robustness Checks -- 12.6.4.1 Significance Levels -- 12.6.4.2 CPI-Deflated Food Prices -- 12.6.4.3 OLS Versus Newey-West -- 12.7 Conclusions -- Appendix -- International Reference Prices and Price Indices -- Robustness Checks for Transmission to Grain Price Index -- Price Transmission from Individual Grain Prices -- References -- 13 Transmission of Food Price Volatility from International to Domestic Markets: Evidence from Africa, Latin America, and South Asia -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Previous Research on Transmission of Prices and Volatility -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Data -- 13.5 Results -- 13.6 Discussion -- 13.7 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Part IV National and Regional Responses to Food Price Volatility -- 14 India's Food Security Policies in the Wake of Global Food Price Volatility -- Abbreviations -- 14.1 Backdrop -- 14.2 Global Rice and Wheat Markets and India -- 14.3 Rice and Wheat Policy: Trade and Domestic -- 14.3.1 Grain Policy: Trade -- 14.3.2 The 2007-2008 Global Price Hikes and India's Response -- 14.3.3 Impact of Global Prices on Domestic Prices -- 14.3.4 Indian Rice and Wheat Competitiveness -- 14.3.5 Grain Policy: Domestic. , 14.3.6 National Food Security Mission 2007-2008 -- 14.3.7 National Food Security Act, 2013 -- 14.3.8 Second Green Revolution -- 14.4 Lessons Learned and the Way Forward -- Appendix -- References -- Data Sources -- 15 The Costs and Benefits of Regional Cooperation on Grain Reserves: The Case of ECOWAS -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Food Reserves, Trade, and Benefits of Regional Cooperation -- 15.3 Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Cooperation -- 15.4 Optimal Stocks and Stocking Rule -- 15.4.1 Emergency Reserve -- 15.4.2 Stabilization Reserve -- 15.5 Results -- 15.5.1 Supply Patterns in West Africa -- 15.5.2 Emergency Reserve -- 15.5.2.1 Emergency Reserve Without Intra-regional Trade -- 15.5.3 Emergency Reserve with Intra-Regional Trade -- 15.5.4 Stabilization Reserve -- 15.6 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 16 Regional Trade and Volatility in Staple Food Markets in Africa -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Regional Potential for the Stabilization of Domestic Food Markets Through Trade -- 16.3 The Scope for Specialization and Regional Trade Expansion in Agriculture -- 16.4 The Outlook for Regional Cross-Border Trade and Market Volatility Under Alternative Scenarios -- 16.4.1 The Regional Trade Simulation Model -- 16.4.2 Intra-trade Simulation Results -- 16.4.3 Regional Market Volatility Under Alternative Policy Scenarios -- 16.5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 17 ASEAN Food Reserve and Trade: Review and Prospect -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 ASEAN Food Market Structure -- 17.3 National Food Reserves in Southeast Asia -- 17.3.1 Benefits and Costs of National Reserves -- 17.4 Regional Food Reserve Cooperation -- 17.4.1 The Benefits and Costs of Regional Reserves -- 17.5 WTO Rules on Public Reserve -- 17.6 Conclusion and Policy Implication -- Appendix -- References. , 18 When Do Prices Matter Most? Rice, Wheat, and Corn Supply Response in China.

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Content: This volume presents new insights on marginality, i.e. the situation of people living on the edge of socio-economic and ecological systems. The marginality concept leads to different development policies. While the prevalence of poverty declined by about 50 percent in the past two decades, any further reduction of poverty will be more difficult, because of high diversity of extremely poor people, and complex interrelations between poverty, exclusion and ecology. The marginality concept provides guidance to address this issue. Marginality entails addressing the structural forces of poverty, such as exclusion, discrimination and ecological degradations which lead to vulnerability of the poor. In this volume economists, ecology experts, geographers, agronomists, sociologist, and business experts come together to address marginality. The inter-disciplinary research offers conceptual innovations and presents the dimensions of marginality in developing countries. Economic, political, and environmental drivers are assessed and mapped globally and in detail for countries in Africa and Asia, especially Ethiopia, India, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia. Economic growth especially in rural areas remains and farming communities is central to poverty reduction but needs to be complemented with specific actions to reach those at the margins. The social policy actions and measures to end exclusions are highlighted, and the roles of the state, local government, business and community in them are pointed out for overcoming marginality.

Note: 1 Marginality—An Overview and Implications for Policy -- Part 1 Concepts and Theory -- 2 Marginality—A Framework for Analyzing Causal Complexities of Poverty -- 3 Exclusion and Initiatives to “Include”: Revisiting Basic Economics to Guide Development Practice -- 4 Marginality from a Socio-ecological Perspective -- Part 2 Dimensions and Prevalence of Marginality -- 5 Mapping Marginality Hotspots -- 6 The Poorest: Who and Where They Are -- 7 Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable: Examples from Bangladesh -- 8 Correlates of Extreme Poverty in Rural Ethiopia -- 9 Examining the Circle of Attachment, Trauma, Shame, and Marginalization: the Unheard Voices of Young Kutchi Girls -- Part 3 Environmental Drivers of Marginality -- 10 Poverty, Agriculture and the Environment: the Case of Sub-Saharan Africa -- 11 The Marginal Poor and their Dependence on Ecosystem Services: Evidence from South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa -- 12 Land Degradation, Poverty, and Marginality -- Part 4     Experiencing Marginality in Africa and Asia -- 13 Tackling Social Exclusion and Marginality for Poverty Reduction: Indian Experiences -- 14 Consumption Behavior of the Poorest and Policy Implications in Indonesia -- 15 Addressing Extreme Poverty and Marginality: Experiences in Rural China -- 16 Experiences in Targeting the Poorest: a Case Study from Bangladesh -- 17 Rural Poverty and Marginalization in Ethiopia: a Review of Development Interventions -- Part 5 Responses to Marginality at Different Levels: State, Business, and Community -- 18 Macro, Fiscal, and Decentralization Options to Address Marginality and Reach the Extremely Poor -- 19 Social Protection, Marginality, and Extreme Poverty: Just Give Money to the Poor -- 20 Innovative Business Approaches for the Reduction of Extreme Poverty and Marginality -- 21 Business Initiatives that Overcome Rural Poverty and Marginality Through Creating Shared Value -- 22 The Marginalized and Poorest in Different Communities and Settings of Ethiopia.

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Series Statement: The international library of critical writings on business and management ; 11

Content: International Management of Research and Development brings together the most influential contributions to managing, organising and coordinating R&D and innovation on a global scale. In addition to papers on the fundamental principles, trends and drivers of international R&D, it covers strategies and operations of global R&D. It also provides an introduction to modern concepts such as knowledge networks, open innovation and virtual innovation. It is a key reference collection for professors and researchers wishing to understand the practical implications of industrial R&D and a valuable resource for chief technology and innovation officers keen to develop their corporate R&D more systematically.

Note: The recommended readings are available in the print version, or may be available via the link to your library's holdings. , Recommended readings (Machine generated): Vern Terpstra (1977), 'International Product Policy: The Role of Foreign R&D', Columbia Journal of World Business, 12, Winter, 24-32, reset -- Robert C. Ronstadt (1978), 'International R&D: The Establishment and Evolution of Research and Development Abroad by Seven U.S. Multinationals', Journal of International Business Studies, 9 (1), 7-24 -- John Cantwell (1995), 'The Globalisation of Technology: What Remains of the Product Cycle Model?', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 155-74 -- Daniele Archibugi and Jonathan Michie (1995), 'The Globalisation of Technology: A New Taxonomy', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 121-40 -- Pari Patel (1996), 'Are Large Firms Internationalizing the Generation of Technology? Some New Evidence', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 43 (1), February, 41-7 -- John W. Medcof (1997), 'A Taxonomy of Internationally Dispersed Technology Units and its Application to Management Issues', R&D Management, 27 (4), 301-18v -- Arnoud De Meyer and Atsuo Mizushima (1989), 'Global R&D Management', R&D Management, 19 (2), 135-46 -- Albert C. Perrino and James W. Tipping (1989), 'Global Management of Technology', Research-Technology Management, 32 (3), May-June, 12-19 -- Jeremy Howells (1990), 'The Location and Organisation of Research and Development: New Horizons', Research Policy, 19, 133-46 -- M. Casson and S. Singh (1993), 'Corporate Research and Development Strategies: The Influence of Firm, Industry and Country Factors on the Decentralization of R&D', R&D Management, 23 (2), 91-107 -- Walter Kuemmerle (1999), 'The Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment into Research and Development: An Empirical Investigation', Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (1), First Quarter, 1-24 -- Tony S. Frost (2001), 'The Geographic Sources of Foreign Subsidiaries' Innovations', Strategic Management Journal, 22, 101-23 -- William A. Fischer and Jack N. Behrman (1979), 'The Coordination of Foreign R&D Activities by Transnational Corporations', Journal of International Business Studies, 10 (3), Winter, 28-35 -- Guido Reger (1997), 'Benchmarking the Internationalisation and Co-ordination of R&D of Western European and Japanese MultiNational Corporations', International Journal of Innovation Management, 1 (3), 299-331 -- Walter Kuemmerle (1997), 'Building Effective R&D Capabilities Abroad', Harvard Business Review, 3-4, March-April, 61-70 -- Oliver Gassmann and Maximilian von Zedtwitz (1999), 'New Concepts and Trends in International R&D Organization', Research Policy, 28, 231-50 -- Kazuhiro Asakawa (2001), 'Organizational Tension in International R&D Management: The Case of Japanese Firms', Research Policy, 30, 735-57 -- Maximilian von Zedtwitz and Oliver Gassmann (2002), 'Market versus Technology Drive in R&D Internationalization: Four Different Patterns of Managing Research and Development', Research Policy, 31, 569-88 -- René Belderbos (2003), 'Entry Mode, Organizational Learning, and R&D in Foreign Affiliates: Evidence from Japanese Firms', Strategic Management Journal, 24 (3), March, 235-59 , Arnoud De Meyer (1991), 'Tech Talk: How Managers are Stimulating Global R&D Communication', Sloan Management Review, 32 (3), Spring, 49-58 -- Gunnar Hedlund and Jonas Ridderstråle (1995), 'International Development Projects: Key to Competitiveness, Impossible or Mismanaged?', International Studies of Management and Organization, 25 (1-2), Spring-Summer, 158-84 -- Roman Boutellier, Oliver Gassmann, Holger Macho and Manfred Roux (1998), 'Management of Dispersed Product Development Teams: The Role of Information Technologies', R&D Management, 28 (1), January, 13-25 -- Vittorio Chiesa (2000), 'Global R&D Project Management and Organization: A Taxonomy', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 17, 341-59 -- Edward F. McDonough III, Kenneth B. Kahn and Gloria Barczak (2001), 'An Investigation of the Use of Global, Virtual, and Colocated New Product Development Teams', Journal of Product Innovation Management, 18, 110-20 -- Oliver Gassmann and Maximilian von Zedtwitz (2003), 'Trends and Determinants of Managing Virtual R&D Teams', R&D Management, 33 (3), June, 243-62 -- Ralph Katz and Thomas J. Allen (1982), 'Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) Syndrome: A Look at the Performance, Tenure, and Communication Patterns of 50 R&D Project Groups', R&D Management, 12 (1), 7-19 -- A. De Meyer (1993), 'Management of an International Network of Industrial R&D Laboratories', R&D Management, 23 (2), 109-20 -- Jeremy R. Howells (1995), 'Going Global: The Use of ICT Networks in Research and Development', Research Policy, 24, 169-84 -- Sumantra Ghoshal and Christopher A. Bartlett (1988), 'Creation, Adoption, and Diffusion of Innovations by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations', Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (3), Fall, 365-88 -- Robert Nobel and Julian Birkinshaw (1998), 'Innovation in Multinational Corporations: Control and Communication Patterns in International R&D Operations', Strategic Management Journal, 19 (5), May, 479-96 -- Julian Birkinshaw, Robert Nobel and Jonas Ridderstråle (2002), 'Knowledge as a Contingency Variable: Do the Characteristics of Knowledge Predict Organization Structure?', Organization Science, 13 (3), May-June, 274-89 -- D. Eleanor Westney (2001), 'Multinational Enterprises and Cross-border Knowledge Creation', in Ikujiro Nonaka (ed) and Toshihiro Nishiguchi (ed) (eds), Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical, and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, Chapter 9, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 147-75

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Series Statement: Publications of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society - New Series , 5

Content: The aim of this volume is to investigate the topic of Substance and Attribute. The way leading to this aim is a dialogue between Islamic and Western Philosophy. Our project is motivated by the observation that the historical roots of Islamic and of Western Philosophy are very similar. Thus some of the articles in this volume are dedicated to the history of philosophy, in Islamic thinking as well as in Western traditions. But the dialogue between Islamic and Western Philosophy is not only an historical issue, it also has systematic relevance for actual philosophical questions. The topic Substance and Attribute particularly has an important history in both traditions; and it has systematic relevance for the actual ontological debate. The volume includes contributions (among others) by Hans Burkhardt, Hans Kraml, Muhammad Legenhausen, Michal Loux, Pedro Schmechtig, Muhammad Shomali, Erwin Tegtmeier, and Daniel von Wachter.

Note: Frontmatter -- , Table of Contents -- , Preface of the Editors -- , Substances, Attributes, and Modes - Substantial Structures in Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz -- , Mulla Sadra's Theory of Substantial Motion -- , A Report on Graduate Work in Qom on the Problems of Essence/Attribute and Substance/Accident -- , Aristotle and Farabi on the Definition and Priority of Substance -- , A Formal Analysis of Selected Proofs by Aquinas for the Uniqueness of God -- , Reshaping the Concept of Substance: The Renegade Ockham -- , Ibn Sina's Arguments Against God's Being a Substance -- , Substance, Nature, and Immanence - Form in Aristotle´s Constituent Ontology -- , From Aristotle's Ousia to Ibn Sina's Jawhar -- , Substance, Causality, and Freedom - An Ontological Revision of the Theory of Agent Causation -- , Substantial Motion and Perpetual Creation -- , Psychic Substance: A Meeting Point between Metaphysics & Spirituality -- , Ibn Sina on Substances and Accidents -- , God as Substance without Substance Ontology -- , The Editors -- , List of Authors -- , Backmatter , Issued also in print. , Mode of access: Internet via World Wide Web. , In English.

In: DGBA Philosophy 2000 - 2014, De Gruyter, 9783110636949

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Format: 1 online resource (312 pages)

ISBN: 9783030484859

Series Statement: Springer Water Ser.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Symbols -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 State of the Literature and the Specifics of Our Approach -- 1.3 A Novel Technical-Economic Approach -- 1.4 Structure of This Book -- 1.5 Important Topics Not Covered -- 2 Water Availability: A Hydrological View -- 2.1 Global Water Resources and Water Cycle -- 2.2 The Regional Water Cycle -- 2.3 A Simplified Hydro-Economic Model -- 2.4 Exercises -- 2.5 Further Reading -- 3 Integrated Water Resource Management: Principles and Applications -- 3.1 What Is Integrated Water Resource Management? -- 3.1.1 Approaches to IWRM -- 3.1.2 The IWRM Paradigm -- 3.1.3 A General Framework for IWRM -- 3.2 The Economic Dimension of Water -- 3.2.1 Types of Environmental Goods -- 3.2.2 Economic Dimensions of Water -- 3.3 Social Welfare, Scarcity, and the Value of Water -- 3.3.1 Fairness Criteria -- 3.3.2 Social Welfare Function -- 3.3.3 Allocation with and without Water Scarcity -- 3.4 Eco-Hydrology and the Management of Water as a Public Good -- 3.5 Water Allocation and the Human Right to Water -- 3.5.1 Millennium Goal 7 and Sustainable Development Goal 6: Water -- 3.5.2 Water Management for the Very Poor -- 3.5.3 A Water Market with Extremely Poor Households -- 3.6 Water Recycling -- 3.6.1 Nomenclature of Water Recycling -- 3.6.2 Optimal Recycling -- 3.6.3 Markets for Recycled Water -- 3.7 Water Allocation Along Rivers -- 3.7.1 Basic Model -- 3.7.2 Two Cases of Upstream Behavior with Scarcity -- 3.7.3 Two Cases Without Scarcity in One Region -- 3.8 Groundwater Management -- 3.8.1 A Simple Groundwater Model -- 3.8.2 Dynamic Stock Balance for Groundwater -- 3.8.3 Hydrological and Ecologic Effects -- 3.9 Water Transfer Between Watersheds -- 3.9.1 Inter-basin Water Transfer Schemes -- 3.9.2 Transfer from Water-Rich to Water-Scarce Regions. , 3.9.3 Transfer Between Two Water-Scarce Regions -- 3.10 Water Quality Management -- 3.10.1 Water Pollution: An Unresolved Issue -- 3.10.2 Water Quality Management -- 3.10.3 Optimal Water Quality -- 3.11 Exercises -- 3.12 Further Reading -- 3.13 Chapter Annex: Integrated Water Resource Management -- 3.13.1 The Dublin Principles -- 3.13.2 Integration in IWRM -- 3.13.3 Implementation of IWRM -- 4 Water Tariffs -- 4.1 Historical Review of the Water Pricing Debate -- 4.2 Criteria for Water Tariffs -- 4.2.1 Revenue Sufficiency -- 4.2.2 Economic Efficiency -- 4.2.3 Environmental Sustainability -- 4.2.4 Social Concerns -- 4.3 Water Tariff Design -- 4.3.1 Tariff Structures -- 4.3.2 Price Discrimination -- 4.3.3 Two-Part Tariff Versus One-Part Tariff -- 4.3.4 Universal Service Provider -- 4.3.5 Optional Tariffs -- 4.3.6 Seasonal Pricing -- 4.4 Increasing Block Tariffs -- 4.4.1 The Concept -- 4.4.2 Potential Adverse Effects on the Poor -- 4.4.3 Further Considerations -- 4.5 Pricing in Unconnected Water Markets -- 4.5.1 Stylized Facts -- 4.5.2 Model -- 4.6 Water Scarcity: Prices Versus Rationing -- 4.6.1 Options to Deal with Scarcity -- 4.6.2 Rationing -- 4.6.3 Comparison -- 4.6.4 Discussion -- 4.7 Exercises -- 4.8 Further Reading -- 4.9 Chapter-Annex: Overview of Water Tariff Structures -- 5 Water Markets -- 5.1 Institutional, Hydrological and Infrastructural Preconditions -- 5.1.1 Design of Water Markets -- 5.1.2 Transaction Costs and Institutional Factors -- 5.2 A Water Market Model -- 5.2.1 Water Markets and Return Flows -- 5.2.2 Water Markets and Instream Constraints -- 5.3 Water Entitlements and Water Allocations -- 5.4 Exercises -- 5.5 Further Reading -- 6 Transboundary Water Resource Management -- 6.1 Water Rivalry, Agreements, and International Water Rights -- 6.2 Benefit Sharing Between Two Riparians -- 6.2.1 Principles of Benefit Sharing. , 6.2.2 UID, DID and the Shapley Solution -- 6.3 Benefit Sharing Between More Than Two Riparians -- 6.3.1 Model of a River Basin -- 6.3.2 Benefit Sharing in the Grand Coalition: Four Approaches -- 6.3.3 Concluding Remarks on the Benefit Sharing Problem -- 6.4 Bankruptcy Rules for Water Allocation -- 6.4.1 Principles of Bankruptcy Rules -- 6.4.2 Hydrologically Unconstrained Allocation Rules -- 6.4.3 Sequential Allocation Rules -- 6.5 Flexible Water Sharing -- 6.6 An Institutional Perspective on Transboundary Water Agreements -- 6.6.1 An Institutional Approach -- 6.6.2 Principles for Effective Institutional Development -- 6.6.3 Idealtypes of Governance -- 6.6.4 Application to Transboundary Agreements -- 6.7 Exercises -- 6.8 Further Reading -- 6.9 Chapter-Annex: Step-by-Step Solution of Optimization Problems of Sect.6.3 -- Appendix: Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions.

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