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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (38)
  • 1
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    Online Resource
    Effects of the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, guanfacine, on growth rate, glucose, corticosterone, insulin and energy partitioning in rats
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2002
    In:  Animal Science Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 2002-06), p. 455-459
    Details
    In: Animal Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 74, No. 3 ( 2002-06), p. 455-459
    Abstract: In experiment 1, female Wistar rats (no. = 24) with free access to food were treated daily for 8 days with subcutaneous injections of saline or 0·5 mg/kg of the α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, guanfacine hydrochloride. In experiment 2, female Wistar rats (no. = 24), restricted to 12 g food per day were treated daily for 45 days with subcutaneous injections of 1 μl/g body weight saline containing 0, 0.001, 0.025 or 0·5 mg/kg guanfacine hydrochloride. In experiment 1, the control and treated groups consumed similar amounts of food but the guanfacine-treated animals gained less body weight (P 0.05) and less muscle mass (P 0.01). The treated animals had pronounced glucosuria (P 〈 0.05) during the whole treatment period. At slaughter, the treated group had higher blood glucose (P 〈 0.001) and serum corticosterone (P 〈 005) but insulin concentrations were not different. In experiment 2, only the 0.5 mg/kg dose of guanfacine had significant effects. Resting oxygen consumption on day 29 of treatment was proportionately 0.10 lower in this group compared with controls (P 〈 0.05). There was no effect of treatment on growth rate. After 46 days, the 0·5 mg/kg treatment group had proportionately 0·35 more body fat (P 〈 0.01), higher body fat content (P 〈 0.01), higher total body energy (P 〈 0.05) and higher total body energy content (P 〈 0.05). Experiment 1 linked reduced growth rate with increased corticosterone concentrations and experiment 2 suggested the mechanism may be a repartitioning of energy storage to lipid. However, it was not determined whether these consequences were a direct effect of guanfacine or a secondary effect due to corticosterone. In spite of reductions in energy expenditure, guanfacine retards growth in rats and mice, but not in cattle where growth is enhanced. Thus rodents may have a limited usefulness as models for studies of α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists in cattle.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1357-7298 , 1748-748X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1357729800052607
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2002
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  • 2
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    Carer-held records for dementia: a controlled trial
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  International Psychogeriatrics Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2006-06), p. 259-268
    Details
    In: International Psychogeriatrics, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2006-06), p. 259-268
    Abstract: Background: A carer-held record (CHR) was developed to enable carers to contribute to care plans for their relatives with dementia, alongside other professionals. The aim of this study was to establish whether CHRs provide any measurable benefits for carers, in the areas of health, stress, knowledge of dementia and locus of control. Methods: This was a controlled parallel-group trial involving 84 carer/patient pairs, drawn from all new referrals to two community mental health teams (CMHTs). Subjects from one CMHT were given CHRs. The control group from the other CMHT were not offered the initiative. Carers in both groups completed instruments measuring knowledge of dementia, carer stress and strain, carer health, and locus of control (internal, external, chance, shared care) at three time points: baseline, 6 months and 1 year. Results: Findings are reported for outcome at 6 months and 1 year on 51 carer/patient pairs. Having a CHR was associated with significantly reduced scores on the Carer Strain Index at 1 year (mean between-group difference: −1.34, 95% CI −2.67 to −0.02). Regarding locus of control, external control scores were significantly lower in the intervention group, by 2.5 points at 6 months (95% CI −4.82 to −0.18) and 3.43 points at 1 year (95% CI −5.57 to −1.29) ( p = 0.01). There was a significant group by time interaction in chance control, with the difference in chance control between groups widening between 6 and 12 months. In the shared care dimension of locus of control, there was no difference at 6 months, but a significant group by time interaction, with the intervention group maintaining a higher level of internal control between 6 and 12 months, while the control group reduced. No significant differences were identified in the domains of carer health or knowledge of dementia. Conclusions: Although not a randomized controlled trial, and limited by smaller sample size than planned, this study indicates that use of CHRs provides some benefits for carers in the domains of carer strain and locus of control.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1041-6102 , 1741-203X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1041610205002565
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2147136-8
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Inter-individual variation in DNA damage and base excision repair in young, healthy non-smokers: effects of dietary supplementation and genotype
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2010
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 103, No. 11 ( 2010-06-14), p. 1585-1593
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 103, No. 11 ( 2010-06-14), p. 1585-1593
    Abstract: Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of cancer which may be conferred in part by the antioxidant properties of these foods. However, antioxidant supplementation or increased consumption of antioxidant-rich foods has been reported to have inconsistent effects on DNA damage. The present work (the DART study) investigated the extent of inter-individual variation in DNA damage, the capacity for base excision repair (BER) and the responses of both variables to supplementation with an antioxidant supplement for 6 weeks. There was a wide inter-individual variation in endogenous lymphocyte DNA strand breaks (8-fold variation), in damage after a challenge with H 2 O 2 (16-fold variation) and in DNA repair (41-fold variation) measured using the comet assay. When stratified into tertiles according to the pre-supplementation level of endogenous DNA damage, there was a statistically significant decrease in DNA damage after supplementation in the tertile with the highest pre-supplementation level of damage. There was no effect of supplementation on BER. Endogenous DNA damage level before supplementation was significantly different ( P  = 0·037) between the three genotypes for the Val16Ala single nucleotide polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase (rs4880) with individuals homozygous/wild type showing less damage than those carrying the alanine variant.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114509993540
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016047-1
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21
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  • 4
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    Haldane's reform of the regular army: scope for revision
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1980
    In:  British Journal of International Studies Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 1980-04), p. 69-81
    Details
    In: British Journal of International Studies, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 1980-04), p. 69-81
    Abstract: The reputation of Haldane as an army reformer has rested largely on his own writings. In his published memoirs, Before the War (London, 1920) and An Autobiography (London, 1929), Haldane, the former Secretary of State for War, argues that the perception of a new strategic purpose had underpinned his reform of the regular army. Meeting Sir Edward Grey a month after assuming office, in January 1906, he was informed that a Franco-German conflict was possible, and that Britain might be requested to assist France. A preliminary investigation by the Army Council was to reveal that it would take two months to mobilize and transport 80,000 men to France. Appalled by this calculation, Haldane claims that he resolved to provide a more prompt and sizeable contribution to the defence of France and the Channel ports. The new strategy depended upon a revision of mobilization planning; it also required the replacement of peacetime formations by an Expeditionary Force, whose size and organization reflected the military requirements of a Continental commitment. That January meeting had been fundamental. Haldane affirms: I became aware at once that there was a new army problem. It was, how to mobilize and concentrate at a place of assembly to be opposite the Belgian frontier, a force calculated as adequate … to make up for the inadequacy of the French armies….
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-8026 , 2053-597X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500114913
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1980
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2482145-7
    SSG: 8
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  • 5
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    Protoparmelia Hypotremella , a New Sterile Corticolous Species from Europe, and its Lichenicolous Fungi
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  The Lichenologist Vol. 29, No. 5 ( 1997-09), p. 415-424
    Details
    In: The Lichenologist, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 29, No. 5 ( 1997-09), p. 415-424
    Abstract: Protoparmelia hypotremella van Herk, Spier & Wirth, a sterile corticolous lichen, is described as a species new to science, so far known from Austria, SW Germany and the Netherlands. It is rapidly spreading in Germany and the Netherlands. It is apparently close to P. oleagina , and is often found growing together with that species on oak trees along roads in the Netherlands. Both species are host to the lichenicolous fungi Sphinctrina anglica and Tremella wirthii.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0024-2829 , 1096-1135
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1006/lich.1997.0096
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471008-0
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: the National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2012
    In:  Psychological Medicine Vol. 42, No. 10 ( 2012-10), p. 2047-2055
    Details
    In: Psychological Medicine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 42, No. 10 ( 2012-10), p. 2047-2055
    Abstract: The National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (NPMS) programme was partly designed to monitor trends in mental disorders, including depression, with comparable data spanning 1993 to 2007. Findings already published from this programme suggest that concerns about increasing prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) may be unfounded. This article focuses on depression and tests the hypothesis that successive birth cohorts experience the same prevalence of depression as they age. Method We carried out a pseudo-cohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population using identical diagnostic instruments. The main outcome was ICD-10 depressive episode or disorder. Secondary outcomes were the depression subscales of the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS-R). Results There were 8670, 6977 and 6815 participants in 1993, 2000 and 2007 respectively. In men, the prevalence of depression increased between cohorts born in 1943–1949 and 1950–1956 [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.2], then remained relatively stable across subsequent cohorts. In women, there was limited evidence of change in prevalence of depression. Women born in 1957–1963, surveyed aged 44–50 years in 2007, had exceptionally high prevalence. It is not clear whether this represents a trend or a quirk of sampling. Conclusions There is no evidence of an increase in the prevalence of depression in male cohorts born since 1950. In women, there is limited evidence of increased prevalence. Demand for mental health services may stabilize or even fall for men.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0033-2917 , 1469-8978
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S003329171200013X
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470300-2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 7
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    Pathways towards break even for low convergence ratio direct-drive inertial confinement fusion
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Plasma Physics Vol. 88, No. 3 ( 2022-06)
    Details
    In: Journal of Plasma Physics, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 88, No. 3 ( 2022-06)
    Abstract: Following indirect-drive experiments which demonstrated promising performance for low convergence ratios (below 17), previous direct-drive simulations identified a fusion-relevant regime which is expected to be robust to hydrodynamic instability growth. This paper expands these results with simulated implosions at lower energies of 100 and 270 kJ, and ‘hydrodynamic equivalent’ capsules which demonstrate comparable convergence ratio, implosion velocity and in-flight aspect ratio without the need for cryogenic cooling, which would allow the assumptions of one-dimensional-like performance to be tested on current facilities. A range of techniques to improve performance within this regime are then investigated, including the use of two-colour and deep ultraviolet laser pulses. Finally, further simulations demonstrate that the deposition of electron energy into the hotspot of a low convergence ratio implosion through auxiliary heating also leads to significant increases in yield. Results include break even for 1.1 MJ of total energy input (including an estimated 370 kJ of short-pulse laser energy to produce electron beams for the auxiliary heating), but are found to be highly dependent upon the efficiency with which electron beams can be created and transported to the hotspot to drive the heating mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-3778 , 1469-7807
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0022377822000265
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004297-8
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  • 8
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    Spore ornamentation of Minchinia occulta n. sp. (Haplosporidia) in rock oysters Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778)
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2008
    In:  Parasitology Vol. 135, No. 11 ( 2008-09), p. 1271-1280
    Details
    In: Parasitology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 135, No. 11 ( 2008-09), p. 1271-1280
    Abstract: A Minchinia sp. (Haplosporidia: Haplosporidiidae) parasite was identified infecting rock oysters and morphologically described by Hine and Thorne (2002) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The parasite was associated with up to 80% mortality in the host species and it is suspected that the parasite would be a major impediment to the development of a tropical rock oyster aquaculture industry in northern Western Australia. However, attempts to identify the parasite following the development of a specific probe for Haplosporidium nelsoni were unsuccessful. The SSU region of the parasite's rRNA gene was later characterized in our laboratory and an in situ hybridization assay for the parasite was developed. This study names the parasite as Minchinia occulta n sp. and morphologically describes the parasite using histology, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The non-spore stages were unusual in that they consisted primarily of uninucleate stages reminiscent of Bonamia spp. The parasite's spores were ovoid to circular shaped and measured 4·5 μm–5·0 μm×3·5–4·1 μm in size. The nucleus of the sporoplasm measured 1·5–2·3 μm and was centrally located. The spores were covered in a branching network of microtubule-like structures that may degrade as the spore matures.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-1820 , 1469-8161
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0031182008004897
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1491287-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Spore ornamentation of Haplosporidium hinei n. sp. (Haplosporidia) in pearl oysters Pinctada maxima (Jameson, 1901)
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2008
    In:  Parasitology Vol. 135, No. 4 ( 2008-04), p. 521-527
    Details
    In: Parasitology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 135, No. 4 ( 2008-04), p. 521-527
    Abstract: An infection of pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima , attributed to a Haplosporidium sp. by Hine and Thorne (1998) has been detected on 3 occasions and is considered to represent a serious concern to the pearling industry in Australia. The spore ornamentation of the parasite was determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Spores of the parasite were pleomorphic, or elongated 3·5–4 μm×2·5–3·0 μm in size. Two filaments were wound around the spore and originated from 2 ‘knob-like’ posterior thickenings. Both filaments passed up one side of the spore together until just below the operculum whereupon each split and passed obliquely under the lip of the opercula lid. Each filament wrapped around the spore 4 times. The posterior thickenings seem to appear late in the development of the spore and were composed of spore wall material. A second set of branching tubular filaments composed of a different material was observed on the spore body although not on mature spores possessing a ‘knob-like’ posterior thickening. The ornamentation on the spores of the pearl oyster parasite was unique amongst described haplosporidian species where spore ornamentation is known. The parasite is named in this manuscript as Haplosporidium hinei n. sp.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-1820 , 1469-8161
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0031182008004149
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1491287-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    What determines a boundary for navigating a complex street network: evidence from London taxi drivers
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Navigation Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 15-34
    Details
    In: Journal of Navigation, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 75, No. 1 ( 2022-01), p. 15-34
    Abstract: Spatial boundaries play an important role in defining spaces, structuring memory and supporting planning during navigation. Recent models of hierarchical route planning use boundaries to plan efficiently first across regions and then within regions. However, it remains unclear which structures (e.g. parks, rivers, major streets, etc.) will form salient boundaries in real-world cities. This study tested licensed London taxi drivers, who are unique in their ability to navigate London flexibly without physical navigation aids. They were asked to indicate streets they considered as boundaries for London districts or dividing areas. It was found that agreement on boundary streets varied considerably, from some boundaries providing almost no consensus to some boundaries consistently noted as boundaries. Examining the properties of the streets revealed that a key factor in the consistent boundaries was the near rectilinear nature of the designated region (e.g. Mayfair and Soho) and the distinctiveness of parks (e.g. Regent's Park). Surprisingly, the River Thames was not consistently considered as a boundary. These findings provide insight into types of environmental features that lead to the perception of explicit boundaries in large-scale urban space. Because route planning models assume that boundaries are used to segregate the space for efficient planning, these results help make predictions of the likely planning demands of different routes in such complex large-scale street networks. Such predictions could be used to highlight information used for navigation guidance applications to enable more efficient hierarchical planning and learning of large-scale environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0373-4633 , 1469-7785
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0373463321000679
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2015312-0
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