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  • E-Resource  (17)
  • Charité  (17)
  • Bibliothek des Konservatismus
  • SB Biesenthal
  • Medienzentrum Ostprignitz-Ruppin
  • SB Wittenberge
  • 1
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Informal Sector and Regulations in Ecuador and Jamaica (1993)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958096912902883
    Format: 1 online resource (59 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers, no.86
    Content: This paper presents the results of a survey of micro-enterprises undertaken in Ecuador and Jamaica. The purpose was to understand the relationships between these countries' institutional and legal regulations, the degree of compliance by firms and the impact of compliance on their performance (particularly growth). This enquiry was complemented with case studies of issues related to compliance with regulations. Initially, the paper sets out to analyse the characteristics of the microenterprises surveyed and their type of insertion into product and factor markets. Afterwards, it describes the differences observed in the regulatory frameworks of the two countries, and explains the differences in the degree of compliance with the law on the part of small firms. The final part of the paper determines statistically the relative importance of the factors that influence firm registration and identifies their effects on the growth of micro-enterprises. The initial process of registration ...
    Language: English
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  • 2
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Climate Change Policies in Germany : Make Ambition Pay (2012)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959653591702883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.982
    Content: Germany reduced greenhouse gas emissions substantially but remains an important emitter. Ambitious targets for climate change mitigation have been fixed and a broad range of environmental measures are being implemented. The efficiency of these measures, as well as their coordination, should be improved though, as reaching the targets risks being costly. In particular, the early phase-out of nuclear power and the development of renewable energy sources will require high levels of investment and public financial support. Establishing a clear carbon price in all sectors of the economy and phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies would contribute to reducing the CO2 abatement cost. The generosity of feed-in tariffs also needs to be carefully monitored and adjusted tightly in line with market developments to avoid deadweight losses and excessive increases in electricity prices. In addition, in order to maintain the German leadership in green sectors and preserve future sources of growth, competition in the energy sectors should be increased and eco-innovation further developed. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 Economic Survey of Germany, www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany.
    Language: English
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  • 3
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Capacity Needs in the Automobile Industry in the Short- to Medium Run (2013)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959654158702883
    Format: 1 online resource (39 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1097
    Content: This paper aims at identifying which countries and regions in the world might face structural overcapacities or capacity shortfalls in the automobile industry in the near future. It discusses the main forces that are likely to shape car demand over the next several years, including GDP growth, oil prices and competitiveness. It also presents projections for car sales and production in 56 OECD and non-OECD countries, distinguishing between temporary developments related to the cycle and more persistent patterns. The paper shows that most countries might need to build capacity in the medium run, with major differences across regions though. A comparison of projected production levels in 2020 (between 125 and 130 million cars worldwide) with actual capacity in 2012 indicates that additional production capacity of around 35 to 40 million cars needs to be built over the next eight years. The countries with the biggest projected need to expand capacity over the projection period are India and China. While car demand may be sufficient to clear excess capacities in Europe as a whole in the medium run, overcapacity may persist in a few countries, in particular Italy and France. Reducing overcapacity in these countries might be difficult without substantial improvements in competitiveness.
    Language: English
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  • 4
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Reaping the Benefits of a Transition to Greener Growth in Slovakia (2011)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959653911702883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.905
    Content: The transition to a greener economy supported by international environmental commitments and national policies will entail structural changes in consumption patterns and industry structures, resulting in a reallocation of resources in and between countries. Slovakia will need to build an effective framework for green growth to maximise its chances of exploiting cleaner sources of growth and to seize the opportunities to develop new green industries, jobs, and technologies. This requires addressing environmental externalities (for example by extending environmental taxation and removing subsidies) and improving the adaptive capacities of the economy through eco innovation. Reforms to support innovation and R&D spending, such as making existing R&D public support more efficient, strengthening the protection of property rights and developing the venture capital market, are needed. Also, administrative entry barriers in the product market should be reduced, competition in energy markets fostered, and the tertiary education system reformed. This paper relates to the 2010 OECD Economic Review of the Slovak Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovakia).
    Language: English
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  • 5
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Slovakia: A Catching Up Euro Area Member In and Out of the Crisis (2013)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959655820702883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1019
    Content: The Slovak economy experienced a strong but short recession in 2009. The recovery afterwards was driven by exports and investment. While GDP growth was one of the strongest in OECD, employment did not reach the pre-crisis level and unemployment remains stubbornly high. This paper argues that Slovakia joined the euro area after a period of unprecedented real appreciation, which generated a threat for competitiveness of its export-oriented manufacturing industry. The response combined internal devaluation with productivity increasing measures, including capital deepening and laying off low productivity workers. While this strategy was successfully restoring an external equilibrium, its consequences for domestic demand and employment are less positive. This development is compared with Estonia and Slovenia, two other small and very open economies, recently entering the euro area.
    Language: English
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  • 6
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    The German Labour Market : Preparing for the Future (2012)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959654011802883
    Format: 1 online resource (47 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.983
    Content: The strength of the German labour market response to the financial crisis of 2008-09 demonstrated the benefits of past labour market reforms, which raised work incentives, improved job matching and increased working hour flexibility. Going forward, the government should build on this success and address the remaining challenges which include raising the labour participation of females and older workers (which among other things will necessitate adjustments to the tax and education system) and fostering migration, notably of skilled workers. The significant ageing-related decline in the labour force exemplifies the urgency of further structural reforms in this area. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 Economic Survey of Germany, www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/germany.
    Language: English
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  • 7
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Balancing inclusiveness, work incentives and sustainability in Denmark (2016)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959654033502883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1338
    Content: The generous Danish welfare state relies on a high degree of labour force participation both for financing and in order to ensure social cohesion. This underlines the need for getting work incentives right and improve the employability of vulnerable groups of workers, in particular migrants. Many benefit recipients also face high marginal tax rates for returning to work, creating a barrier for inclusion. Likewise, as the population ages, the need for longer working lives becomes a central aim. In Denmark, much has been done to keep older workers in the labour market, but there is further scope for reducing barriers to work for this group, including through the design of the pension system. Cost pressures at social institutions could be addressed by better reaping the effects on municipal reform, more coordination between different service providers, and open the market for social services, for instance old age care, for private suppliers under a strict quality monitoring framework.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Inequality in Denmark through the Looking Glass (2016)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959654037502883
    Format: 1 online resource (50 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1341
    Content: This paper delivers a broad assessment of income inequality in Denmark. As a necessary preamble to provide a basis for discussion, we start by contrasting Danish official inequality measures with those gathered by the OECD in an international context. We show that differences between these two sources are fully explained by differences in methodological choices. We then go beyond synthetic measures of inequality to deliver a granular assessment of income distribution and of the distributional impact of taxes and transfers; and on this basis we compare Denmark to other OECD countries. This approach is then used to quantify the distributional impact of some growth-enhancing reforms undertaken or recommended for Denmark, based on empirical evidence across OECD countries. Finally, we take a forward looking stance by discussing global forces shaping the rise in inequality, in particular skill-biased technological change and deliver a tentative scenario for Denmark in the wider OECD context.
    Language: English
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  • 9
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Improving public sector efficiency for more inclusive growth in Latvia (2015)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959656668802883
    Format: 1 online resource (30 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1254
    Content: This working paper explores avenues to improve public sector efficiency in Latvia, a catching-up and ageing economy where spending needs are large. Ensuring that spending allocated to core services (e.g. education, healthcare) is adequate to achieve convergence of policy outcomes to OECD upper standards is challenging. Efficiency gains in the tax system could bring additional revenues. The tax base should be expanded by reducing informality, strengthening tax administration and increasing property and environmentally related taxes, which are low by international standards. To reduce unemployment and income inequality, the tax-benefit system should also be revised as it is now relatively regressive and the tax wedge on low-income earners is high. Enhancing analytical, monitoring and assessment capacities should help to rein in wasteful expenditure and improve the prioritisation of spending. The reform of human resource management, public procurement, and state-local relations is also needed to deliver higher-quality and more cost-efficient public services.
    Language: English
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  • 10
    E-Resource
    E-Resource
    Investing Efficiently in Education and Active Labour Market Policies in Slovakia (2013)
    Paris :OECD Publishing,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959656789902883
    Format: 1 online resource (42 p. )
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers, no.1017
    Content: In Slovakia, educational outcomes are below the OECD average and are too dependent on the socioeconomic background of students. Unemployment is high and the school-to-job transition process does not work well. Spending on education and active labour market policies are very low by international standards. While reforms are under way in both areas, further efforts are needed to support the domestic drivers of growth. At a time of fiscal consolidation, these two policy areas should at the least be protected from budgetary cuts while every opportunity for efficiency gains should be seized. Not least because of the high level of long-term unemployment, more emphasis should be placed on activation policies, particularly on placement services, which are currently underfinanced but also insufficiently evaluated. Educational achievements and thus future labour market outcomes could be improved by re-allocating resources to teaching activities, in particular for disadvantaged pupils. Developing work-based vocational education would also facilitate the transition from school to work. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/slovakia2012).
    Language: English
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