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  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein  (18)
  • Kinemathek
  • Polnisches Institut
  • GB Brieselang
  • Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 〈Hanover, NH〉  (18)
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  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein  (18)
  • Kinemathek
  • Polnisches Institut
  • GB Brieselang
Erscheinungszeitraum
Schlagwörter
  • 1
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190417161717
    Umfang: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-26
    Inhalt: The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than Fairbanks. Within the watershed the greatest temperature contrasts exist in winter, when the valley-bottom sites are beneath the regional air temperature inversion, and the higher sites are above it. From May through September the total precipitation averages 270 mm, 1.47 times that received at Fairbanks. The annual precipitation is about 1.7 times that of Fairbanks. The historical precipitation record at Fairbanks indicates that summer precipitation was below the long-term normal in eight of the eleven years of watershed measurements (1969-1980); no climatic extremes occurred during this period. An analysis of annual streamflow data showed an inconsistency of baseflow recessions from year to year. The runoff-rainfall ratio for individual summer storms averaged 0.35 for Caribou Creek. Comparisons of spot discharge measurements of predominantly permafrost and non-permafrost subwatersheds showed that permafrost-dominated watersheds have a much flashier response to precipitation than non-permafrost watersheds. A comparison of the annual flow distribution of the watershed indicated that Caribou Creek has lower summer and higher winter discharges per unit area than the Chena or Salcha Rivers.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Setting Geology and soils Vegetation Climate Air temperature Precipitation Hydrology Annual and monthly runoff Individual storms Baseflow recessions Spatial flow variability Temporal flow variability Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Station histories
    In: CRREL Report, 82-26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Buch
    Buch
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Dazugehörige Titel
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201118151011
    Umfang: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 41
    Inhalt: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the creep of sifted snow under uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses are described, and the results are discussed on the basis of an additive theory for combined stresses. Stress (4-40 psi) and temperature (-3.6°C to -13.6°C) dependence was investigated for 35 samples (initial density = 0.4 g/cm^3) subjected to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress for 200-sec time increments. Another series of 104 samples (initial densities 0.36-0.63) was subjected to uniaxial, hydrostatic, and confined-side compressive stresses until an arbitrary change in density was reached. In all cases the applied stress ultimately became a shear stress acting between grains, the open structure reacting differently to combined stresses and separate uniaxial stresses. An activation energy of 13,400 cal/mol was obtained from the first group of tests.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental General Apparatus Procedure Theoretical relations Additive theory Relationship between tests run for constant change in density and tests for constant time Results and discussion Group I experiments Group II experiments Stress dependence for group II tests Variability Time dependence Activation energy Relations between creep rates under different stress conditions Density dependence Lateral stress for confined-side tests Conclusions References
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 41
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
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  • 3
    Buch
    Buch
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Dazugehörige Titel
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201118122223
    Umfang: 6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 33
    Inhalt: Summary: A series of deformation measurements have been selected for preliminary studies on the plasticity of Greenland glacier ice. The measurements to be reported on were obtained in the Red Rock and TUTO tunnels in Northwest Greenland. Both tunnels were excavated during the summer of 1955 with some additional work done during the summer of 1956. Deformation measurements made up to the end of the 1956 summer season, therefore, are of limited reliability, but certain trends appearing in these data seem worth reporting. The topics discussed are (1) the shearing of an initially vertical peg system at Red Rock, (2) the deformation of core holes at TUTO, and (3) tunnel closure at both sites. These data are analyzed on the basis of laminar flow of the Nye type and certain conclusions are derived.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental Analysis The shear of glaciers Tunnel closure Conclusions References
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20210210125657
    Umfang: iv, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 81-2
    Inhalt: Abstract: Many hyperbolic reflections have been observed on marine seismic records obtained during oil exploration in the Beaufort Sea, and on USGS seismic sub-bottom profiles from the Prudhoe Bay vicinity. A hyperbolic projection system was designed to rapidly measure seismic velocities from the curves on the records. The velocities observed were approximately the velocity of sound in water. The hyperbolic signals also showed dispersion properties similar to acoustic normal modes in shallow water. These observations indicate that the signals responsible for the hyperbolic reflections propagate as normal modes within the water layer, with very limited penetration of the seabed. Determinations of the dominant frequency of these signals indicate that the penetration into the seabed has a characteristic attenuation depth (skin depth) of about 1.5 m for the sub-bottom profiles and 12 m for the marine records. It therefore appears that some hyperbolic reflections may be generated by variations in materials that occur near the seabed. There is some evidence of linearity of the anomalies, possibly related to sediment-filled or open ice gouges, or other changes in material properties at shallow depths.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector
    In: CRREL Report, 81-2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190918154949
    Umfang: vi, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 76-30
    Inhalt: The focus of this investigation was to assess the utility of remote sensing techniques in the study of land use-water quality relationships in an east central Wisconsin test area. The following types of aerial imagery were evaluated for this purpose: high altitude (60,000 ft) color, color infrared, multispectral black and white, and thermal; low altitude (less than 5000 ft) color infrared, multispectral black and white, thermal, and passive microwave. A non-imaging hand-held four-band radiometer was evaluated for utility in providing data on suspended sediment concentrations. Land use analysis includes the development of mapping and quantification methods to obtain baseline data for comparison to water quality variables. Suspended sediment loads in streams, determined from water samples, were related to land use of dfferences and soil types in three major watersheds. A multiple correlation coefficient R of 0.85 was obtained for the relationship between the 0.6-.7 incident and reflected radiation data from the hand-held radiometer and concurrent ground measurements of suspended solids in streams. Applications of the methods and baseline data developed in this investigation include: mapping and quantification of land use; input to watershed runoff models,estimation of effects of land use changes on stream sedimentation; and remote sensing of suspended sediment content of streams. High altitude color infrared imagery was found to be the most acceptable remote sensing technique forthe mapping and measurement of land use types.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement lntroduction Objectives Approach and project history Study area Physical setting Cultural setting Documented pollution sources in the study area Evaluation of imagery Photographic imagery Thermal imagery PMIS imagery Land use analysis Analysis of 1972 imagery Analysis of 1974 imagery Soils of Manitowoc, East Twin and Oconto River watersheds Manitowoc River watershed East Twin River watershed Oconto River watershed Water quality data Manitowoc River East Twin River Oconto River Land use/stream sedimentation relationships Results and conclusions Sensor evaluation Land use analysis Mapping approaches Land use/sedimentation relationships Cost effectiveness analysis Recommendations and applications Selected bibliography Appendix A. Precipitation and temperature data
    In: CRREL Report, 76-30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Buch
    Buch
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Dazugehörige Titel
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201117141920
    Umfang: iv, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 30
    Inhalt: Summary: Deformations occurring in a tunnel, two trenches, and a 30 m deep pit excavated in the Greenland névé in the summer of 1954 have been measured over a period of 2 years. The experimental results indicate that closure rates increase with lateral distance from a restraining boundary up to distances of about 1 m. At larger distances, the effect of the boundary is not appreciable. Closure rates for deep excavations are not found to be strongly depth-dependent. This is due to a roughly parallel increase of viscosity and pressure with depth. Vertical compaction results from the pit agree well with those calculated from the depth-density relation using Sorge's Law. A theoretical calculation for the tunnel and pit closure, which is a modification of existing theories for the deformation of an elastic, compressible, thick-walled cylinder, is in fair agreement with the observed deformations. From this agreement it appears that the flow behavior of the névé can be described on the basis of a Newtonian viscosity. The trench closure is described as the-squeezing out of horizontal layers, fixed at some distance from the trench, and modified only slightly by the drag of neighboring layers. Measurements will be continued during future summers.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190423114545
    Umfang: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen, 2 Karten
    Serie: CRREL Report 82-37
    Inhalt: This report presents a Landsat-derived land cover map of the northwest portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The report is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the land cover map with detailed descriptions of the mapping methods and legend. The second part is a description of the study area. The classification system used for the maps is an improvement over existing methods of describing tundra vegetation. It is a comprehensive method of nomenclature that consistently applies the same criteria for all vegetation units. It is applicable for large- and small-scale mapping and is suitable for describing vegetation complexes, which are common in the patterned-ground terrain of the Alaskan Arctic. The system is applicable to Landsat-derived land cover classifications. The description of the study area focuses on five primary terrain types: flat thaw-lake plains, hilly coastal plains, foothills, mountainous terrain, and river flood plains. Topography, landforms, soils and vegetation are described for each terrain type. The report also contains area summaries for the Landsat-derived map categories. The area summaries are generated for the five terrain types and for the 89 townships within the study areas. Two land cover maps at 1:250,000 are included.
    Anmerkung: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Dominant landcover categories in the northern coastal portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Alaska 〈1 : 250 000〉 , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Vegetation and land cover Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Coastal Plain, Alaska 〈1 : 250 000〉, MAP I-1443 , CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area
    In: CRREL Report, 82-37
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ24042019110606
    Umfang: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 83-24
    Inhalt: Secondary recovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, will involve transporting large quantities of seawater in elevated pipelines across tundra for injection into oil-bearing rock strata. The possibility of a pipeline rupture raises questions concerning the effects of seawater on tundra vegetation and soils. To evaluate the relative sensitivities of different plant communities to seawater, eight sites representing the range of vegetation types along the pipeline route were treated with single, saturating applications of seawater during the summer of 1980. Within a month of the treatment 30 of 37 taxa of shrubs and forbs in the experimental plots developed clear symptoms of stress, while none of the 14 graminoid taxa showed apparent adverse affects. Live vascular plant cover was thus reduced by 89 and 91% in the two dry sites and by 54, 74 and 83% in the three moist sites, respectively. Live(green) bryophyte cover was markedly reduced in the moist experimental sites in 1981. Bryophytes in all but one of the wet-site experimental plots were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. Two species of foliose lichens treated with seawater showed marked deterioration in 1981. All other lichen taxa were apparently unaffected by the seawater treatment. The absorption and retention of salts by the soil is inversely related to the soil moisture regime. In the wet sites, conductivities approached prespill levels within about 30 days. In such sites, spills at the experimental volumes are quickly diluted and the salts flushed from the soil. In the dry sites, on the other hand, salts are retained in the soil, apparently concentrating at or near the seasonal thaw line.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study
    In: CRREL Report, 83-24
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Buch
    Buch
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    Dazugehörige Titel
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201124171213
    Umfang: iv, 7 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 56
    Inhalt: Summary: The results of laboratory creep tests in a shear apparatus at -5°C on 2 x2 x 3/8 in. samples of commercial ice, artificial single crystals, and 6 types of ice from the Greenland Ice Cap, at shear stresses of about 0.5-3 kg/cm^2 are reported. Some uniaxial tests were made at stresses from 6-28 kg/cm^2 to supplement the shear tests. Creep data could usually be represented approximately by one or more linear sections on a log-deformation vs log-time plot. The linear sections of the double logarithmic curve imply a creep curve of the form ε=ct^m where ε is the strain. For all samples tested, except single crystals sheared in easy glide, m averaged 0. 5 for shear deformations up to about 1%, and approached unity for more deformation. For single ice crystals oriented for easy glide, m averaged 1.7, implying a strain softening. Single crystals oriented for hard glide behaved similarly to polycrystals, indicating a rate-controlling process such as dislocation climb. For all but single easy-glide crystals, the minimum creep rate was tangent to the deformation curve at the end of the experiment. Creep rates for single easy-glide crystals were several hundred times larger than for the other crystals, the flow laws being similar.
    Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Types of ice Experiments Results Creep curves Flow law References
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ107351
    Umfang: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Serie: CRREL Report 76-1
    Inhalt: This report summarizes the advances in understanding of the Arctic which have come about since the inception of the ARPA Arctic Surface Effect Vehicle Program in 1970, primarily as the result of CRREL’s participation. Major efforts to increase knowledge of sea ice, terrestrial, and coastal topographic features are described. Special empha­sis is placed upon the quantitative understanding of pressure ridging. Other areas of major interest are atmospheric characteristics and ecological effects. A list of publications generated is included.
    Anmerkung: MAB0014.001: ZSP-201-76/1 , CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography
    In: CRREL Report, 76-1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Schlagwort(e): Forschungsbericht
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