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  • Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein  (16)
  • SB Eberswalde
  • KB Oder-Spree
  • GB Schöneiche
  • Forschungsbericht  (16)
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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Possible environmental effects of mineral exploration and exploitation in Antarctica : an adaptation of a report by the Group of Specialists on the Environmental Impact Assessment of Mineral Resource Exploration and Exploitation in Antarctica (EAMREA) convened by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) of the International Council of Scientific Unions in response to Recommendation VIII-14 of the Eighth Antarctic Treaty consultive Meeting (1979)
    Cambridge, England : Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
    Details
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZBV021745522
    Format: xi, 59 Seiten
    Note: CONTENTS Membership of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) Preface Preface to 1977 unpublished report of the SCAR Group of Specialists (EAMREA) 1. Introduction 1.1 Terms of reference 1.2 Environmental impact statements 2. Assessment of mineral resource potential in Antarctica 3. Present knowledge of mineral occurrences and mineral resources of Antarctica 3.1 Assessment of onshore mineral resource potential 3.2 Estimation of regional mineral potential Geological factors Logistic factors Economic factors 3.3 Commodity classification Local consumption Metallic minerals Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuels (excluding petroleum) Geothermal energy Minerals for export Non-metallic minerals and fossil fuels Metallic minerals 3.4 Probable areas of Antarctica for onshore mineral exploration and exploitation 3.5 Offshore mineral potential of Antarctica 3.6 The continental shelf of Antarctica as a source of hydrocarbons 3.7 Problems of exploration and exploitation for hydrocarbons in the southern oceans 3.8 Economic feasibility of extracting hydrocarbons 3.9 Non-fuel mineral resource potential of the southern oceans Manganese nodules Icebergs as a fresh water resource 4. Possible environmental effects 4.1 Special features of the Antarctic environment Temperatures Winds Inversion layers The southern oceans The continental shelf Ice features Beaches Pack ice Forecasting the weather 4.2 Environmental threats to exploitable living resources Economic factors Threats to economically important species Threats to survival of species Threats to special ecosystems, habitats and communities Special habitats and communities Unique sites Summary 4.3 Impacts on the environment Oil extraction Oil extraction problems Ore mining Construction effects Terrestrial installations Sea floor installations Treatment of ores and oil Beneficiation processes Local energy sources Consequences of increased human activity Introduction of biological materials Towing of icebergs 4.4 Extent of effects Spatial effects Local effects Large-scale effects Scale of environmental effects: potential inputs Scale of environmental effects: potential consequences Temporal effects Transient effects Persistent effects 4.5 Communities and systems needing special protection Soils Abiotic soils Dry soils Maritime Antarctic soils Frozen soils Lakes and streams Terrestrial vegetation Terrestrial fauna 4.6 Impacts beyond the Antarctic Climatic change from industrial activities Air borne pollution from Antarctica Water borne pollution from Antarctica 5. Further research activities 5.1 Gaps in knowledge Environment Soils Terrestrial biota Climate Meteorology Oceanography Marine biology 5.2 Research needs Biodegradability of oil Controlled oil spills Chemical effects Experimental perturbations Controlled ecosystem experiments Surveys 5.3 Special protective measures Industrial controls Improved weather forecasting Legislative controls Routine monitoring Appendices A Recommendation VIII-14 of the Eighth Antarctic Treaty Meeting B SCAR Reponse to Recommendation VIII-14, including terms of reference of the EAMREA Group of Specialists References
    Language: English
    Subjects: Earth Sciences
    RVK:
    TP 9700
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    Laboratory studies of cold fog dispersal by compressed air (1974)
    Hanover, NH : Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ122979
    Format: iii, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 327
    Content: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Theory of formation, growth and precipitation of ice crystals. - Fog characteristics. - Liquid water content. - Size distribution of liquid water droplets. - Results and discussion. - Sudden expansion system. - Continuous flow. - Conclusions and recommendations. - Conclusions. - Recommendations. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Content: Two compressed air systems for glaciating supercooled clouds were studied in the laboratory. The first system used the sudden expansion of compressed air and was found to be most efficient at 27 psig producing an average of 5.2 x 10^8 ice crystals per cm^3 of air. The second system used a continuous flow of air through nozzles of various designs, of which the supersonic nozzle was found to be the most efficient, producing a maximum of 2.5 x 10^8 crystals per cm^3 of air at 27 psig. The above data were obtained at an ambient temperature of -4°C, but data for other temperatures and pressures were obtained and are presented in the text.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-202-327 , Online frei verfügbar
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/632641232
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  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Shock effects on frozen materials : exploding wire experiments (1970)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ123366
    Format: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 287
    Content: Hugoniot curves were generated from simultaneous measurements of shock and free-surface velocities, obtained from samples of frozen Fairbanks (Fox) silt, using the exploding wire technique. The abrupt change in slope of the Us-Up Hugoniot is indicative of a phase change. The shape of the P-V Hugoniot suggests that the transformation begins immediately but does not go to completion. This means that, although the pressure lies slightly above the Rayleigh line through the mixed phase region, the slope does not increase as rapidly as it would if the material had stayed in the initial phase.
    Content: CONTENTS: Preface. - Conversion factors. - Introduction. - Test procedure. - Test results. - Discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Hugoniot data. - Abstract.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-202-287 , Online frei verfügbar
    In: Research report
    Language: Undetermined
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5974609
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    A hydraulic model investigation of drifting snow (1978)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ105760
    Format: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-16
    Content: A model investigation of drifting snow conditions was conducted in a hydraulic flume using a sand-water analog. Model results were evaluated to define modeling parameters that would allow quantitative correlation between measured prototype drift conditions and the model. The modeled structure was the standard plan snow fence designed by the Wyoming Highway Department and installed along Interstate Highway 80 in 1971. The performance of this system was documented by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station of the U.S. Forest Service. Models of the fence were constructed for three heights and two geometric scales. Geometric scaling was based on terrain roughness and boundary layer thickness considerations, while velocity scaling was based on particle fall velocity and threshold of motion characteristics. Simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer was found to be of primary importance. Velocity scaling analysis suggested the use of a 'significant wind' concept based on a combination of velocity magnitude and frequency. Similarity of precipitation rate was not essential, and could be altered within limits to adjust the time scale. The response of the model to the shape of model elements was significant. Although the model is distorted and inexact similarity is achieved, it appears useful on a practical basis.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-201-78/16 , CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A
    In: CRREL Report, 78-16
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9400
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments : analysis techniques and drying losses (1985)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190702114848
    Format: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    Content: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA163278
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9417
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  • 6
    Book
    Book
    The brine zone in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190423131010
    Format: v, 35 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-39
    Content: Observations of a 4.4-m-high brine step in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica, show that it has migrated about 1.2 km in 4 years. The present brine wave is overriding an older brine-soaked layer. This migration is proof of the dynamic nature of the step, which is the leading edge of a brine wave that originated at the shelf edge after a major break-out of the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The inland boundary of brine penetration is characterized by a series of descending steps that are believed to represent terminal positions of separate intrusions of brine of similar origin. The inland boundary of brine percolation is probably controlled largely by the depth at which brine encounters the firn/ ice transition (43 m). However, this boundary is not fixed by permeability considerations alone, since measurable movement of brine is still occurring at the inland boundary. Freeze-fractionation of the seawater as it migrates throught the ice shelf preferentially precipitates virtually all sodium sulfate, and concomitant removal of water by freezing in the pore spaces of the infiltrated firm produces residual brines approximately six times more concentrated than the original seawater.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Radio echo profiling Core drilling Results and discussion Brine infiltration survey Brine layer steps Brine infiltration characteristics Brine infiltration mechanisms at inland boundary Confirmation of brine depths by drilling Density and temperature profiles Ice shelf freeboard Brine upwelling Brine chemistry Conclusions Literature cited
    In: CRREL Report, 82-39
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA124516
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9319
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  • 7
    Book
    Book
    Air permeability of snow (1957)
    Wilmette, Ill. : Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201118135253
    Format: iv, 19, A2, B6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 37
    Content: Summary: Laboratory experiments on the air permeability of various screened and natural snows are described, and, results are analyzed to determine whether the parameters obtained from the measurements could be used to define a snow type. The permeability of a snow sample of known porosity (calculated from density) was determined over a wide range of air velocities; the sample was then compacted artificially a few mm, its density was determined, and its permeability measured again. The procedure was used to obtain curves for several densities of the same sample. Air flow appeared laminar for velocities less than 5 cm/sec in fine-grained snow (less than 0.8 mm in diam.), 2 cm/sec in medium-grained snow (0.8-1.2 mm diam.), and 1 cm/sec in larger-grained snow. A formula is presented expressing all of the results obtained under laminar-flow conditions in a single relationship, and an equation for estimating grain size from initial permeability and initial porosity is suggested. Snow conversion tables and a discussion of the effect of varying sample porosity on its permeability are appended.
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus and method Experimental results and discussion Historical background Range of Darcy's law Effect of porosity on the permeability of snow Bader's equation Conclusion References Appendix I. Snow conversion table: Density to absolute porosity Appendix II. Effect on permeability of varying porosity in the sample Porosity varies with length Porosity varies with cross section
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 37
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/2710
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  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Cooling of an undersnow camp (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20201209161415
    Format: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 95
    Content: Summary: An investigation was conducted at Camp Century, Greenland, to study the feasibility of using air wells to cool undersnow structures in the arctic during the summer months. From results obtained during the summers of 1959,and 1960 and late November, 1960, it was found that the air well is a practical and effective means of providing a -20°C air supply at volumetric flow rates of 1200 to 1700 ft^3/min. The extent and rate of warming of the snow beneath the trench floor by heat exchange between the air and the snow foundation was found to depend upon trench air temperature, fan capacity, fan arrangement, and casing length. For example, in a well cased to a depth of 17. 5 ft and equipped with a 5 hp fan drawing in air at a rate of 1700 ft^3/min, the maximum warming was found to be 12.5°C during a 42-day period. Snow temperature differences of about 7°C were found between similar trenches with and without a fan installation. The minimum permissible distance between two adjacent fans to eliminate, overlap in warming up the snow foundation is approximately 80 ft.
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Theoretical background Test method and equipment Test operations Effectiveness of the air well Estimation of fan capacity Natural cooling in winter Change of trench foundation temperature Trench wall warm-up Conclusions and recommendations
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 95
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5877
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  • 9
    Book
    Book
    Development and design of sludge freezing beds (1988)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190730101313
    Format: v, 58 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-20
    Content: This study develops design criteria for a new sludge dewatering unit operation called a sludge freezing bed. This bed uses natural freeze-thaw to condition the sludge. The total depth of sludge that can be frozen, thawed and dewatered by this process in a year is the main criterion needed for design. Laboratory tests assessed the dewaterability of freeze-thaw conditioned water treatment plant sludge and both anaerobically and aerobically digested wastewater sludges at various depths. Mathematical models for predicting the design depth were developed; values for the input parameters to the models were obtained from the literature or from laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. The dewaterability tests indicated that the depth of sludge that can be applied is not limited by drainability. Up to 2.0 m of each sludge drained in minutes after freeze-thaw conditioning. Except for the aerobically digested sludge, the solids content after drainage is high enough to permit mechanical removal. The physical and thermal characteristics of frozen sludge were found to be equivalent to those of ice. An analysis of the freezing and thawing models reveals that the design of a freezing bed will depend on the duration and intensity of the freezing and thawing seasons.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Purpose Scope Literature review Fundamentals of freeze separation Applications of freeze separation technology Conclusions Concept development Background Site visits Final concept Dewaterability studies Sludge characteristics Specific resistance and capillary suction time Filtrate quality Drainage tests Drying tests Development of design models Basic energy balance relationship Development of freezing model Development of thawing model Other models Evaluation of sludge input parameters Frozen sludge density, ϱf Layer thickness, ϵ Settled solids fraction, θ Thermal conductivities, Kfs, Kss Latent heat of fusion, L Absorptance, α Freezing point, Tf Summary Evaluation of climatic input parameters Ambient air temperatures, Taf, Tat Insolation, I Convection coefficient, hc Use of models for design Freezing design depth Thawing design depth Validation Example Conclusions anid recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Sludge freezing at the Salem, New Hampshire, Wastewater Treatment Plant
    In: CRREL Report, 88-20
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a205955.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9061
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  • 10
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    Book
    Chemical fractionation of brine in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica (1983)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190418112525
    Format: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-6
    Content: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a127821.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9312
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