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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (17)
  • Barney, Jacob N.  (17)
  • 1
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    Competition and propagule density affect sexual and clonal propagation of a weed
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2017
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 10, No. 01 ( 2017-03), p. 17-25
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 10, No. 01 ( 2017-03), p. 17-25
    Kurzfassung: Many introduced species are capable of both sexual and vegetative reproduction. Our understanding of the ecology of such species depends on the trade-offs between vegetative and sexual reproduction and the ecological conditions that favor both modes of reproduction and how those factors influence the population ecology of introduced species. Here, we studied the efficacy of propagation via both seeds and rhizomes in Johnsongrass, a widespread invasive grass whose success is due to its prolific production of shattering seeds and rhizomes, the latter of which are readily dispersed by anthropogenic and natural processes. In a common garden in Virginia, we varied the density of seeds and rhizomes and manipulated whether recruits experienced interspecific competition. Johnsongrass recruited from both seeds and rhizomes. We compared the efficacy of seeds and rhizomes on a per propagule basis and by standardizing them according to their total carbon content. Rhizomes were more efficient than seeds on a per propagule basis, but seeds propagated more efficiently than rhizomes on a per unit of carbon basis, establishing in nearly all plots and obtaining much greater biomass than rhizomes. We also found that rhizomes were subject to stronger negative density dependence than seeds and were more sensitive to site variation and competition. Our results suggest that, provided sufficient dispersal, a single Johnsongrass plant produces enough propagules to establish over more than a hectare, even at relatively low propagule densities. Proper understanding of both seed and vegetative propagation is crucial for understanding the ecology of this and other invasive species that utilize multiple reproductive modes.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/inp.2017.4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2017
    ZDB Id: 2426224-9
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  • 2
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    Screening Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides for Safety in Bioenergy Crops
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Weed Technology Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2015-03), p. 135-146
    Details
    In: Weed Technology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 29, No. 1 ( 2015-03), p. 135-146
    Kurzfassung: El interés en la producción de cultivos para bioenergía ha incrementado la necesidad de información en este sector de la agricultura de rápido desarrollo. Muchas gramíneas perennes de rápido crecimiento y alta estatura han sido seleccionadas debido a su alto potencial de producción de biomasa, naturaleza competitiva, y habilidad para tolerar condiciones de crecimiento marginales. Sin embargo, la presión de malezas durante la fase de establecimiento puede causar un detrimento del rendimiento del cultivo. El control de malezas es uno de los aspectos más costosos y de altos requerimientos para el establecimiento de cultivos para bioenergía. Desafortunadamente, existe poca información acerca de las técnicas de manejo práctico de malezas para la mayoría de estos nuevos cultivos. Se evaluó la tolerancia de Panicum virgatum , Andropogon gerardii , Phalaris arundinacea , sorgo, Arundo donax , Miscanthus sinensis , y Miscanthus × giganteus (estéril y con semilla) a 22 herbicidas PRE y 22 herbicidas POST. Las plantas fueron crecidas en invernadero y evaluadas por daño, altura, y biomasa del tejido aéreo después de 5 ó 7 semanas para las aplicaciones PRE y POST, respectivamente. La aplicación PRE y POST de 2,4-D, bentazon, bromoxynil, carfentrazone, dicamba, halosulfuron, y topramezone no dañó significativamente ninguna de estas especies. M . × giganteus fue más tolerante a herbicidas PRE cuando fue establecido a partir de rizomas en lugar de semillas. Consistente con investigaciones previas, todos los cultivares de M. sinensis y P. virgatum mostraron una tolerancia comparable entre ellos a la aplicación PRE de todos los 22 herbicidas. Con la información generada en este estudio hay un grupo de herbicidas que pueden tener potencial de uso en cultivos para bioenergía. Sin embargo, estos deben ser evaluados en estudios de campo de mayor escala a lo largo de múltiples temporadas de crecimiento para validar estos resultados iniciales.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0890-037X , 1550-2740
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1614/WT-D-14-00100.1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2015
    ZDB Id: 2119100-1
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  • 3
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    Cover crop residue components and their effect on summer annual weed suppression in corn and soybean
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Weed Science Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 301-310
    Details
    In: Weed Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 68, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 301-310
    Kurzfassung: Cover crop residue can act as a mulch that will suppress weeds, but as the residue degrades, weed suppression diminishes. Biomass of cover crop residue is positively correlated to weed suppression, but little research is available regarding the composition of cover crop residue and its effect on weed suppression. Field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of cover crop residue properties (i.e., total carbon, total nitrogen, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) on summer annual weed suppression and cash crop yield. Cover crop monocultures and mixtures were planted in the fall and designed to provide a range of biomass and residue properties. Cover crops were followed by corn ( Zea mays L.) or soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. At termination, cover crop biomass and residue components were determined. Biomass ranged from 3,640 to 8,750 kg ha −1 , and the carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio ranged from 12:1 to 36:1. As both cover crop biomass and C:N ratio increased, weed suppression and duration of suppression increased. For example, a C:N ratio of 9:1 is needed to suppress redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) 50% at 4 wk after termination (WAT), and that increases to 16:1 and 20:1 to have 50% suppression at 6 and 8 WAT, respectively. Similarly, with biomass, 2,800 kg ha −1 is needed for 50% A. retroflexus suppression at 4 WAT, which increases to 5,280 kg ha −1 and 6,610 kg ha −1 needed for 50% suppression at 6 and 8 WAT, respectively. In general, similar trends were observed for pitted morningglory ( Ipomoea lacunosa L.) and large crabgrass [ Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]. Corn and soybean yield increased as both cover crop biomass and C:N ratio increased where no weed control measures were implemented beyond cover crop. The same trend was observed with cash crop yield in the weed-free subblocks, with one exception. This research indicates that cover crop residue composition is important for weed control in addition to biomass.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0043-1745 , 1550-2759
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/wsc.2020.16
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2123881-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
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    Natural History Survey of the Ornamental Grass Miscanthus sinensis in the Introduced Range
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2014-03), p. 113-120
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 7, No. 1 ( 2014-03), p. 113-120
    Kurzfassung: Miscanthus sinensis is a perennial grass native to Asia, but since its introduction to the United States in the late 19th century, it has become both a major ornamental crop and invasive species. Previous studies of the ecology of M. sinensis in both its introduced and native ranges have suggested that it may be occupying a novel ecological niche in the introduced range. Miscanthus sinensis and its daughter species, Miscanthus × giganteus , are under evaluation as bioenergy crops; therefore, characterization of the ecology and environmental niche of M. sinensis is essential to mitigate the risk of fostering future invasion in the United States. In July 2011, we surveyed 18 naturalized M. sinensis populations spanning the U.S. distribution, covering a 6° latitudinal gradient from North Carolina to Massachusetts. Miscanthus sinensis populations ranged in size from 3 to 181,763 m 2 with densities between 0.0012 and 2.2 individuals m −2 , and strongly favored highly disturbed and unmanaged habitats such as roadsides and forest edges. Population size and individual plant morphology (i.e., tiller height, basal diameter, and tiller number) were not affected by soil characteristics and nutrient availability, though increased tree canopy cover was associated with reduced population size (P 〈 0.0001). Plant size and vigor were not significantly affected by low light availability, which supports previous suggestions of shade tolerance of M. sinensis . In summary, M. sinensis can tolerate a broad range of climatic conditions, light availability, and nutrient availability in the eastern United States, suggesting risk of further invasion beyond its current distribution in the United States.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-13-00037.1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2014
    ZDB Id: 2426224-9
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  • 5
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    Predicting Biofuel Invasiveness: A Relative Comparison to Crops and Weeds
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2015-09), p. 323-333
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 8, No. 3 ( 2015-09), p. 323-333
    Kurzfassung: Concern raised against using highly competitive, exotic, large-statured, perennial grasses with fast growth rates as bioenergy crops has led to calls for risk assessment before widespread cultivation. Weed risk assessments (WRAs) are decision support tools commonly used throughout the world to determine the invasion risk of new plant taxa—primarily used as a pre-entry screen. Here, we compare the common Australian (A-WRA) and newer U.S. (US-WRA) models to evaluate the invasion risk of 16 candidate bioenergy crops and to compare their WRA scores to 14 important agronomic crops and 10 invasive species with an agronomic origin. Of the 40 species assessed, the A-WRA and US-WRA ranked 34 and 28 species, respectively, as high risk, including the major crops alfalfa, rice, canola, and barley. Surprisingly, in several cases, both models failed to effectively parse weeds from crops. For example, cereal rye received scores above (US-WRA) or comparable to (A-WRA) kudzu, a widespread damaging invader of the Southeastern United States introduced as forage. Our results indicate that these models are unable to accurately address broad, intraspecific variation and that species introduced for agronomic purposes pose special limitations to WRAs. This further supports other calls for postborder evaluation (e.g., field testing) following WRA screening. We should be cautious of the role of WRAs in setting policy, as illustrated by this relative evaluation of novel crops.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-15-00001.1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2015
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  • 6
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    Fungal infection and soybean competition induce plastic responses in velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti ) growth and reproductive output
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  Weed Science Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2006-10), p. 883-890
    Details
    In: Weed Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 54, No. 5 ( 2006-10), p. 883-890
    Kurzfassung: The historic maternal environment; the identity of competing, neighboring plants; and biotic stresses, such as fungal disease and herbivory, interact to influence the competitive ability, reproductive output, and plasticity of weed populations. A weed capable of altering its phenotype in response to environmental factors is better able to compete for resources in agroecosystems, thereby reducing crop yields and contributing more seeds to the seed bank. Velvetleaf is a highly competitive annual weed in many North American cropping systems, exhibiting a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to biotic and abiotic factors. We examined the effects of seed size (small and large), competitive environment (with and without soybean), and stress level (none = no treatment, moderate = pathogen inoculation, high = pathogen plus herbicide) on velvetleaf allometry and reproductive output during three field seasons. Only under the high-stress treatment was velvetleaf biomass, height, and reproductive output compromised ( 〉 15% each), and these traits were further reduced with soybean competition. Soybean competition alone reduced velvetleaf biomass ( 〉 50%), height (25%), and seed output (50%), but effects of competition varied with stress level. Velvetleaf plants that originated from large seeds (≥ 10 mg) generally outperformed plants originating from small seeds ( 〈 10 mg) except under the high-stress treatment. These findings suggest that velvetleaf life-history traits and reproductive output in the current generation are a function of both present and historic factors. Management strategies for this species should involve tactics that not only reduce its competitive ability (e.g., biomass, height) but also decrease its seed production via synergistic stressors such as increased crop competitiveness, reduced-rate herbicide applications, and pathogen infection.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0043-1745 , 1550-2759
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1614/WS-05-178R.1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2006
    ZDB Id: 2123881-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Horseweed ( Conyza canadensis ) Suppression from Cover Crop Mixtures and Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2019
    In:  Weed Technology Vol. 33, No. 2 ( 2019-04), p. 303-311
    Details
    In: Weed Technology, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 33, No. 2 ( 2019-04), p. 303-311
    Kurzfassung: Horseweed is a problematic weed to control, especially in no-tillage production. Increasing cases of herbicide resistance have exacerbated the problem, necessitating alternative control options and an integrated weed management approach. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate horseweed suppression from fall-planted cover crop monocultures and mixtures as well as two fall-applied residual herbicide treatments. Prior to cover crop termination, horseweed density was reduced by 88% to 96% from cover crops. At cover crop termination in late spring, cereal rye biomass was 7,671 kg ha –1 , which was similar to cereal rye–containing mixtures (7,720 kg ha –1 ) but greater than legumes in monoculture (3,335 kg ha –1 ). After cover crops were terminated in late spring using a roller crimper, corn and soybeans were planted and horseweed was evaluated using density counts, visible ratings, and biomass collection until harvest. Forage radish winterkilled, offering no competition in late winter or biomass to contribute to horseweed suppression after termination. Excluding forage radish in monoculture, no difference in horseweed suppression was detected between cereal rye–containing cover crops and legumes (crimson clover and hairy vetch) in monoculture. Likewise, horseweed suppression was similar between monocultures and mixtures, with the exception of one site-year in which mixtures provided better suppression. In this experiment, the cover crop treatments performed as well as or better than the fall-applied residual herbicides, flumioxazin+paraquat and metribuzin+chlorimuron-ethyl. These results indicate that fall-planted cover crops are a viable option to suppress horseweed and can be an effective part of an integrated weed management program. Furthermore, cover crop mixtures can be used to gain the benefits of legume or brassica cover crop species without sacrificing horseweed suppression.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0890-037X , 1550-2740
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/wet.2018.111
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2119100-1
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  • 8
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    Building Partnerships and Bridging Science and Policy to Address the Biological Invasions Crisis
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2019
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-03), p. 74-78
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 12, No. 1 ( 2019-03), p. 74-78
    Kurzfassung: Biological invasions are one of the grand challenges facing society, as exotic species introductions continue to rise and can result in dramatic changes to native ecosystems and economies. The scale of the “biological invasions crisis” spans from hyperlocal to international, involving a myriad of actors focused on mitigating and preventing biological invasions. However, the level of engagement among stakeholders and opportunities to collaboratively solve invasives issues in transdisciplinary ways is poorly understood. The Biological Invasions: Confronting a Crisis workshop engaged a broad group of actors working on various aspects of biological invasions in Virginia, USA—researchers, Extension personnel, educators, local, state, and federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and land managers—to discuss their respective roles and how they interact with other groups. Through a series of activities, it became clear that despite shared goals, most groups are not engaging with one another, and that enhanced communication and collaboration among groups is key to designing effective solutions. There is strong support for a multistakeholder coalition to affect change in policy, public education/engagement, and solution design. Confronting the biological invasions crisis will increasingly require engagement among stakeholders.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/inp.2018.33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2426224-9
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  • 9
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    Bioenergy and Invasive Plants: Quantifying and Mitigating Future Risks
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2014-06), p. 199-209
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 7, No. 2 ( 2014-06), p. 199-209
    Kurzfassung: The United States is charging toward the largest expansion of agriculture in 10,000 years with vast acreages of primarily exotic perennial grasses planted for bioenergy that possess many traits that may confer invasiveness. Cautious integration of these crops into the bioeconomy must be accompanied by development of best management practices and regulation to mitigate the risk of invasion posed by this emerging industry. Here I review the current status of United States policy drivers for bioenergy, the status of federal and state regulation related to invasion mitigation, and survey the scant quantitative literature attempting to quantify the invasive potential of bioenergy crops. A wealth of weed risk assessments are available on exotic bioenergy crops, and generally show a high risk of invasion, but should only be a first-step in quantifying the risk of invasion. The most information exists for sterile giant miscanthus, with preliminary empirical studies and demographic models suggesting a relatively low risk of invasion. However, most important bioenergy crops are poorly studied in the context of invasion risk, which is not simply confined to the production field; but also occurs in crop selection, harvest and transport, and feedstock storage. Thus, I propose a nested-feedback risk assessment (NFRA) that considers the entire bioenergy supply chain and includes the broad components of weed risk assessment, species distribution models, and quantitative empirical studies. New information from the NFRA is continuously fed back into other components to further refine the risk assessment; for example, empirical dispersal kernels are utilized in landscape-level species distribution models, which inform habitat invasibility studies. Importantly, the NFRA results in a relative invasion risk to known species (e.g., is giant reed a higher or lower invasion risk than johnsongrass). This information is used to design robust mitigation plans that include record keeping, regular scouting and reporting, prudent harvest and transport practices that consider species biology, and eradication protocols as an ultimate precaution. Finally, a socio-political balance must be struck (i.e., a cost-benefit analysis) among our energy choices that consider the broader implications, which includes the risk of future invasions.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-13-00060.1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2014
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  • 10
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    Framing the concept of invasive species “impact” within a management context
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  Invasive Plant Science and Management Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2020-06), p. 37-40
    Details
    In: Invasive Plant Science and Management, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 2020-06), p. 37-40
    Kurzfassung: Governments and conservation organizations worldwide are motivated to manage invasive species due to quantified and perceived negative ecological and economic impacts invasive species impose. Thus, determining which species cause significant negative impacts, as well as clear articulation of those impacts, is critical to meet conservation priorities. This process of determining which species warrant management can be straightforward when there are clear negative impacts, such as dramatic reductions in native diversity. However, the majority of changes to ecosystem pools and fluxes cannot be readily categorized as ecologically negative or positive (e.g., lower soil pH). Additionally, diverse stakeholders may not all agree on impacts as negative. This complexity challenges our ability to simply and uniformly determine which species cause negative impact, and thus which species merit management, especially as we expand invader impacts to encompass a more holistic ecosystem perspective beyond biodiversity and consider stakeholder perspectives and priorities. Thus, we suggest impact be evaluated in a context that is dictated by governing policies or conservation/land management missions with the support of scientists. In other words, within each jurisdiction, populations are identified as causing negative impact based on the hierarchical governing policies and mission of that parcel. Framing negative impact in a management context has the advantages of (1) easily scaling from individual landscapes to geopolitical states; (2) better representing how managers practice, (3) reflecting invasive species as spatially contextual, not universal, and (4) allowing for flexibility with dynamic ecosystems undergoing global change. We hope that framing negative impact in an applied context aids management prioritization and achieving conservation goals.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1939-7291 , 1939-747X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/inp.2020.8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
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