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  • Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 〈Hanover, NH〉
  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190417111010
    Format: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    Content: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA123715
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9331
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  • 2
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    Book
    Differential sea ice drift (1975)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory,
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ122977
    Format: v, 37 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 329
    Content: CONTENTS: General Introduction. - Part I. Spatial and temporal variations in sea ice deformatfon. - Introduction. - Approach. - Site location and data collection procedures. - Data analysis. - Strain results. - Comparison of mesoscale deformation with macroscale deformation. - Nature of the ice pack rotation. - Conciusion. - Literature cited. - Part Il. Comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with linear drift theory predictions. - Introduction. - List of symbols. - Linear drift equations. - Ice drift solutions. - Comparison of theory with mesoscale measurements. - A more general linear constitutive law. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix Relative magnitudes of differential drift forces. - Abstract.
    Content: Measurements of mesoscale sea ice deformation over a region approximately 20 km in diameter were made over a five-week period in the spring of 1972 at the main AIDJEX camp in the Beaufort Sea. They have been analyzed to determine nonlinearities in the ice velocity field (due to the discrete small-scale nature of the ice pack), as well as a continuum mode of deformation represented by a least squares strain rate tensor and vorticity. The deformation rate time series between Julian day 88 and 113 exhibited net areal changes as large as 3% and deformation rates up to 0.16% per hour. In the principal axis coordinate system, the strain rate typically exhibited a much larger compression (or extension) along one axis than along the other. Persistent cycles at ~12-hour wavelengths were observed in the divergence rate. A comparison of the average residual error with the average strain rate magnitude indicated that strains measured on a scale of 10 km or greater can serve as a valid measure of the continuum motion of the sea ice. This conclusion is also substantiated by a comparison between the mesoscale deformation, and macroscale deformation measured over a ~100-km-diameter region. Vorticity calculations indicate that at low temporal frequencies ( 〈 0.04 hr^-1 ) the whole mesoscale array rotates essentially as an entity and consequently the low frequency vorticity can accurately be estimated from the rotation of a single floe. (Part I) A comparison of mesoscale strain measurements with the atmospheric pressure field and the wind velocity field indicated that the ice divergence rate and vorticity followed the local pressure and wind divergence with significant correlation. For low atmospheric pressures and converging winds, the divergence rate was negative with the vorticity being counterclockwise. The inverse behavior was observed for high pressures and diverging winds. This behavior agreed with predictions based upon the infinite boundary solution of a linearized drift theory in the absence of gradient current effects and using the constitutive law proposed by Glen for pack ice. The best least squares values of the constitutive law parameters [Eta] and [Zeta] were found to be given by ~10^12 kg sec^-1. Using typical divergence rates, these values yielded compressive stresses of the magnitude of 10^5 N m^-1, which are similar to values suggested by the Parmerter and Coon ridge model. In general, the infinite boundary solution of the linear drift equation indicates that in a low pressure region that is reasonably localized in space, the ice would be expected to converge for high compactness (winter) and diverge for low compactness (summer). Calculations were also carried out using a more general linear viscoelastic constitutive law that includes memory effects and that includes a generalized Hooke's law as well as the Glen law as special cases. A best fit of this more general calculation with strain measurements indicates, overall, a better agreement with viscous behavior than with elastic behavior, with the frequency behavior of the estimated "viscosities" similar to the Glen law behavior at temporal frequencies less than ~0.01 hr^-1 (Part II)
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-202-329 , Online frei verfügbar
    In: Research report
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1387886
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  • 3
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    Book
    Model study of Port Huron ice control structure : wind stress simulation (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20200318144344
    Format: v, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-9
    Content: This study deals with the distribution of forces along the converging boundaries of the Port Huron, Michigan, region where unconsolidated ice in Lake Huron is held against wind and water stresses. An experimental basin was built to induce uniform shear stress on the model ice cover by flowing water beneath the ice. The boundary segments, which held the ice cover in the region, were instrumented to measure force in the normal and tangential directions. The distribution of normal forces along the boundary was compared with as distribution derived by using a theoretical model. An ice control structure (ICS) was installed in the basin and experiments were conducted to measure the forces on the ICS and the ice release through the opening in the ICS during simulated ship passages. The experimental results are presented in a nondimensional form. In addition, the force per unit length on the ICS and the area of ice released through its opening were estimated for the expected wind conditions at the Port Huron site.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Theoretical models Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Experimental program Experimental facility Scaling factors Experimental results Analysis of wind data for lower Lake Huron Summary and conclusions Release of ice through the opening of an ICS Ice forces on the ice control structure Ice forces on ice control structure from a large unconsolidated ice cover Literature cited Appendix A. Equation for the stress resultants and velocities of the ice cover Appendix B. Monthly summary of wind data at Port Huron
    In: CRREL Report, 82-9
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9347
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  • 4
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    Book
    Influence of soil on detection of buried explosives and tunnels by trace gas analysis (1971)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ123365
    Format: v, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 288
    Content: Contents: Preface. - List of symbols. - Introduction. - Adsorption of volatile chemicals by soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Results and discussion. - Diffusion of volatile chemicals in soil. - Introduction. - Experimental procedure. - Calculations. - Results and discussion. - Prediction of vapor diffusion in soil. - Introduction. - Construction of model. - Computations. - Results and discussion. - A statistical method for analysis of diffusion through soil. - Introduction. - Theory. - Application. - Literature cited. - Abstract.
    Content: Detection of mines, explosives, and tunnels may be accomplished by sensing associated volatile effluvia. This investigation was undertaken to provide a basis for predicting the diffusion of volatile compounds from underground sources into the atmosphere. Diffusion of a volatile compound was studied for a range of soil conditions utilizing soils from the mine detection sites in Puerto Rico. A new mathematical analysis based on the Monte Carlo method was developed for predicting vapor diffusion through soil into the atmosphere. It was determined that diffusion in soil can be reliably predicted if soil porosity, moisture content, and affinity for the compound are known. Appearance in the atmosphere is also dependent on accumulation of the compound in air at the soil/atmosphere interface. Diffusion of volatile compounds through soil into the atmosphere is not likely to be an important factor in tunnel detection due to depth of overburden. However, adsorption of compounds at tunnel walls is likely to significantly reduce the amount of vapor appearing in the atmosphere through entrances and vents. Detection in the atmosphere of TNT vapor from mines and explosives buried in moist, porous soil should be possible under ideal sample collection conditions.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-292-288 , Bibliography: p. 35-36
    In: Research report
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/227635497
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  • 5
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    Revegetation at two construction sites in New Hampshire and Alaska (1980)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Details
    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20200330111941
    Format: vi, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-3
    Content: Revegetation techniques were investigated for gravel soils in cold regions. Two gravel soil test sites were established in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Fairbanks, Alaska. During three growing seasons, we studied the applicability and cost effectiveness of various nutrient sources and mulch materials. The nutrient sources included sewage sludge (at 40, 60 and 80 tons/acre) and commercial fertilizer (at 200, 400 and 600 lb/acre). The mulching materials were wood fiber mulch with various types of tackifiers, peat moss, and sewage sludge. The effects of refertilization during the second growing season were also studied. At both sites the use of sewage sludge produced superior results in many respects to the use of fertilizer at the application rates studied. Grasses receiving sludge showed better establishment rates and greater plant cover and growth, and were able to withstand the hot drying conditions encountered during the summer months. Slightly quicker grass establishment was noted at the higher rates of application of each nutrient source in Fairbanks, while grass establishment at all sludge rates was good in Hanover. All fertilizer treatments performed poorly in Hanover. No evidence of winter injury to the grasses was noted in any of the treatments. Supplemental applications of nitrogen fertilizer in Hanover during spring of the second growing season proved highly beneficial. The fertilizer helped maintain grass growth even during dry summer conditions. The mulches were applied at the rate of 2,000 lb/acre. They were found to be important in providing a more nearly optimum environment for seedling establishment. Wood fiber mulch and the commercial Wood Fiber Mulch 2000, generally, were the best performers.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Literature review Experimental design Climate Results and discussion Nutrient sources Mulches Soil fertility Cost analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited
    In: (DE-B103)105551, CRREL Report
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA082305
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9040
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  • 6
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    Suppression of river ice by thermal effluents (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20200331143259
    Format: iv, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-30
    Content: The ice suppression resulting from discharge of warm water into rivers during winter is analyzed with emphasis on two different cases. In Part 1 the case of a thermal effluent fully mixed across the flow section is analyzed to include the effects of unsteadiness in the effluent temperature and the meteorological variations. The location of the ice edge is determined either by a 0 C water temperature criterion or an equilibrium ice melting analysis. The choice of the applicable criterion emerges naturally from the analysis even though the location of the ice edge may be considerably different when a steady-state analysis is done. In Part 2 the case of a side discharge of heated effluent is analyzed, also in an unsteady manner, and the effects of transverse dispersion are included in the analysis. Comparisons are made in both Parts 1 and 2 to limited field data that are available.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I. Unsteady suppression of river ice by fully mixed thermal effluents Introduction Governing equations Outline of analysis Location of ice edge Numerical simulation Uncertainties and Imitations Literature cited Part II. Effect of transverse mixing on ice suppression Introduction Analysis of dispersion and heat loss Analysis of ice thickening and melting Numerical simulation Example simulations Field comparison Uncertainties and limitations Literature Cited Appendix A: Computer program for unsteady fully mixed ice suppression Appendix B: Computer program for unsteady lateral mixing ice suppression
    In: CRREL Report, 79-30
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
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  • 7
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    Thickness and roughness variations of Arctic multiyear sea ice (1976)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ107373
    Format: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-18
    Content: Three surface elevation and ice thickness profiles obtained during the 1972 Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment on a multiyear ice floe were analyzed to obtain relationships between surface elevation, thickness and physical properties of the ice. It was found that for ice freeboards from 0.10 m to 1.05 m above sea level a linear relationship between ice density and freeboard could be postulated. The equation for the regression line is: Ice density = -194f' + 974 kg/cu m where f' is the ice freeboard plus snow depth in ice equivalent at the point in question. This statistical relationship is consistent with observed physical properties, which indicate that as the ice freeboard increases, ice salinity decreases and the higher freeboard or thicker ice therefore decreases in density. Using this variable density with freeboard relationship, a model was constructed to predict ice thickness, given ice freeboard and snow depth alone. This prediction is desirable, since snow depth and freeboard are relatively easy to obtain, whereas ice thickness can usually be obtained only by drilling through the ice. The model was compared with two other models. It was found that the variable density prediction model gave the best approximation to observed ice thickness, with a standard error between the measured and predicted value of about 0.4 m, compared with errors from 50 to 100% higher for the other two models.
    Note: MAB0014.001: ZSP-201-76/18 , Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking
    In: CRREL Report, 76-18
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: Abstract
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  • 8
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    The critical velocities of a floating ice plate subjected to in-plane forces and a moving load (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20200305121617
    Format: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    Content: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a075455.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9045
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  • 9
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    Direct filtration of streamborne glacial silt (1982)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20190417154949
    Format: 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-23
    Content: A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 NTU), the pilot plant testing indicated that direct filtration was feasible and could be considered as an alternative to conventional waiter treatment plants containing sedimentation tanks.
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric Introduction Glacial characteristics Water treatment Materials and methods Experimental design Pilot plant intake Hydrocyclone Chemical addition system Flocculation system Filtration system Pilot plant operations Coagulant chemical preparations Flow measurement Sampling Results and discussion Kenai River w ater quality Evaluation of pilot plant testing Performance of pilot plant elements Physical and chem ical variables Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
    In: CRREL Report, 82-23
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a120751.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9360
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  • 10
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    Turbulent heat transfer in large aspect channels (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    UID:
    kobvindex_GFZ20200115153010
    Format: ii, 5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-13
    Content: Heat transfer in turbulent flow was measured in a rectangular channel with a width of 0.254 m and a flow depth of 0.0254 m. Correlations between the Nusselt and Reynolds numbers are given for a range of 3020 Re 22360. A Prandtl number range of 9.90 or = Pr or = 12.28 for water was used in the tests. The results are compared with those of other investigations and show that some well-known correlations underpredict the heat transfer by about 35%.
    In: CRREL Report, 79-13
    Language: English
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA071003
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9011
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