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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Air Quality of the Urban Alps: Innsbruck’s new observatory
    American Meteorological Society ; 2020
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 101, No. 6 ( 2020-06), p. 492-498
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 101, No. 6 ( 2020-06), p. 492-498
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0270.A
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Studying Urban Climate and Air Quality in the Alps: The Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory
    American Meteorological Society ; 2020
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 101, No. 4 ( 2020-04), p. E488-E507
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 101, No. 4 ( 2020-04), p. E488-E507
    Abstract: The Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory (IAO) aims to investigate atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, and mountain meteorology in a synergistic fashion within an urban setting. A new measurement supersite has been established in order to study processes affecting the exchange of momentum, energy, trace gases, and aerosols in an Alpine urban environment. Various long-term continuous measurements are augmented by frequent focused research campaigns with state-of-the-art instrumentation, linking different classes of data and addressing significant gaps in scientific data availability for urban environments. Current activities seek to address research objectives related to the urban heat island, trace gas emissions, the influence of foehn on air quality, and the atmospheric distribution of trace gases and aerosols in a mountainous city. We present initial results from long-term operations and first highlights from two intensive operational phases, showing that 1) the exchange of greenhouse gas emissions is dominated by anthropogenic activities and is driven by location-specific venting of street canyon air; 2) foehn events significantly perturb the photostationary state indicative for an extensive and rapid airmass exchange of the valley atmosphere; 3) the temporal distribution of pollutants is often decoupled from their emissions and primarily modulated by mountain boundary layer dynamics; 4) we can detect a large number of volatile chemical products in the urban atmosphere, which can be used to fingerprint anthropogenic emission sources; and 5) the first urban carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements point toward anthropogenic emission sources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0270.1
    DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-19-0270.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The CROSSINN Field Experiment: 3-D Flow Structure and Boundary Layer Behavior in an Austrian Valley
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 102, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 659-666
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 102, No. 7 ( 2021-07), p. 659-666
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0283.A
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Correction to: The Impact of Three-Dimensional Effects on the Simulation of Turbulence Kinetic Energy in a Major Alpine Valley
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology Vol. 186, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 423-423
    Details
    In: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 186, No. 2 ( 2023-02), p. 423-423
    Abstract: The funding agency information in the Acknowledgements was not complete in the original publication of the article. The revised Acknowledgments is provided in this erratum.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-8314 , 1573-1472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10546-022-00701-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 242879-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1477639-X
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Cross‐valley vortices in the Inn valley, Austria: Structure, evolution and governing force imbalances
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Vol. 147, No. 740 ( 2021-10), p. 3835-3861
    Details
    In: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, Vol. 147, No. 740 ( 2021-10), p. 3835-3861
    Abstract: Exchange of momentum and scalars in the mountain boundary layer is achieved through an interaction of meso‐to‐microscale motions, occurring to varying extents depending on the combined effect of thermally driven as well as dynamically driven forcings. One such motion, known as a secondary circulation, results from a horizontal force imbalance across a curved valley segment, wherein the centrifugal force towards the outside of the valley bend can create a pressure gradient force in the opposite direction. The lack of adequate measurement strategies capable of sampling such motions in curved mountain valleys explains the near‐absence of any observational evidence of secondary circulations there. The goal of the CROSSINN (Cross‐valley flow in the Inn valley investigated by dual‐Doppler lidar measurements) campaign, conducted in a curved segment of the Inn valley, Austria, was to determine the character of the cross‐valley flow by means of a coplanar retrieval applied to a multi‐Doppler wind lidar configuration. A signature of a secondary circulation, hereafter referred to as a cross‐valley vortex, stood out particularly during intense daytime upvalley flow episodes. Vortices were detected on 23 upvalley wind days, with a declining frequency of occurrence from August to October. Nearly all identified vortices were marked by a low‐level upvalley jet, a clockwise wind direction turning with height, and a cessation of upvalley flow at the local ridgeline level. The routinely sampled coplanar‐retrieved cross‐valley wind field enabled the quantification of more advanced parameters based on vorticity, revealing a faster spin rate of the vortex around its streamwise axis given a stronger upvalley flow, and a period of revolution on the order of several tens of minutes. A detailed inspection of the lateral momentum budget and associated uncertainties confirmed the importance of the relationship between the centrifugal and the pressure gradient force for the cross‐valley vortex occurrence in a curved valley.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0035-9009 , 1477-870X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.v147.740
    DOI: 10.1002/qj.4159
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 7650
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3142-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2089168-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 10 ( 2022-05-20), p. 6559-6593
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 10 ( 2022-05-20), p. 6559-6593
    Abstract: Abstract. This study represents the first detailed analysis of multi-year, near-surface turbulence observations for an urban area located in highly complex terrain. Using 4 years of eddy covariance measurements over the Alpine city of Innsbruck, Austria, the effects of the urban surface, orographic setting and mountain weather on energy and mass exchange are investigated. In terms of surface controls, the findings for Innsbruck are in accordance with previous studies at city centre sites. The available energy is partitioned mainly into net storage heat flux and sensible heat flux (each comprising about 40 % of the net radiation, Q*, during the daytime in summer). The latent heat flux is small by comparison (only about 10 % of Q*) due to the small amount of vegetation present but increases for short periods (6–12 h) following rainfall. Additional energy supplied by anthropogenic activities and heat released from the large thermal mass of the urban surface helps to support positive sensible heat fluxes in the city all year round. Annual observed CO2 fluxes (5.1 kg C m−2 yr−1) correspond well to modelled emissions and expectations based on findings at other sites with a similar proportion of vegetation. The net CO2 exchange is dominated by anthropogenic emissions from traffic in summer and building heating in winter. In contrast to previous urban observational studies, the effect of the orography is examined here. Innsbruck's location in a steep-sided valley results in marked diurnal and seasonal patterns in flow conditions. A typical valley wind circulation is observed (in the absence of strong synoptic forcing) with moderate up-valley winds during daytime, weaker down-valley winds at night (and in winter) and near-zero wind speeds around the times of the twice-daily wind reversal. Due to Innsbruck's location north of the main Alpine crest, southerly foehn events frequently have a marked effect on temperature, wind speed, turbulence and pollutant concentration. Warm, dry foehn air advected over the surface can lead to negative sensible heat fluxes both inside and outside the city. Increased wind speeds and intense mixing during foehn (turbulent kinetic energy often exceeds 5 m2 s−2) help to ventilate the city, illustrated here by low CO2 mixing ratios. Radiative exchange is also affected by the orography – incoming shortwave radiation is blocked by the terrain at low solar elevation. The interpretation of the dataset is complicated by distinct temporal patterns in flow conditions and the combined influences of the urban environment, terrain and atmospheric conditions. The analysis presented here reveals how Innsbruck's mountainous setting impacts the near-surface conditions in multiple ways, highlighting the similarities with previous studies in much flatter terrain and examining the differences in order to begin to understand interactions between urban and orographic processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-6559-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 7
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    Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley Cold Air Pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO
    Schweizerbart ; 2021
    In:  Meteorologische Zeitschrift Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2021-04-22), p. 153-168
    Details
    In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Schweizerbart, Vol. 30, No. 2 ( 2021-04-22), p. 153-168
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0941-2948
    Uniform Title: Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley Cold Air Pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1127/metz/2020/1043
    RVK:
    UA 5450
    Language: English , English
    Publisher: Schweizerbart
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 511391-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2045168-4
    SSG: 14
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Dynamics of gap winds in the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia: emphasis on strong winds at Lake Abaya
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Weather and Climate Dynamics Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2022-08-23), p. 1003-1019
    Details
    In: Weather and Climate Dynamics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2022-08-23), p. 1003-1019
    Abstract: Abstract. Lake Abaya, located in the Great Rift Valley (GRV) in Ethiopia, is affected by regularly occurring strong winds that cause water waves, which in turn affect the lake's ecology and food web. The driving forces for these winds, however, are yet unexplained. Hence, the main goal of this study is to provide a physical explanation for the formation of these strong winds in the GRV and especially at Lake Abaya. To this aim, two case studies were performed based on measurements, ERA5 reanalysis data and mesoscale numerical simulations conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The simulations revealed that in both cases a gap flow downstream of the narrowest and highest part of the GRV (i.e. the pass) led to high wind speeds of up to 25 m s−1. Two types of gap flow were identified: a north-eastern gap flow and a south-western gap flow. The wind directions are in line with the orientation of the valley axis and depend on the air mass distribution north and south of the valley and the resulting along-valley pressure gradient. The air mass distribution was determined by the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone relative to the GRV. The colder air mass was upstream of the GRV in both case studies. During the day, the convective boundary layer in the warmer air mass on the downstream side heated up more strongly and quickly than in the colder air mass. The most suitable variable describing the timing of the gap flow was found to be the pressure gradient at pass height, which corresponds roughly to the 800 hPa pressure level. In both cases the gap flow exhibited a strong daily cycle, which illustrates the importance of the thermal forcing due to differential heating over complex terrain in addition to the large-scale forcing due to air mass differences. The start, strength, and the duration of the gap winds within the valley depended on location. For both cases, the strongest winds occurred after sunset and in the ongoing night downstream of the gap and on the corresponding lee slope. The ERA5 reanalysis captures both events qualitatively well but with weaker wind speeds than in the mesoscale numerical simulations. Hence, ERA5 is suitable for a future climatological analysis of these gap flows.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2698-4016
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/wcd-3-1003-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982467-9
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Is it north or west foehn? A Lagrangian analysis of Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn intensive observation period 1 (PIANO IOP 1)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Weather and Climate Dynamics Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2022-03-25), p. 279-303
    Details
    In: Weather and Climate Dynamics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 3, No. 1 ( 2022-03-25), p. 279-303
    Abstract: Abstract. A case study of a foehn event in the Inn Valley near Innsbruck, Austria, that occurred on 29 October 2017 in the framework of the first intensive observation period (IOP) of the Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn (PIANO) field campaign is investigated. Accompanied with northwesterly crest-level flow, foehn broke through at the valley floor as strong westerly winds in the morning and was terminated in the afternoon by a cold front arriving from the north. The difference between local and large-scale wind direction raises the question of whether the event should be classified as north or west foehn – a question that has not been convincingly answered in the past for similar events based on Eulerian approaches. Hence, the goal of this study is to assess the air mass origin and the mechanisms of foehn penetration to the valley floor based on a Lagrangian perspective. For this purpose a mesoscale simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and a backward trajectory analysis with LAGRANTO are conducted. The trajectory analysis shows that the major part of the air arriving in Innsbruck originates 6 h earlier over eastern France, crosses the two mountain ranges of the Vosges and the Black Forest, and finally impinges on the Alps near Lake Constance and the Rhine Valley. Orographic precipitation over the mountains leads to a net diabatic heating of about 2.5 K and to a moisture loss of about 1 g kg−1 along the trajectories. A secondary air stream originates further south over the Swiss Plateau and contributes about 10 % to 40 % of the trajectories to the foehn air in Innsbruck. Corresponding trajectories are initially nearly parallel to the northern Alpine rim and get lifted above crest level in the same region as the main trajectory branch. Air parcels within this branch experience a net diabatic heating of about 2 K and, in contrast to the ones of the main branch, an overall moisture uptake due to evaporation of precipitation formed above these air parcels. Penetration into the Inn Valley mainly occurs in the lee of three local mountain ranges – the Lechtal Alps, the Wetterstein Mountains, and the Mieming Chain – and is associated with a gravity wave and a persistent atmospheric rotor. A secondary penetration takes place in the western end of the Inn Valley via the Arlberg Pass and Silvretta Pass. Changes in the upstream flow conditions cause a shift in the contributions of the associated penetration branches. From a Lagrangian perspective this shift can be interpreted on the valley scale as a gradual transition from west to northwest foehn despite the persistent local west wind in Innsbruck. However, a clear classification in one or the other categories remains subjective even with the Lagrangian approach and, given the complexity of the trajectory pattern, is nearly impossible with the traditional Eulerian view.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2698-4016
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/wcd-3-279-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2982467-9
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    CROSSINN: A Field Experiment to Study the Three-Dimensional Flow Structure in the Inn Valley, Austria
    American Meteorological Society ; 2021
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 102, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. E38-E60
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 102, No. 1 ( 2021-01), p. E38-E60
    Abstract: While the exchange of mass, momentum, moisture, and energy over horizontally homogeneous, flat terrain is mostly driven by vertical turbulent mixing, thermally and dynamically driven mesoscale flows substantially contribute to the Earth–atmosphere exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer over mountainous terrain (MoBL). The interaction of these processes acting on multiple scales leads to a large spatial variability in the MoBL, whose observational detection requires comprehensive instrumentation and a sophisticated measurement strategy. We designed a field campaign that targets the three-dimensional flow structure and its impact on the MoBL in a major Alpine valley. Taking advantage of an existing network of surface flux towers and remote sensing instrumentation in the Inn Valley, Austria, we added a set of ground-based remote sensing instruments, consisting of Doppler lidars, a ceilometer, a Raman lidar, and a microwave radiometer, and performed radio soundings and aircraft measurements. The objective of the Cross-Valley Flow in the Inn Valley Investigated by Dual-Doppler Lidar Measurements (CROSSINN) experiment is to determine the mean and turbulent characteristics of the flow in the MoBL under different synoptic conditions and to provide an intensive dataset for the future validation of mesoscale and large-eddy simulations. A particular challenge is capturing the two-dimensional kinematic flow in a vertical plane across the whole valley using coplanar synchronized Doppler lidar scans, which allows the detection of cross-valley circulation cells. This article outlines the scientific objectives, instrument setup, measurement strategy, and available data; summarizes the synoptic conditions during the measurement period of 2.5 months; and presents first results.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0283.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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