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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (10)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the psychology of poverty
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014
    In:  Science Vol. 344, No. 6186 ( 2014-05-23), p. 862-867
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 344, No. 6186 ( 2014-05-23), p. 862-867
    Abstract: Poverty remains one of the most pressing problems facing the world; the mechanisms through which poverty arises and perpetuates itself, however, are not well understood. Here, we examine the evidence for the hypothesis that poverty may have particular psychological consequences that can lead to economic behaviors that make it difficult to escape poverty. The evidence indicates that poverty causes stress and negative affective states which in turn may lead to short-sighted and risk-averse decision-making, possibly by limiting attention and favoring habitual behaviors at the expense of goal-directed ones. Together, these relationships may constitute a feedback loop that contributes to the perpetuation of poverty. We conclude by pointing toward specific gaps in our knowledge and outlining poverty alleviation programs that this mechanism suggests.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1232491
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    TH Wildau
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diminishing Reciprocal Fairness by Disrupting the Right Prefrontal Cortex
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2006
    In:  Science Vol. 314, No. 5800 ( 2006-11-03), p. 829-832
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 314, No. 5800 ( 2006-11-03), p. 829-832
    Abstract: Humans restrain self-interest with moral and social values. They are the only species known to exhibit reciprocal fairness, which implies the punishment of other individuals' unfair behaviors, even if it hurts the punisher's economic self-interest. Reciprocal fairness has been demonstrated in the Ultimatum Game, where players often reject their bargaining partner's unfair offers. Despite progress in recent years, however, little is known about how the human brain limits the impact of selfish motives and implements fair behavior. Here we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation substantially reduces subjects' willingness to reject their partners' intentionally unfair offers, which suggests that subjects are less able to resist the economic temptation to accept these offers. Importantly, however, subjects still judge such offers as very unfair, which indicates that the right DLPFC plays a key role in the implementation of fairness-related behaviors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1129156
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When Does "Economic Man" Dominate Social Behavior?
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2006
    In:  Science Vol. 311, No. 5757 ( 2006-01-06), p. 47-52
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 311, No. 5757 ( 2006-01-06), p. 47-52
    Abstract: The canonical model in economics considers people to be rational and self-regarding. However, much evidence challenges this view, raising the question of when “Economic Man” dominates the outcome of social interactions, and when bounded rationality or other-regarding preferences dominate. Here we show that strategic incentives are the key to answering this question. A minority of self-regarding individuals can trigger a “noncooperative” aggregate outcome if their behavior generates incentives for the majority of other-regarding individuals to mimic the minority's behavior. Likewise, a minority of other-regarding individuals can generate a “cooperative” aggregate outcome if their behavior generates incentives for a majority of self-regarding people to behave cooperatively. Similarly, in strategic games, aggregate outcomes can be either far from or close to Nash equilibrium if players with high degrees of strategic thinking mimic or erase the effects of others who do very little strategic thinking. Recently developed theories of other-regarding preferences and bounded rationality explain these findings and provide better predictions of actual aggregate behavior than does traditional economic theory.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1110600
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    BTU Cottbus
    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The neural circuitry of affect-induced distortions of trust
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2019
    In:  Science Advances Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2019-03)
    Details
    In: Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 5, No. 3 ( 2019-03)
    Abstract: Aversive affect is likely a key source of irrational human decision-making, but still, little is known about the neural circuitry underlying emotion-cognition interactions during social behavior. We induced incidental aversive affect via prolonged periods of threat of shock, while 41 healthy participants made investment decisions concerning another person or a lottery. Negative affect reduced trust, suppressed trust-specific activity in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), and reduced functional connectivity between the TPJ and emotion-related regions such as the amygdala. The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) seems to play a key role in mediating the impact of affect on behavior: Functional connectivity of this brain area with left TPJ was associated with trust in the absence of negative affect, but aversive affect disrupted this association between TPJ-pSTS connectivity and behavioral trust. Our findings may be useful for a better understanding of the neural circuitry of affective distortions in healthy and pathological populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2375-2548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3413
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2810933-8
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    BTU Cottbus
    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Wildau
    FH Potsdam
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Computational and neurobiological foundations of leadership decisions
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2018
    In:  Science Vol. 361, No. 6401 ( 2018-08-03)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 361, No. 6401 ( 2018-08-03)
    Abstract: Leaders must take responsibility for others and thus affect the well-being of individuals, organizations, and nations. We identify the effects of responsibility on leaders’ choices at the behavioral and neurobiological levels and document the widespread existence of responsibility aversion, that is, a reduced willingness to make decisions if the welfare of others is at stake. In mechanistic terms, basic preferences toward risk, loss, and ambiguity do not explain responsibility aversion, which, instead, is driven by a second-order cognitive process reflecting an increased demand for certainty about the best choice when others’ welfare is affected. Finally, models estimating levels of information flow between brain regions that process separate choice components provide the first step in understanding the neurobiological basis of individual variability in responsibility aversion and leadership scores.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0036
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    TH Wildau
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Neural Basis of Altruistic Punishment
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2004
    In:  Science Vol. 305, No. 5688 ( 2004-08-27), p. 1254-1258
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 305, No. 5688 ( 2004-08-27), p. 1254-1258
    Abstract: Many people voluntarily incur costs to punish violations of social norms. Evolutionary models and empirical evidence indicate that such altruistic punishment has been a decisive force in the evolution of human cooperation. We used H 2 15 O positron emission tomography to examine the neural basis for altruistic punishment of defectors in an economic exchange. Subjects could punish defection either symbolically or effectively. Symbolic punishment did not reduce the defector's economic payoff, whereas effective punishment did reduce the payoff. We scanned the subjects' brains while they learned about the defector's abuse of trust and determined the punishment. Effective punishment, as compared with symbolic punishment, activated the dorsal striatum, which has been implicated in the processing of rewards that accrue as a result of goal-directed actions. Moreover, subjects with stronger activations in the dorsal striatum were willing to incur greater costs in order to punish. Our findings support the hypothesis that people derive satisfaction from punishing norm violations and that the activation in the dorsal striatum reflects the anticipated satisfaction from punishing defectors.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1100735
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Female genital cutting is not a social coordination norm
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2015
    In:  Science Vol. 349, No. 6255 ( 2015-09-25), p. 1446-1447
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 349, No. 6255 ( 2015-09-25), p. 1446-1447
    Abstract: The World Health Organization defines female genital cutting as any procedure that removes or injures any part of a female's external genitalia for nonmedical reasons ( 1 ). Cutting brings no documented health benefits and leads to serious health problems. Across six African countries, for example, a cohort of 15-year-old girls is expected to lose nearly 130,000 years of life because of cutting ( 2 ). We report data that question an influential approach to promoting abandonment of the practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7978
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    TH Wildau
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The brain’s functional network architecture reveals human motives
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2016
    In:  Science Vol. 351, No. 6277 ( 2016-03-04), p. 1074-1078
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 351, No. 6277 ( 2016-03-04), p. 1074-1078
    Abstract: Goal-directed human behaviors are driven by motives. Motives are, however, purely mental constructs that are not directly observable. Here, we show that the brain’s functional network architecture captures information that predicts different motives behind the same altruistic act with high accuracy. In contrast, mere activity in these regions contains no information about motives. Empathy-based altruism is primarily characterized by a positive connectivity from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) to the anterior insula (AI), whereas reciprocity-based altruism additionally invokes strong positive connectivity from the AI to the ACC and even stronger positive connectivity from the AI to the ventral striatum. Moreover, predominantly selfish individuals show distinct functional architectures compared to altruists, and they only increase altruistic behavior in response to empathy inductions, but not reciprocity inductions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7992
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    TH Wildau
  • 9
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    Online Resource
    The Coevolution of Cultural Groups and Ingroup Favoritism
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2008
    In:  Science Vol. 321, No. 5897 ( 2008-09-26), p. 1844-1849
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 321, No. 5897 ( 2008-09-26), p. 1844-1849
    Abstract: Cultural boundaries have often been the basis for discrimination, nationalism, religious wars, and genocide. Little is known, however, about how cultural groups form or the evolutionary forces behind group affiliation and ingroup favoritism. Hence, we examine these forces experimentally and show that arbitrary symbolic markers, though initially meaningless, evolve to play a key role in cultural group formation and ingroup favoritism because they enable a population of heterogeneous individuals to solve important coordination problems. This process requires that individuals differ in some critical but unobservable way and that their markers be freely and flexibly chosen. If these conditions are met, markers become accurate predictors of behavior. The resulting social environment includes strong incentives to bias interactions toward others with the same marker, and subjects accordingly show strong ingroup favoritism. When markers do not acquire meaning as accurate predictors of behavior, players show a markedly reduced taste for ingroup favoritism. Our results support the prominent evolutionary hypothesis that cultural processes can reshape the selective pressures facing individuals and so favor the evolution of behavioral traits not previously advantaged.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1155805
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
  • 10
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    Online Resource
    From the lab to the real world
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2015
    In:  Science Vol. 350, No. 6260 ( 2015-10-30), p. 512-513
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 350, No. 6260 ( 2015-10-30), p. 512-513
    Abstract: Until the late 1980s, textbooks portrayed economics as a nonexperimental science because it was thought that “Economists…cannot perform the controlled experiments of chemists or biologists.…Like astronomers or meteorologists, they generally must be content largely to observe” ( 1 ). Since then, economics has experienced an experimental revolution ( 2 – 6 ). However, there has been a debate on the extent to which insights from economic lab experiments can be generalized to field settings ( 7 – 11 ). On page 545 of this issue, Herbst and Mas ( 12 ) show that the results of a class of lab experiments can be generalized to the field because they provide quantitatively precise descriptions of productivity spillovers between workers.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aad4343
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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    Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein
    TH Wildau
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