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  • 1
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    Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2003
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 90, No. 3 ( 2003-09), p. 717-727
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 90, No. 3 ( 2003-09), p. 717-727
    Abstract: A randomised crossover study of eight overweight or obese men (aged 24–49 years, BMI 25.5–31.3 kg/m 2 ), who followed two diets for 4 weeks each, was performed to determine whether substitution of saturated fat with monounsaturated fat affects body weight and composition. Subjects were provided with all food and beverages as modules (selected ad libitum ) of constant macronutrient composition, but differing energy content. The % total energy from saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat was 24, 13 and 3% respectively on the saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich diet and 11, 22 and 7% respectively on the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet. MUFA accounted for about 80% of the unsaturated fats consumed on both diets. Body composition, blood pressure, energy expenditure (resting and postprandial metabolic rates, substrate oxidation rate, physical activity), serum lipids, the fatty acid profile of serum cholesteryl esters and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and after each diet period. Significant ( P ≤0·05) differences in total cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters provided evidence of dietary adherence. The men had a lower weight (-2·1 ( se 0·4) kg, P =0·0015) and fat mass (-2·6 ( se 0·6) kg, P = 0·0034) at the end of the MUFA-rich diet as compared with values at the end of the SFA-rich diet. No significant differences were detected in energy or fat intake, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation rates or self-reported physical activity. Substituting dietary saturated with unsaturated fat, predominantly MUFA, can induce a small but significant loss of body weight and fat mass without a significant change in total energy or fat intake.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/BJN2003948
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2003
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  • 2
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    Plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2008
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 101, No. 2 ( 2008-06-13), p. 270-277
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 101, No. 2 ( 2008-06-13), p. 270-277
    Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy increases with duration of diabetes and may be associated with carotenoid status. Carotenoids alter the pro-oxidation/antioxidation balance, and circulating levels depend largely on dietary intake. Lower levels have been reported in diabetes and age-related macular degeneration; however, little is known of the relationship between carotenoids and diabetic complications. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy. We assessed the carotenoid–retinopathy relationship in 111 individuals with type 2 diabetes in a community-based, cross-sectional study. We photodocumented retinal status and used HPLC to measure plasma carotenoid concentrations. Data for clinical and demographic variables and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy were obtained from 24 h urine and fasting blood samples, and an interviewer-assisted lifestyle questionnaire. We found that the combined lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin (non-pro-vitamin A (non-PVA) carotenoid) concentration when compared with the pro-vitamin A (PVA) carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) was significantly lower in the retinopathy than non-retinopathy group (OR 1·2 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·4) v. 1·6 (95 % CI 1·4, 1·7), respectively; P  = 0·009). A higher non-PVA:PVA ratio also predicted a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy, after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 0·33 (95 % CI 0·12, 0·95); P  = 0·039). Finally, a higher concentration of PVA carotenoids was associated with greater odds of diabetic retinopathy, after adjustment for risk factors ( P  = 0·049). We suggest synergies between carotenoids are implicated in diabetic retinopathy, independent of established risk factors. Importantly, our observations indicate dietary modulation of retinopathy risk may be possible by increasing intakes of lutein- and lycopene-rich foods.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508006545
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 3
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    Use of point-of-sale data to assess food and nutrient quality in remote stores
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2013-07), p. 1159-1167
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 16, No. 7 ( 2013-07), p. 1159-1167
    Abstract: To examine the feasibility of using point-of-sale data to assess dietary quality of food sales in remote stores. Design A multi-site cross-sectional assessment of food and nutrient composition of food sales. Point-of-sale data were linked to Australian Food and Nutrient Data and compared across study sites and with nutrient requirements. Setting Remote Aboriginal Australia. Subject Six stores. Results Point-of-sale data were readily available and provided a low-cost, efficient and objective assessment of food and nutrient sales. Similar patterns in macronutrient distribution, food expenditure and key food sources of nutrients were observed across stores. In all stores, beverages, cereal and cereal products, and meat and meat products comprised approximately half of food sales (range 49–57 %). Fruit and vegetable sales comprised 10·4 ( sd 1·9) % on average. Carbohydrate contributed 54·4 ( sd 3·0) % to energy; protein 13·5 ( sd 1·1) %; total sugars 28·9 ( sd 4·3) %; and the contribution of total saturated fat to energy ranged from 11·0 to 14·4 % across stores. Mg, Ca, K and fibre were limiting nutrients, and Na was four to five times higher than the midpoint of the average intake range. Relatively few foods were major sources of nutrients. Conclusions Point-of-sale data enabled an assessment of dietary quality within stores and across stores with no burden on communities and at no cost, other than time required for analysis and reporting. Similar food spending patterns and nutrient profiles were observed across the six stores. This suggests potential in using point-of-sale data to monitor and evaluate dietary quality in remote Australian communities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012004284
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 4
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    The effect of oral contraceptive agents on the basal metabolic rate of young women
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1997
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 77, No. 6 ( 1997-06), p. 853-862
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    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 77, No. 6 ( 1997-06), p. 853-862
    Abstract: The use of oral contraceptive agents by women may be a factor that contributes to the observed inter-individual variability in the BMR. We, therefore, measured the BMR, body build and composition in two groups of young women and also assessed their self-reported level of physical activity. One group had been using oral contraceptive agents for a period of 6 months or more (OCA, n 24), while the other group had never used oral contraceptives (NOCA, n 22). There were no significant differences in age, body build or composition. The absolute BMR in the two groups were not significantly different when compared using an unpaired t test (OCA: 5841 (SD 471) v . NOCA: 5633 (SD 615)kJ/d). However, using an analysis of covariance, with either body weight or a combination of fat and fat free mass as covariates, the OCA group had a BMR almost 5% higher than that of the NOCA group (OCA: 5871 v . NOCA: 5601 kJ/d; P =0·002). When those subjects with high self-reported levels of physical activity were excluded, the difference in BMR between the two groups persisted ( P = 0·001). An ANOVA of oral contraceptives use and phase of menstrual cycle showed significant differences in BMR with use of oral contraceptives ( P =0·004) but no difference in BMR between phases of the menstrual cycle. In conclusion, the ose of oral contraceptive agents deserves consideration when conducting and analysing data from studies on energy metabolism in young women, as it results in a significantly higher BMR.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/BJN19970084
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 5
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    Effect of altering dietary n -6: n -3 PUFA ratio on cardiovascular risk measures in patients treated with statins: a pilot study
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2012
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 108, No. 7 ( 2012-10-14), p. 1280-1285
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 108, No. 7 ( 2012-10-14), p. 1280-1285
    Abstract: Increasing dietary n -3 PUFA decreases the risk of CHD. Since n -6 PUFA compete with n -3 PUFA for common metabolic enzymes, the n -6: n -3 ratio intake rather than the n -3 PUFA intake levels per se may be critical. We aimed to examine whether altering the n -6: n -3 ratio affects cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolaemic patients on lipid management with statins. Adhering to a randomised, crossover study design, patients on statins ( n 11) were placed on one of two dietary interventions (Diet high-ratio (HR) – n -6: n -3 = 30:1 or Diet low-ratio (LR) – n -6: n -3 = 1·7:1) for 4 weeks followed after an 8-week washout period by the alternate diet. Foods enriched with n -3 or n -6 PUFA were delivered to each patient, who were given clear guidance on consumption expectations for the study. Measures of lipid profile, blood pressure and vascular function were determined. Diet LR significantly reduced body weight, LDL-cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure and the apoA-1:apoB ratio. While Diet HR trended towards a similar cardioprotective profile, most of the parameters examined did not reach statistical significance. A direct comparison between diets demonstrated no significant superiority of Diet LR over Diet HR. These results suggest that a dietary intervention focused on n -6 and n -3 fatty acids may improve cardiovascular risk factors in patients over and above standard lipid management, but there is no significant advantage of a low n -6: n -3 ratio diet when compared to a high-ratio diet.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511006519
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2012
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  • 6
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    Nutritional impacts of a fruit and vegetable subsidy programme for disadvantaged Australian Aboriginal children
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 110, No. 12 ( 2013-12-28), p. 2309-2317
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    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 110, No. 12 ( 2013-12-28), p. 2309-2317
    Abstract: Healthy food subsidy programmes have not been widely implemented in high-income countries apart from the USA and the UK. There is, however, interest being expressed in the potential of healthy food subsidies to complement nutrition promotion initiatives and reduce the social disparities in healthy eating. Herein, we describe the impact of a fruit and vegetable (F & V) subsidy programme on the nutritional status of a cohort of disadvantaged Aboriginal children living in rural Australia. A before-and-after study was used to assess the nutritional impact in 174 children whose families received weekly boxes of subsidised F & V organised through three Aboriginal medical services. The nutritional impact was assessed by comparing 24 h dietary recalls and plasma carotenoid and vitamin C levels at baseline and after 12 months. A general linear model was used to assess the changes in biomarker levels and dietary intake, controlled for age, sex, community and baseline levels. Baseline assessment in 149 children showed low F & V consumption. Significant increases ( P 〈  0·05) in β-cryptoxanthin (28·9 nmol/l, 18 %), vitamin C (10·1 μmol/l, 21 %) and lutein–zeaxanthin (39·3 nmol/l, 11 %) levels were observed at the 12-month follow-up in 115 children, although the self-reported F & V intake was unchanged. The improvements in the levels of biomarkers of F & V intake demonstrated in the present study are consistent with increased F & V intake. Such dietary improvements, if sustained, could reduce non-communicable disease rates. A controlled study of healthy food subsidies, together with an economic analysis, would facilitate a thorough assessment of the costs and benefits of subsidising healthy foods for disadvantaged Aboriginal Australians.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513001700
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 7
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    No evidence for an ethnic influence on basal metabolism: an examination of data from India and Australia
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 1998
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 79, No. 4 ( 1998-04), p. 333-341
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 79, No. 4 ( 1998-04), p. 333-341
    Abstract: A lower BMR of Indians, when compared with Westerners matched for age, sex, and either surface area or body weight, has often been reported in the literature and has been interpreted to reflect an ethnic influence on BMR. To determine the contribution of body composition to these observed differences in BMR, we analysed the data on ninety-six Indians and eighty-one Caucasian Australians of both sexes, aged 18–30 years, studied in Bangalore, India and Melbourne, Australia. Absolute BMR and BMR adjusted for body weight were significantly lower in Indians when compared with Australians of the corresponding sex. However, BMR adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) in men, and BMR adjusted for FFM and fat mass (FM) in women, were not significantly different between the two groups. Stepwise regression of FFM, FM, sex (0 = women; 1 = men) and ethnicity (0 = Indian; 1 = Australian) on BMR, resulted in the following relationship for the combined data on all subjects: BMR=88.7 × FFM (kg) + 1713 ( n 177; r 0.92; r 2 0.85; see 425 kJ). The Indian equations of Hayter & Henry (1994), based on body weight, resulted in a significant bias (measured – predicted BMR) of 318 (SE 54) kJ/d in Indian men and -409 (SE 70) kJ/d in Indian women. The equation of Cunningham (1991), based on FFM, accurately predicted the BMR of Indian men, Indian women and Australian men. The small but significant bias of 185 (SE 61)kJ/d in Australian women, may be explained by the significant contribution of FM to BMR in this group. The present study does not provide any evidence for an ethnic influence on basal metabolism. The results strongly support the use of FFM, rather than body weight, for the prediction of BMR in population groups of varying body size and composition. This would allow an accurate estimation of BMR and hence energy requirements in population groups worldwide.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1079/BJN19980057
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 8
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    Prediction of fruit and vegetable intake from biomarkers using individual participant data of diet-controlled intervention studies
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  British Journal of Nutrition Vol. 113, No. 9 ( 2015-05-14), p. 1396-1409
    Details
    In: British Journal of Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 113, No. 9 ( 2015-05-14), p. 1396-1409
    Abstract: Fruit and vegetable consumption produces changes in several biomarkers in blood. The present study aimed to examine the dose–response curve between fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin), folate and vitamin C concentrations. Furthermore, a prediction model of fruit and vegetable intake based on these biomarkers and subject characteristics (i.e. age, sex, BMI and smoking status) was established. Data from twelve diet-controlled intervention studies were obtained to develop a prediction model for fruit and vegetable intake (including and excluding fruit and vegetable juices). The study population in the present individual participant data meta-analysis consisted of 526 men and women. Carotenoid, folate and vitamin C concentrations showed a positive relationship with fruit and vegetable intake. Measures of performance for the prediction model were calculated using cross-validation. For the prediction model of fruit, vegetable and juice intake, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was 258·0 g, the correlation between observed and predicted intake was 0·78 and the mean difference between observed and predicted intake was − 1·7 g (limits of agreement: − 466·3, 462·8 g). For the prediction of fruit and vegetable intake (excluding juices), the RMSE was 201·1 g, the correlation was 0·65 and the mean bias was 2·4 g (limits of agreement: − 368·2, 373·0 g). The prediction models which include the biomarkers and subject characteristics may be used to estimate average intake at the group level and to investigate the ranking of individuals with regard to their intake of fruit and vegetables when validating questionnaires that measure intake.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0007-1145 , 1475-2662
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515000355
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 9
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    Fluctuations in money availability within an income cycle impacts diet quality of remote Indigenous Australians
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2017
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2017-06), p. 1431-1440
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    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 20, No. 8 ( 2017-06), p. 1431-1440
    Abstract: To consider the plausible nutritional impacts of fluctuations in money availability within an income cycle for remote Indigenous Australians. Design Community-level dietary intake (energy, micro/macronutrients) and expenditure on foods and beverages (F & B) were estimated over one year for three remote Indigenous Australian communities (Northern Territory, Australia) using monthly F & B transaction data. F & B that were likely to be consumed during a period within an income cycle when money was relatively limited (low money period (LMP) foods) were identified by panel consensus and scenario modelling was conducted to simulate the nutritional outcomes of a range of F & B selection responses to having an LMP. Results All scenarios resulted in reduced diet quality during the LMP relative to overall average diet values. Protein and fat energy percentages were reduced and carbohydrate energy percentage increased. Despite reduced expenditure, declines in energy intake were typically buffered due to the reduced energy cost ($AU/MJ) of the LMP diet. The micronutrient profile of the LMP diet was substantially poorer, such that additional key micronutrients dropped below population-weighted Estimated Average Requirements/Adequate Intakes. Conclusions The modelling undertaken herein suggests that even a short period of low money within an income cycle may noticeably contribute to the reduced diet quality of remote Indigenous Australians and exacerbate lifestyle disease risk. Dietary strategies that are designed to respond to diets and expenditure during different income cycle periods, rather than the overall average diet and expenditure, should be considered for improving diet quality and reducing cardiometabolic disease risk in remote Indigenous Australians.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980016003360
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016337-X
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  • 10
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    Evaluation of an FFQ for assessment of antioxidant intake using plasma biomarkers in an ethnically diverse population
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2009
    In:  Public Health Nutrition Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2009-12), p. 2438-2447
    Details
    In: Public Health Nutrition, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2009-12), p. 2438-2447
    Abstract: To evaluate FFQ estimates of dietary intake of individual antioxidants, fruit and vegetables in comparison to plasma concentrations of each antioxidant, and to determine which individual foods are associated with plasma antioxidant concentrations. Design Dietary (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, retinol, and vitamin E) intakes over 12 months were estimated from a 121-item FFQ. Correlation coefficients, corrected for within-person variability in diet and plasma antioxidants, were used to examine associations between antioxidant concentrations in diet and plasma. Setting Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS). Subjects Men and women ( n 3110) who were randomly selected from the MCCS. Participants were aged 36–72 years and were born in Australia, Greece, Italy or the UK. Results Correlation coefficients for the carotenoids ranged from 0·28 for lycopene to 0·46 for β-cryptoxanthin. There was no association between dietary and plasma retinol or dietary vitamin E with plasma α- and γ-tocopherol. Individual plasma carotenoid concentrations were associated with intakes of fruit and vegetables. Conclusions Our data suggest that the FFQ provides useful information on intakes of each of the carotenoids: α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin. There was no association between diet and plasma markers of retinol or vitamin E; this may reflect the importance of factors other than intake in modifying circulating levels of these nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1368-9800 , 1475-2727
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009005539
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2009
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