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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Complementarity or Substitution: A Study of the Impacts of Internet Finance and Rural Financial Development on Agricultural Economic Growth
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Agriculture Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-10-27), p. 1786-
    Details
    In: Agriculture, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 11 ( 2022-10-27), p. 1786-
    Abstract: Based on the Chinese county-level panel data from 2014–2018, in the study reported in this paper, we empirically tested the “complementarity and substitution” effects of internet finance and rural finance on rural economic development using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimation method. The research data were obtained from the China County Statistical Yearbook. Similarly, the data of agricultural credit societies were obtained from the unique database of the agricultural credit societies of Shaanxi Rural Finance Research Center, while the internet finance development index was obtained from the Digital Finance Research Center of Peking University. In this research, we found that rural finance and internet finance contribute to rural economic growth. In the context of rural economic growth, internet finance and rural finance development show a substitution effect. The scale and efficiency of rural finance contribute to rural economic growth, while the structure of rural finance has the opposite effect. The development of internet finance reduces the marginal contribution of the rural financial scale and efficiency to rural economic growth. It weakens the negative effect of the rustic financial structure on rural economic growth. Furthermore, the development of internet finance contributes to the rural economic growth of counties of high economic levels but hinders the development of counties of low and medium economic levels. In counties with a high economic status, the development of internet finance and rural finance have a complementary effect on rural economic growth, while in counties of low and medium economic levels, we can observe a substitution effect. These assessments provide guidance, a source for policy recommendations and a reference for researchers and policy makers seeking to optimize the structure and break the monopoly pattern of agricultural credit cooperation in the rural financial market and to strengthen innovation and significantly improve the operational level of rural financial institutions. Moreover, the development of internet financial business and technology is necessary to overcome the demerits of traditional financial institutions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2077-0472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12111786
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2651678-0
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Analysis of Robot Selection Based on 2-Tuple Picture Fuzzy Linguistic Aggregation Operators
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Mathematics Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2019-10-21), p. 1000-
    Details
    In: Mathematics, MDPI AG, Vol. 7, No. 10 ( 2019-10-21), p. 1000-
    Abstract: The aim of this article is to propose the 2-tuple picture fuzzy linguistic aggregation operators and a decision-making model to deal with uncertainties in the form of 2-tuple picture fuzzy linguistic sets; 2-tuple picture fuzzy linguistic operators have more flexibility than general fuzzy set. We proposed a number of aggregation operators, namely, 2-TPFLWA, 2-TPFLOWA, 2-TPFLHA, 2-TPFLWG, 2-TPFLOWG, and 2-TPFLHG operators. The distinguished feature of the developed operators are studied. At that point, we used these operators to design a model to deal with multiple attribute decision-making issues under the 2-tuple picture fuzzy linguistic information. Then, a practical application of robot selection by manufacturing unit is given to prove the introduced technique and to show its practicability and effectiveness. Besides this, a systematic comparison analysis with other existent approaches is conducted to reveal the advantage of our developed method. Results indicate that the proposed method is suitable and effective for decision-making problems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2227-7390
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/math7101000
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704244-3
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Root-Knot Disease Suppression in Eggplant Based on Three Growth Ages of Ganoderma lucidum
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Microorganisms Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-23), p. 1068-
    Details
    In: Microorganisms, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2022-05-23), p. 1068-
    Abstract: This investigation presents a novel finding showing the effect of culture filtrates (CFs) of macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, against Meloidogyne incognita evaluated in vitro and in planta. To determine the nematicidal activity, juveniles of M. incognita were exposed to Ganoderma CFs of three different ages (Two, four and eight weeks old) of pileus and stipe at different concentrations, i.e., 100%, 50%, 10% and 1% for different time intervals (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Ganoderma species were examined morphologically based on external appearance and analytically using SEM. The ethanolic samples of basidiocarp were prepared and analyzed for in vitro nematicidal assay and different bioactive compounds. The in vitro experiment results revealed that among all three ages of pileus and stipe, two-week-old pileus and stipe exhibited great nematotoxic potency and caused 83.8% and 73.8% juveniles’ mortality at 100% concentration after 72 h of exposure time, respectively. Similarly, the two-week-old pileus and stipe showed the highest egg hatching inhibition of 89.2% and 81.0% at the 100% concentration after five days. The eight-week-old pileus and stipe were not more effective than the two- and four-week-old pileus and stipe. The metabolites were characterized using GC-MS, including sugar alcohol, steroids, silanes, glucosides, pyrones, ester, oleic acid, phthalic acid, linoleic acid, palmitates and ketones. The in planta study conducted in the greenhouse demonstrated that the root dip treatment for 30 min with Ganoderma CFs curtailed the infection level of M. incognita and promoted the eggplant plant growth. The maximum percent increase in plant length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and yield/plant was obtained at 100% conc. of fungus CFs, whereas a reduction was observed in nematode infestation parameters. It was concluded from the study that Ganoderma CFs can be explored as an effective and eco-friendly antinemic biocontrol agent in fields infected with root-knot nematodes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-2607
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051068
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2720891-6
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Phytochemical Analysis and Binding Interaction of Cotton Seed Cake Derived Compounds with Target Protein of Meloidogyne incognita for Nematicidal Evaluation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Life Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-12-15), p. 2109-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 12 ( 2022-12-15), p. 2109-
    Abstract: The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematodes and is responsible for significant crop losses worldwide. Rising human health and environmental concerns have led to the withdrawal of commonly used chemical nematicides. There has been a tremendous demand for eco-friendly bio-nematicides with beneficial properties to the nematode hosting plants, which encourages the need for alternative nematode management practices. The current study was undertaken to determine the nematicidal potential of cotton seed cake (CSC) against second-stage juvenile (J2) hatching, J2 mortality, and J2 penetration of M. incognita in tomato plants in vitro. J2s and egg masses of M. incognita were exposed to four concentrations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/L) of CSC extracts. The higher J2 mortality and inhibition of J2 hatching were found at 1000 mg/L, while the least effective result was observed at 250 mg/L of the CSC extract. The CSC extract applied with the concentrations mentioned above also showed inhibition of J2 penetration in tomato roots; 1000 mg/L showed the highest inhibition of penetration, while 250 mg/L displayed the least inhibition. Using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, we identified 11 compounds, out of which 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, and Tetradecanoic acid were found as major compounds. Subsequently, in silico molecular docking was conducted to confirm the nematicidal behavior of CSC based on binding interactions of the above three major compounds with the targeted protein acetylcholine esterase (AChE) of M. incognita. The values of binding free energy are −5.3, −4.5, and −4.9 kcal/mol, observed for 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, and Tetradecanoic acid, respectively, suggesting that 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid binds with the receptor AChE more efficiently than the other two ligands. This study indicates that CSC has nematicidal potential that can be used to control M. incognita for sustainable agriculture.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life12122109
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 5
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    Preparation of Losartan Potassium Controlled Release Matrices and In-Vitro Investigation Using Rate Controlling Agents
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Molecules Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2022-01-27), p. 864-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 27, No. 3 ( 2022-01-27), p. 864-
    Abstract: Controlled release matrices have predictable drug release kinetics, provide drugs for an extended period of time, and reduce dosing frequency with improved patient compliance as compared with conventional tablet dosage forms. In the current research work, losartan potassium controlled release matrix tablets were fabricated and prepared with rate altering agents; that is, Ethocel grade 100 combined with Carbopol 934PNF. Various drug to polymer ratios were used. HPMC, CMC, and starch were incorporated in some of the matrices by replacing some amount of filler (5%). The direct compression method was adopted for the preparation of matrices. In phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), the dissolution study was conducted by adopting the USP method-I as the specified method. Drug release kinetics was determined and dissolution profiles were also compared with the reference standard. Prolonged release was observed for all matrices, but those with Ethocel 100FP Premium showed more extended release. The co-excipient (HPMC, CMC, and starch) exhibited enhancement in the drug release rates, while all controlled release matrices released the drug by anamolous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. This combination of polymers (Ethocel grade 100 with Carbopol 934PNF) efficiently extended the drug release rates up to 24 h. It is suggested that these matrix tablets can be given in once a day dosage, which might improve patient compliance, and the polymeric blend of Ethocel grade 100 with Carbopol 934PNF might be used in the development of prolonged release matrices of other water-soluble drugs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030864
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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  • 6
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    Production of Biochar and Its Potential Application in Cementitious Composites
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Crystals Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2021-05-10), p. 527-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2021-05-10), p. 527-
    Abstract: In cement composites, usually, reinforcement is provided to restrict the crack development and their further propagation under service conditions. Typically, reinforcements utilized in cementitious composites range from nanometer scale to millimeter scale by using nano-, micro-, and millimeter-sized fibers and particles. These reinforcements provide the crack arresting mechanisms at the nano/microscale and restrict the growth of the cracks under service loads, but usually, the synthesis of nano/microfibers, and afterward their dispersion in the cementitious materials, pose difficulty, thus limiting their vast application in the construction industry. Carbonaceous inerts are green materials since they are capable of capturing and storing carbon, thus limiting the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere. In the present study, a comprehensive review of the synthesis of low cost and environmentally friendly nano/micro carbonaceous inerts from pyrolysis of different agricultural/industrial wastes, and afterward, their application in the cementitious materials for producing high performance cementitious composites is presented, which have the potential to be used as nano/micro reinforcement in the cementitious matrix.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst11050527
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Effect of MHC Linked 7-Gene Signature on Delayed Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Personalized Medicine Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-02), p. 1129-
    Details
    In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 11 ( 2021-11-02), p. 1129-
    Abstract: Dysregulated immune response significantly affects hepatocellular carcinoma’s (HCC) prognosis. Human Leukocyte Antigens are key in devising immune responses against HCC. Here, we investigated how HLAs modulate HCC development at the transcriptomic level. RNA-seq data of 576 patients from two independent cohorts was retrieved. The clinicopathological relevance of all HLA genes was investigated using Fisher-Exact, correlation, and Kaplan–Meier and cox regression survival tests. Clustering of ~800 immune-related genes against HLAs was completed using a ward-agglomerative method. Networks were generated using 40 HLA associated unique genes and hub genes were investigated. HLAs including HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOA and HLA-DRB6 were associated with delayed recurrence in both discovery (204 HCC cases) and validation (372 HCC cases) cohorts. Clustering analyses revealed 40 genes associated with these four HLAs in both cohorts. A set of seven genes (NCF4, TYROBP, LCP2, ZAP70, PTPRC, FYN and WAS) was found co-expressed at gene–gene interaction level in both cohorts. Furthermore, survival analysis revealed seven HLA-linked genes as predictors of delayed recurrence. Multivariate analysis also predicted that mean expression of 7-gene is an independent predictor of delayed recurrence in both cohorts. We conclude that the expression of 7-gene signature may lead to improved patient prognosis. Further studies are required for consideration in clinical practice.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-4426
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/jpm11111129
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662248-8
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Climate Change and Human Activities, the Significant Dynamic Drivers of Himalayan Goral Distribution (Naemorhedus goral)
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Biology Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2023-04-18), p. 610-
    Details
    In: Biology, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 2023-04-18), p. 610-
    Abstract: The distribution of large ungulates is more often negatively impacted by the changing climate, especially global warming and species with limited distributional zones. While developing conservation action plans for the threatened species such as the Himalayan goral (Naemorhedus goral Hardwicke 1825; a mountain goat that mostly inhabits rocky cliffs), it is imperative to comprehend how future distributions might vary based on predicted climate change. In this work, MaxEnt modeling was employed to assess the habitat suitability of the target species under varying climate scenarios. Such studies have provided highly useful information but to date no such research work has been conducted that considers this endemic animal species of the Himalayas. A total of 81 species presence points, 19 bioclimatic and 3 topographic variables were employed in the species distribution modeling (SDM), and MaxEnt calibration and optimization were performed to select the best candidate model. For predicted climate scenarios, the future data is drawn from SSPs 245 and SSPs 585 of the 2050s and 2070s. Out of total 20 variables, annual precipitation, elevation, precipitation of driest month, slope aspect, minimum temperature of coldest month, slope, precipitation of warmest quarter, and temperature annual range (in order) were detected as the most influential drivers. A high accuracy value (AUC-ROC 〉 0.9) was observed for all the predicted scenarios. The habitat suitability of the targeted species might expand (about 3.7 to 13%) under all the future climate change scenarios. The same is evident according to local residents as species which are locally considered extinct in most of the area, might be shifting northwards along the elevation gradient away from human settlements. This study recommends additional research is conducted to prevent potential population collapses, and to identify other possible causes of local extinction events. Our findings will aid in formulating conservation plans for the Himalayan goral in a changing climate and serve as a basis for future monitoring of the species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-7737
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/biology12040610
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661517-4
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    GEP Tree-Based Prediction Model for Interfacial Bond Strength of Externally Bonded FRP Laminates on Grooves with Concrete Prism
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Polymers Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-16), p. 2016-
    Details
    In: Polymers, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 10 ( 2022-05-16), p. 2016-
    Abstract: Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to frequent maintenance and repairs due to steel reinforcement corrosion. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates are widely used for retrofitting beams, columns, joints, and slabs. This study investigated the non-linear capability of artificial intelligence (AI)-based gene expression programming (GEP) modelling to develop a mathematical relationship for estimating the interfacial bond strength (IBS) of FRP laminates on a concrete prism with grooves. The model was based on five input parameters, namely axial stiffness (Eftf), width of FRP plate (bf), concrete compressive strength (fc′), width of groove (bg), and depth of the groove (hg), and IBS was considered the target variable. Ten trials were conducted based on varying genetic parameters, namely the number of chromosomes, head size, and number of genes. The performance of the models was evaluated using the correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The genetic variation revealed that optimum performance was obtained for 30 chromosomes, 11 head sizes, and 4 genes. The values of R, MAE, and RMSE were observed as 0.967, 0.782 kN, and 1.049 kN for training and 0.961, 1.027 kN, and 1.354 kN. The developed model reflected close agreement between experimental and predicted results. This implies that the developed mathematical equation was reliable in estimating IBS based on the available properties of FRPs. The sensitivity and parametric analysis showed that the axial stiffness and width of FRP are the most influential parameters in contributing to IBS.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4360
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/polym14102016
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2527146-5
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Application of Mineral Compounds for a High-Voltage Portable Grounding System: An Experimental Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Electronics Vol. 10, No. 16 ( 2021-08-23), p. 2043-
    Details
    In: Electronics, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 16 ( 2021-08-23), p. 2043-
    Abstract: Electrical grounding is an indispensable part of the power system network. The grounding system is mainly affected by grounding resistance and the nature of the soil. High ground resistance produces the phenomenon of soil ionization, surface arching, and back flashover. A conventional grounding system requires the deep digging of electrodes, thus creating maintenance difficulties. This research work focuses on the safe operation of an electric power system from external and internal impulses arising due to lightning strikes or short circuits. The study proposes an application of mineral samples as grounding materials, and bentonite is used as backfilling material in portable grounding systems. A detailed experimental analysis was conducted under controlled conditions to evaluate the performance of selected materials in high-resistance soil. The problem of a deeply driven electrode is addressed by designing the portable grounding system. The study results demonstrate that the proposed portable grounding system could be installed in troubled environments such as forests, deserts, and rocky terrains. To measure the breakdown voltages of the proposed samples, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and other laboratory tests were conducted. The electric field intensities are extracted through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The experimental and simulation findings show the expected performance of mineral samples under various operating conditions. The findings of this study can guide the practitioners for safe and efficient operations of portable electrical grounding systems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-9292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/electronics10162043
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662127-7
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