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  • MDPI AG  (15)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    326K at E Protein Is Critical for Mammalian Adaption of TMUV
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Viruses Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-12-01), p. 2376-
    Details
    In: Viruses, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 12 ( 2023-12-01), p. 2376-
    Abstract: Outbreaks of Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection have caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China since 2010. However, the potential threat of TMUV to mammals has not been well studied. In this study, a TMUV HB strain isolated from diseased ducks showed high virulence in BALB/c mice inoculated intranasally compared with the reference duck TMUV strain. Further studies revealed that the olfactory epithelium is one pathway for the TMUV HB strain to invade the central nervous system of mice. Genetic analysis revealed that the TMUV HB virus contains two unique residues in E and NS3 proteins (326K and 519T) compared with duck TMUV reference strains. K326E substitution weakens the neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence of TMUV HB in mice. Remarkably, the TMUV HB strain induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-α/β than mutant virus with K326E substitution in the brain tissue of the infected mice, which suggested that TMUV HB caused more severe inflammation in the mouse brains. Moreover, application of IFN-β to infected mouse brain exacerbated the disease, indicating that overstimulated IFN response in the brain is harmful to mice upon TMUV infection. Further studies showed that TMUV HB upregulated RIG-I and IRF7 more significantly than mutant virus containing the K326E mutation in mouse brain, which suggested that HB stimulated the IFN response through the RIG-I-IRF7 pathway. Our findings provide insights into the pathogenesis and potential risk of TMUV to mammals.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1999-4915
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/v15122376
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2516098-9
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    A Quick Band-to-Band Mis-Registration Detection Method for Sentinel-2 MSI Images
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-24), p. 3351-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 17 ( 2021-08-24), p. 3351-
    Abstract: A band-to-band mis-registration (BBMR) error often occurs in remote sensing (RS) images acquired by multi-spectral push broom spectrometers such as the Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral Instrument (MSI), leading to adverse impacts on the reliability of further RS applications. Although the systematic band-to-band registration conducted during the image production process corrects most BBMR errors, there are still quite a few images being observed with discernible BBMR. Thus, a quick BBMR detection method is needed to assess the quality of online RS products. We here propose a hybrid framework for detecting BBMR between the visible bands in MSI images. This framework comprises three main steps: first, candidate chips are captured based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) spatial analysis functions to shrink the valid areas inside image scenes as potential target chips. The redundant data pertaining to the local operation process are thus narrowed down. Second, spectral abnormal areas are precisely extracted from inside every single chip, excluding the influences of clouds and water surfaces. Finally, the abnormal areas are matched pixel by pixel between bands, and the best-fit coordinates are then determined to compare with tolerance. Here, the proposed method was applied to 71,493 scenes of MSI Level-1C images covering China and its surrounding areas on the GEE platform. From these images, 4356 chips from 442 scenes were detected with inter-band offsets among the visible bands. Further manual visual inspection revealed that the proposed method had an accuracy of 98.07% at the chip scale and 88.46% at the scene scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs13173351
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Understanding the Role of a Cr Transition Layer in the Hot-Salt Corrosion Behavior of an AlSi Alloy Coating
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Coatings Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-12), p. 1167-
    Details
    In: Coatings, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2022-08-12), p. 1167-
    Abstract: The effect of a chromium (Cr) transition layer on the hot-salt corrosion behavior of an AlSi alloy coating was studied. Hot-salt corrosion experiments were performed at 650 °C and corrosion kinetic curves were plotted. The weight gain of the AlSi-coated samples increased to 0.89 mg/cm2 at 100 h and then decreased steadily to 0.77 mg/cm2 at 200 h. The weight of the AlSi-coated samples with the addition of a Cr transition layer increased immediately to 0.79 mg/cm2 at 20 h and then gradually increased to 0.85 mg/cm2 at 200 h. This Cr diffusion promoted the preferential creation of an Al2O3 layer, which effectively hindered the upward diffusion of Fe and also resulted in the production of a Cr2O3-SiO2 layer, which impeded the multi-scale salt mixture’s penetration. The Cr diffusion also caused a notable seal-healing effect, which healed the micro-pores. These oxidation and degradation reactions were considerably repressed by the high barrier properties of these oxide layers and the dense surface, resulting in the increased hot-salt corrosion resistance of the AlSi alloy coating. The current findings provide a feasible strategy for the design of a diffusion barrier layer of a thermal protective coating on martensitic stainless steel.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2079-6412
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/coatings12081167
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662314-6
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Bacteriostatic Effects of Yujin Powder and Its Components on Clinical Isolation of Multidrug-Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Veterinary Sciences Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-05-04), p. 328-
    Details
    In: Veterinary Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 5 ( 2023-05-04), p. 328-
    Abstract: Escherichia coli is one of the most common pathogenic bacteria in diarrheal chickens, leading to serious economic losses in the poultry industry. The limited effect of antibiotics on antibiotic-resistant E. coli makes this bacterium a potential threat to human health. Yujin powder (YJP) has been reported as an agent that releases the symptoms caused by E. coli for a long time. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Yujin powder (YJP) and its components, Scutellariae Radix (SR) and Baicalin (Bac), anti-against multi-drug-resistant E. coli in vitro and in vivo. A multi-drug-resistant bacteria was isolated and identified from a clinical diarrheal chick. Then, the anti-bacterial effects of drugs were assessed in vitro and in vivo by analyzing the bacteria loads of organs, the levels of endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 of the serum. Results found that the pathogenic E. coli was resistant to 19 tested antibiotics. YJP, SR, and Bac could directly inhibit the growth of this strain at high concentrations in vitro, and presents obvious anti-bacterial effects by reducing the bacterial loads, the release of endotoxin, and inflammation in vivo, which was much more effective than the resistant antibiotic ciprofloxacin. This study demonstrates that those natural medicines have the potential to be used as novel treatments to treat the disease caused by this isolated MDREC strain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2306-7381
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050328
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2768971-2
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    The Effect of High Pressure Homogenization on the Structure of Dual-Protein and Its Emulsion Functional Properties
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Foods Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2023-09-07), p. 3358-
    Details
    In: Foods, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 18 ( 2023-09-07), p. 3358-
    Abstract: It has been proven that high-pressure homogenization (HPH) could improve the functional properties of proteins by modifying their structure. This study researched the effect of HPH on the structural and functional properties of whey-soy dual-protein (Soy Protein Isolation-Whey Protein Isolation, SPI-WPI). Different protein solution samples were treated with HPH at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 MPa, and the structure changed under different pressures was analyzed by measuring particle size, zeta potential, Fourier infrared spectrum (FTIR), fluorescence spectrum and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that HPH significantly reduced the particle size of SPI-WPI, changed the secondary and tertiary structures and improved the hydrophobic interaction between molecules. In addition, HPH significantly improved the solubility and emulsification of all proteins, and the improvement effect on SPI-WPI was significantly better than SPI and WPI. It was found that SPI-WPI treated with 60 MPa had the best physicochemical properties. Secondly, we researched the effect of HPH by 60 MPa on the emulsion properties of SPI-WPI. In this study, the SPI-WPI had the lowest surface tension compared to a single protein after HPH treatment. The emulsion droplet size was obviously decreased, and the elastic properties and physical stability of SPI-WPI emulsion were significantly enhanced. In conclusion, this study will provide a theoretical basis for the application of HPH in modifying the structure of dual-protein to improve its development and utilization in liquid specialty food.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2304-8158
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/foods12183358
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704223-6
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Role of EZH2 in the Growth of Prostate Cancer Stem Cells Isolated from LNCaP Cells
    MDPI AG ; 2013
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2013-06-05), p. 11981-11993
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 6 ( 2013-06-05), p. 11981-11993
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611981
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Automatic Segmentation of Laser-Induced Injury OCT Images Based on a Deep Neural Network Model
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 19 ( 2022-09-21), p. 11079-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 19 ( 2022-09-21), p. 11079-
    Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has considerable application potential in noninvasive diagnosis and disease monitoring. Skin diseases, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), are destructive; hence, quantitative segmentation of the skin is very important for early diagnosis and treatment. Deep neural networks have been widely used in the boundary recognition and segmentation of diseased areas in medical images. Research on OCT skin segmentation and laser-induced skin damage segmentation based on deep neural networks is still in its infancy. Here, a segmentation and quantitative analysis pipeline of laser skin injury and skin stratification based on a deep neural network model is proposed. Based on the stratification of mouse skins, a laser injury model of mouse skins induced by lasers was constructed, and the multilayer structure and injury areas were accurately segmented by using a deep neural network method. First, the intact area of mouse skin and the damaged areas of different laser radiation doses are collected by the OCT system, and then the labels are manually labeled by experienced histologists. A variety of deep neural network models are used to realize the segmentation of skin layers and damaged areas on the skin dataset. In particular, the U-Net model based on a dual attention mechanism is used to realize the segmentation of the laser-damage structure, and the results are compared and analyzed. The segmentation results showed that the Dice coefficient of the mouse dermis layer and injury area reached more than 0.90, and the Dice coefficient of the fat layer and muscle layer reached more than 0.80. In the evaluation results, the average surface distance (ASSD) and Hausdorff distance (HD) indicated that the segmentation results are excellent, with a high overlap rate with the manually labeled area and a short edge distance. The results of this study have important application value for the quantitative analysis of laser-induced skin injury and the exploration of laser biological effects and have potential application value for the early noninvasive detection of diseases and the monitoring of postoperative recovery in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911079
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    miR2119, a Novel Transcriptional Regulator, Plays a Positive Role in Woody Plant Drought Tolerance by Mediating the Degradation of the CkBI-1 Gene Associated with Apoptosis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2022-06-04), p. 6306-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 23, No. 11 ( 2022-06-04), p. 6306-
    Abstract: Caragana korshinskii, an important vegetation restoration species with economic and ecological benefits in the arid region of northwest China, is characterized by significant drought tolerance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs confer this trait in C. korshinskii are unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of CkmiR2119 on drought tolerance and identified its target gene, CkBI-1. A negative correlation of CkmiR2119 and CkBI-1 in both stems and leaves in a drought gradient treatment followed by target gene validation suggest that CkmiR2119 might negatively regulate CkBI-1. Consistently, a decrease in the expression of the CkBI-1 gene was observed after both transient transformation and stable transformation of CkamiR2119 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Moreover, the physiological analysis of CkamiR2119 and CkBI-1 transgenic plants further indicate that CkmiR2119 can enhance the drought tolerance of C. korshinskii in two aspects: (i) downregulating CkBI-1 expression to accelerate vessel maturation in stems; (ii) contributing to a higher level of CkBI-1 in mesophyll cells to inhibit programmed cell death (PCD). This work reveals that CkmiR2119 can increase plants’ drought tolerance by downregulating the expression of CkBI-1, providing a theoretical basis to improve plants’ ability to withstand stress tolerance by manipulating miRNAs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116306
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Vibration Response Law of Aircraft Taxiing under Random Roughness Excitation
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Applied Sciences Vol. 13, No. 13 ( 2023-06-21), p. 7386-
    Details
    In: Applied Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 13 ( 2023-06-21), p. 7386-
    Abstract: Understanding the vibration response patterns of aircraft taxiing under runway roughness excitation is crucial for aircraft design and runway performance evaluation. In this paper, we establish pavement roughness models for both asphalt and concrete surfaces, taking into account their unique structural characteristics. We construct a six-degrees-of-freedom aircraft model using multi-rigid-body system dynamics theory and employ the pseudo-excitation method to examine the influence of pavement roughness types on the steady vibration response of aircraft taxiing at constant speeds. Furthermore, we analyze the non-stationary vibration response patterns of aircraft during takeoff and landing taxiing using the method of instantaneous frequency response function with space frequency. Lastly, we explore the effect of stochastic structural parameters on aircraft vibration response using the Monte Carlo method. Our findings reveal that the roughness power spectrum differs between asphalt and concrete pavements, and the established roughness models in this paper demonstrate a strong fit (R2 〉 0.95). The type of pavement roughness has a relatively minor impact on the power spectral density distribution of the aircraft vibration response, suggesting that the same roughness model can be used for both asphalt and concrete pavements when high accuracy is not required. The power spectral density distribution of aircraft vibration response varies across different motion attitudes, with the vibration response during landing being significantly larger than that during takeoff. Among the aircraft structural parameters, the randomness of the sprung mass has the most substantial effect on the aircraft vibration response, potentially causing the variation coefficient of dynamic load on the front landing gear to exceed 0.11. Tire stiffness comes next, which can lead to the variation coefficient of dynamic load on the main landing gear reaching 0.07. The results have a guiding role in optimizing aircraft structure design and ensuring pavement performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2076-3417
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/app13137386
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2704225-X
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  • 10
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    Betulinic Acid-Nitrogen Heterocyclic Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Evaluation in Vitro
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Molecules Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2020-02-20), p. 948-
    Details
    In: Molecules, MDPI AG, Vol. 25, No. 4 ( 2020-02-20), p. 948-
    Abstract: Betulinic acid (BA) is a star member of the pentacyclic triterpenoid family, which exhibits great prospects for antitumor drug development. In an attempt to develop novel antitumor candidates, 21 BA-nitrogen heterocyclic derivatives were synthetized, in addition to four intermediates, 23 of which were first reported. Moreover, they were screened for in-vitro cytotoxicity against four tumor cell lines (Hela, HepG-2, BGC-823 and SK-SY5Y) by a standard methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The majority of these derivatives showed much stronger cytotoxic activity than BA. Remarkably, the most potent compound 7e (the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of which was 2.05 ± 0.66 μM) was 12-fold more toxic in vitro than BA-treated Hela. Furthermore, multiple fluorescent staining techniques and flow cytometry collectively revealed that compound 7e could induce the early apoptosis of Hela cells. Structure–activity relationships were also briefly discussed. The present study highlighted the importance of introducing nitrogen heterocyclic rings into betulinic acid in the discovery and development of novel antitumor agents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1420-3049
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040948
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2008644-1
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