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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Reticulon-4 3-bp Deletion/Insertion Polymorphism Is Associated with Structural mRNA Changes and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Case–Control Study with Bioinformatics Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Life Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-12), p. 1549-
    Details
    In: Life, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2023-07-12), p. 1549-
    Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is a complex disease caused by molecular events that disrupt cellular survival and death. Discovering novel biomarkers is still required to better understand and treat BC. The reticulon-4 (RTN4) gene, encoding Nogo proteins, plays a critical role in apoptosis and cancer development, with genetic variations affecting its function. We investigated the rs34917480 in RTN4 and its association with BC risk in an Iranian population sample. We also predicted the rs34917480 effect on RTN4 mRNA structure and explored the RTN4’s protein–protein interaction network (PPIN) and related pathways. In this case–control study, 437 women (212 BC and 225 healthy) were recruited. The rs34917480 was genotyped using AS-PCR, mRNA secondary structure was predicted with RNAfold, and PPIN was constructed using the STRING database. Our findings revealed that this variant was associated with a decreased risk of BC in heterozygous (p = 0.012), dominant (p = 0.015), over-dominant (p = 0.017), and allelic (p = 0.035) models. Our prediction model showed that this variant could modify RTN4’s mRNA thermodynamics and potentially its translation. RTN4’s PPIN also revealed a strong association with apoptosis regulation and key signaling pathways highly implicated in BC. Consequently, our findings, for the first time, demonstrate that rs34917480 could be a protective factor against BC in our cohort, probably via preceding mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2075-1729
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/life13071549
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2662250-6
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Novel Approach to Grain Boundary Modification in Stainless and Duplex Steel L-PBF Components through In Situ Heat Treatment
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Crystals Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2023-08-29), p. 1314-
    Details
    In: Crystals, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2023-08-29), p. 1314-
    Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) has provided new possibilities for improving the grain boundary properties of metallic components. However, effectively modifying the microstructure, particularly the grain boundary properties, of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) components remains a challenge. Post-processing methods have shown some success in adjusting grain boundary angles, but they have limitations when it comes to complex geometries and internal features. In this study, we propose an innovative in situ heat treatment to control the grain boundary properties of L-PBF components. A model is proposed to predict the thermal cycle at a single point, and it is validated through experiments on 2507 super duplex steel and 316L austenitic steel samples. The results demonstrate that, by applying controlled in situ heat treatment, the dynamic recovery processes can be influenced, and thereby the grain boundary properties of the manufactured parts can be controlled. This proposed method improves our understanding of the impact of in situ heat treatment on grain boundary properties and offers potential for designing and fabricating high-performance L-PBF components. The findings from this study lay the groundwork for the further exploration of grain boundary engineering in metallic components using L-PBF. By leveraging in situ heat treatment, future research can open up new avenues in additive manufacturing, facilitating the production of advanced and high-quality metallic components.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4352
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/cryst13091314
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2661516-2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying a Reliable Framework to Estimate Hydro-Climatic Conditions via a Three-Way Interaction between Land Surface Temperature, Evapotranspiration, Soil Moisture
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Atmosphere Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2022-11-17), p. 1916-
    Details
    In: Atmosphere, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 11 ( 2022-11-17), p. 1916-
    Abstract: Distributed hydrological models can be suitable choices for predicting the spatial distribution of water and energy fluxes if the conceptual relationships between the components are defined appropriately. Therefore, an innovative approach has been developed using a simultaneous formulation of bulk heat transfer theory, energy budgeting, and water balance as an integrated hydrological model, i.e., the Monthly Continuous Semi-Distributed Energy Water Balance (MCSD-EWB) model, to estimate land surface hydrological components. The connection between water and energy balances is established by evapotranspiration (ET), which is a function of soil moisture and land surface temperature (LST). Thus, the developed structure is based on a three-way coupling between ET, soil moisture, and LST. The LST is obtained via the direct solution of the energy balance equation, and the spatiotemporal distribution of ET is presented using the computed LST and soil moisture through the bulk transfer method and water balance. In addition to the LST computed using the MCSD-EWB model, the LST products of ERA5-Land and MODIS are also utilized as inputs. The results indicate the adequate performance of the model in simulating LST, ET, streamflow, and groundwater level. Furthermore, the developed model performs better by employing the ERA5-Land LST than by using the MODIS LST in estimating the components.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-4433
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/atmos13111916
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2605928-9
    SSG: 23
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Runoff and Sediment Yield Processes in a Tropical Eastern Indian River Basin: A Multiple Machine Learning Approach
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Land Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2023-08-07), p. 1565-
    Details
    In: Land, MDPI AG, Vol. 12, No. 8 ( 2023-08-07), p. 1565-
    Abstract: Tropical Indian river basins are well-known for high and low discharges with high peaks of flood during the summer and the rest of the year, respectively. A high intensity of rainfall due to cyclonic and monsoon winds have caused the tropical Indian rivers to witness more runoff. These rivers are also known for carrying a significant amount of sediment load. The complex and non-linear nature of the sediment yield and runoff processes and the variability of these processes depend on precipitation patterns and river basin characteristics. There are a number of other elements that make it difficult to forecast with great precision. The present study attempts to model rainfall–runoff–sediment yield with the help of five machine learning (ML) algorithms—support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural network (ANN) with Elman network, artificial neural network with multilayer perceptron network, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and local linear regression, which are useful in river basins with scarce hydrological data. Daily, weekly, and monthly runoff and sediment yield (SY) time series of Vamsadhara river basin, India for a period from 1 June to 31 October for the years 1984 to 1995 were simulated using models based on these multiple machine learning algorithms. Simulated results were tested and compared by means of three evaluation criteria, namely Pearson correlation coefficient, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, and the difference of slope. The results suggested that daily and weekly predictions of runoff based on all the models can be successfully employed together with precipitation observations to predict future sediment yield in the study basin. The models prepared in the present study can be helpful in providing essential insight to the erosion–deposition dynamics of the river basin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2073-445X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/land12081565
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2682955-1
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Association of miR-499 Polymorphism and Its Regulatory Networks with Hashimoto Thyroiditis Susceptibility: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
    MDPI AG ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 22, No. 18 ( 2021-09-18), p. 10094-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 22, No. 18 ( 2021-09-18), p. 10094-
    Abstract: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disorder with a strong genetic background. Several genetic factors have been suggested, yet numerous genetic contributors remain to be fully understood in HT pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are gene expression regulators critically involved in biological processes, of which polymorphisms can alter their function, leading to pathologic conditions, including autoimmune diseases. We examined whether miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to HT in an Iranian subpopulation. Furthermore, we investigated the potential interacting regulatory network of the miR-499. This case-control study included 150 HT patients and 152 healthy subjects. Genotyping of rs3746444 was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Also, target genomic sites of the polymorphism were predicted using bioinformatics. Our results showed that miR-499 rs3746444 was positively associated with HT risk in heterozygous (OR = 3.32, 95%CI = 2.00–5.53, p 〈 0.001, CT vs. TT), homozygous (OR = 2.81, 95%CI = 1.30–6.10, p = 0.014, CC vs. TT), dominant (OR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.97–5.25, p 〈 0.001, CT + CC vs. TT), overdominant (OR = 2.57, 95%CI = 1.62–4.09, p 〈 0.001, CC + TT vs. CT), and allelic (OR = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.37–2.69, p 〈 0.001, C vs. T) models. Mapping predicted target genes of miR-499 on tissue-specific-, co-expression-, and miR-TF networks indicated that main hub-driver nodes are implicated in regulating immune system functions, including immunorecognition and complement activity. We demonstrated that miR-499 rs3746444 is linked to HT susceptibility in our population. However, predicted regulatory networks revealed that this polymorphism is contributing to the regulation of immune system pathways.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810094
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Energy-Based Approaches in Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration Focusing on Land Surface Temperature: A Review of Methods, Concepts, and Challenges
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Energies Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-02-09), p. 1264-
    Details
    In: Energies, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 4 ( 2022-02-09), p. 1264-
    Abstract: The surface energy balance (SEB) model is a physically based approach in which aerodynamic principles and bulk transfer theory are used to estimate actual evapotranspiration. A wide range of different methods have been developed to parameterize the SEB equation; however, few studies addressed solutions to the SEB considering the land surface temperature (LST). Therefore, in the current review, a clear and comprehensive classification is provided for energy-based approaches considering the key role of LST in solving the energy budget. In this regard, three general approaches are presented using LSTs derived by climate and land surface models (LSMs), satellite-based data, and energy balance closure. In addition, this review surveys the concepts, required inputs, and assumptions of energy-based LSMs and SEB algorithms in detail. The limitations and challenges of aforementioned approaches including land surface temperature, surface energy imbalance, and calculation of surface and aerodynamic resistance network are also assessed. According to the results, since the accuracy of resulting LSTs are affected by weather conditions, surface energy closure, and use of vegetation/meteorological information, all approaches are faced with uncertainties in determining ET. In addition, for further study, an interactive evaluation of water and energy conservation laws is recommended to improve the ET estimation accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1996-1073
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/en15041264
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2437446-5
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Association between P2X7 Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Tuberculosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Medicina Vol. 55, No. 6 ( 2019-06-21), p. 298-
    Details
    In: Medicina, MDPI AG, Vol. 55, No. 6 ( 2019-06-21), p. 298-
    Abstract: Background and Objectives: Several studies inspected the impact of P2X7 polymorphisms on individual susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB), but the findings are still controversial and inconclusive. To achieve a more precise estimation, we conducted a meta-analysis of all eligible studies on the association between P2X7 polymorphisms and TB risk. Materials and Methods: Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google scholar databases up to November 2018. Twenty-four full-text articles were included in our meta-analysis. The strength of association between P2X7 polymorphisms and TB risk was evaluated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) under five genetic models. Results: The findings of this meta-analysis revealed that the rs3751143 variant significantly increased the risk of TB in heterozygous codominant (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.17–1.78, p = 0.0006, AC vs. AA), homozygous codominant (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.40–2.49, p = 0.0004, CC vs. AA), dominant (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.22–1.85, p = 0.0002, AC + CC vs. AA), recessive (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.25–2.07, p = 0.001, CC vs. AC + AA), and allele (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.19–1.67, p 〈 0.0001, C vs. A) genetic models. Stratified analysis showed that rs3751143 increased the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in all genetic models. Furthermore, the rs3751143 increased risk of TB in the Asian population. The findings did not support an association between the rs2393799, rs1718119, rs208294, rs7958311, and rs2230911 polymorphisms of P2X7 and TB risk. Conclusions: The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that P2X7 rs3751143 polymorphism may play a role in susceptibility to TB in the Asian population. More well-designed studies are required to elucidate the exact role of P2X7 polymorphisms on TB development.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1648-9144
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/medicina55060298
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2088820-X
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Monitoring Long-Term Spatiotemporal Changes in Iran Surface Waters Using Landsat Imagery
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Remote Sensing Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2022-09-08), p. 4491-
    Details
    In: Remote Sensing, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 18 ( 2022-09-08), p. 4491-
    Abstract: Within water resources management, surface water area (SWA) variation plays a vital role in hydrological processes as well as in agriculture, environmental ecosystems, and ecological processes. The monitoring of long-term spatiotemporal SWA changes is even more critical within highly populated regions that have an arid or semi-arid climate, such as Iran. This paper examined variations in SWA in Iran from 1990 to 2021 using about 18,000 Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud processing platform. To this end, the performance of twelve water mapping rules (WMRs) within remotely-sensed imagery was also evaluated. Our findings revealed that (1) methods which provide a higher separation (derived from transformed divergence (TD) and Jefferies–Matusita (JM) distances) between the two target classes (water and non-water) result in higher classification accuracy (overall accuracy (OA) and user accuracy (UA) of each class). (2) Near-infrared (NIR)-based WMRs are more accurate than short-wave infrared (SWIR)-based methods for arid regions. (3) The SWA in Iran has an overall downward trend (observed by linear regression (LR) and sequential Mann–Kendall (SQMK) tests). (4) Of the five major water basins, only the Persian Gulf Basin had an upward trend. (5) While temperature has trended upward, the precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a measure of the country’s greenness, have experienced a downward trend. (6) Precipitation showed the highest correlation with changes in SWA (r = 0.69). (7) Long-term changes in SWA were highly correlated (r = 0.98) with variations in the JRC world water map.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-4292
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/rs14184491
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2513863-7
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