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  • 11
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    Online Resource
    GMPE-consistent hard-rock site adjustment factors for Western North America
    SAGE Publications ; 2022
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2022-11), p. 2371-2397
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 38, No. 4 ( 2022-11), p. 2371-2397
    Abstract: Empirical ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) such as the Next Generation Attenuation-West2 (NGA-West2) GMPEs are limited in the number of recordings on hard-rock stations used to develop the models. Therefore, the site response scaling in the GMPEs cannot be reliably extrapolated to hard-rock conditions. The state of practice for the development of hard-rock adjustment factors involves the use of analytical methods that typically assign small values to the small-strain damping parameter ([Formula: see text]) for hard-rock sites resulting in large scaling factors at short periods. Alternatively, the hard-rock scaling factors developed in Ktenidou and Abrahamson (KA16) based on empirical ground-motion data are used. These empirical factors, developed for a broad rock site category, show that the average hard-rock scaling factors observed in ground-motion data are small in amplitude contrary to the large factors typically obtained from analytical studies. The empirically derived KA16 factors also suffer from limitations due to the relatively small number of rock sites in the data set and do not distinguish between different hard-rock conditions. To address the shortcomings in the current state of practice, we present a methodology to develop linear site adjustment factors to adjust the NGA-West2 GMPEs from V S30 of 760 m/s to target hard-rock site conditions with V S30 ranging from 1000 to 2200 m/s. These factors are analytically derived using the inverse random vibration theory (IRVT) approach of Al Atik et al. but with inputs constrained using the empirical KA16 factors and normalized to the scaling of the NGA-West2 GMPEs for V S30 of 1000 m/s. The proposed factors merge the results of the NGA-West2 site response scaling for V S30  ≤ 1000 m/s with the KA16 hard-rock category factors to produce a site factor model that is a continuous function of V S30 . The epistemic uncertainty of these factors is evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/87552930221092467
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 12
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    Online Resource
    Semiempirical model for the estimation of site amplification in Northern South America
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 39, No. 2 ( 2023-05), p. 1109-1139
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 39, No. 2 ( 2023-05), p. 1109-1139
    Abstract: This article proposes a semiempirical model to estimate seismic site effects based on a predominant-period classification scheme for application in earthquake ground-motion models (GMMs). The proposed model introduces the use of the peak amplitude of the average horizontal-to-vertical ratio of the spectral response of the site obtained from earthquake records. The site effects model is implemented within a GMM estimated using ground-motion records from northern South America. The research compares the performance of the proposed site function with other formulations based on V S30 or site predominant period. This approach yields a smaller within-event variability than alternative methodologies, providing confidence for the reliability of the proposed site classification scheme as a viable alternative for the estimation of site effects, especially for sites for which V S30 measurements are not available.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/87552930231153190
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 13
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    An Overview of the NGA Project
    SAGE Publications ; 2008
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2008-02), p. 3-21
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2008-02), p. 3-21
    Abstract: The “Next Generation of Ground-Motion Attenuation Models” (NGA) project is a multidisciplinary research program coordinated by the Lifelines Program of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center. The objective of the project is to develop new ground-motion prediction relations through a comprehensive and highly interactive research program. Five sets of ground-motion models were developed by teams working independently but interacting with one another throughout the development process. The development of ground-motion models was supported by other project components, which included (1) developing an updated and expanded PEER database of recorded ground motions, including supporting information on the strong-motion record processing, earthquake sources, travel path, and recording station site conditions; (2) conducting supporting research projects to provide guidance on the selected functional forms of the ground-motion models; and (3) conducting a program of interactions throughout the development process to provide input and reviews from both the scientific research and engineering user communities. An overview of the NGA project components, process, and products is presented in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/1.2894833
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 14
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    Selection of Ground Motion Prediction Equations for the Global Earthquake Model
    SAGE Publications ; 2015
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 31, No. 1 ( 2015-02), p. 19-45
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 31, No. 1 ( 2015-02), p. 19-45
    Abstract: Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) relate ground motion intensity measures to variables describing earthquake source, path, and site effects. From many available GMPEs, we select those models recommended for use in seismic hazard assessments in the Global Earthquake Model. We present a GMPE selection procedure that evaluates multidimensional ground motion trends (e.g., with respect to magnitude, distance, and structural period), examines functional forms, and evaluates published quantitative tests of GMPE performance against independent data. Our recommendations include: four models, based principally on simulations, for stable continental regions; three empirical models for interface and in-slab subduction zone events; and three empirical models for active shallow crustal regions. To approximately incorporate epistemic uncertainties, the selection process accounts for alternate representations of key GMPE attributes, such as the rate of distance attenuation, which are defensible from available data. Recommended models for each domain will change over time as additional GMPEs are developed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/013013EQS017M
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 15
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    Online Resource
    Damping Scaling Factors for Vertical Elastic Response Spectra for Shallow Crustal Earthquakes in Active Tectonic Regions
    SAGE Publications ; 2014
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 30, No. 3 ( 2014-08), p. 1335-1358
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 30, No. 3 ( 2014-08), p. 1335-1358
    Abstract: This paper develops a new model for a damping scaling factor (DSF) that can be used to adjust elastic response spectral ordinates for the vertical component of earthquake ground motion at a 5% viscous damping ratio to ordinates at damping ratios between 0.5% and 30%. Using the extensive NGA-West2 database of recorded ground motions from worldwide shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions, a functional form for the median DSF is proposed that depends on the damping ratio, spectral period, earthquake magnitude, and distance. Standard deviation is a function of the damping ratio and spectral period. The proposed model is compared to the DSF for the “average” horizontal component. In general, the peak in DSF is shifted toward shorter periods and is farther from unity for the vertical component. Also, the standard deviation of DSF for vertical motion is slightly higher than that observed for the “average” horizontal component.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/100512EQS299M
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Ground Motion Prediction Equations for the Vertical Ground Motion Component Based on the NGA-W2 Database
    SAGE Publications ; 2017
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 33, No. 2 ( 2017-05), p. 499-528
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 33, No. 2 ( 2017-05), p. 499-528
    Abstract: Empirical ground motion models for the vertical component from shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions are derived using the PEER NGA-West2 database. The model is applicable to magnitudes 3.0–8.0, distances of 0–300 km, and spectral periods of 0–10 s. The model input parameters are the same as used by Abrahamson et al. (2014) except that the nonlinear site response and depth to bedrock effects are evaluated but found to be insignificant. Regional differences in large distance attenuation and site amplification scaling between California, Japan, China, Taiwan, Italy, and the Middle East are included. Scaling for the hanging-wall effect is incorporated using the constraints from numerical simulations by Donahue and Abrahamson (2014) . The standard deviation is magnitude dependent with smaller magnitudes leading to larger standard deviations at short periods but smaller standard deviations at long periods. The vertical ground motion model developed in this study can be paired with the horizontal component model proposed by Abrahamson et al. (2014) to produce a V/H ratio. For applications where the horizontal spectrum is derived from the weighted average of several horizontal ground motion models, a V/H model derived directly from the V/H data (such as Gülerce and Abrahamson 2011 ) should be preferred.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/121814EQS213M
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 17
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    Online Resource
    An Empirical Geotechnical Seismic Site Response Procedure
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2001-02), p. 65-87
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2001-02), p. 65-87
    Abstract: A simplified empirically based seismic site response evaluation procedure that includes measures of the dynamic stiffness of the surficial materials and the depth to bedrock as primary parameters is introduced. This geotechnical site classification scheme provides an alternative to geologic-based and shear wave velocity-based site classification schemes. The proposed scheme is used to analyze the ground motion data from the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. Period-dependent and intensity-dependent spectral acceleration amplification factors for different site conditions are presented. The proposed scheme results in a significant reduction in standard error when compared with a simpler “rock vs. soil” classification system. Moreover, results show that sites previously grouped as “rock” should be subdivided as competent rock sites and weathered soft rock/shallow stiff soil sites to reduce uncertainty in defining site-dependent ground motions. Results also show that soil depth is an important parameter in estimating seismic site response. The standard errors resulting from the proposed site classification system are comparable with those obtained using the more elaborate code-based average shear-wave velocity classification system.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/1.1586167
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 18
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    Online Resource
    Introduction
    SAGE Publications ; 2001
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 17, No. 1_suppl ( 2001-04), p. 1-3
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 17, No. 1_suppl ( 2001-04), p. 1-3
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/1.1586189
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2183411-8
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  • 19
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    Online Resource
    Conditional Scenario Spectra (CSS) for Hazard-Consistent Analysis of Engineering Systems
    SAGE Publications ; 2019
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 35, No. 2 ( 2019-05), p. 737-757
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 35, No. 2 ( 2019-05), p. 737-757
    Abstract: Objective assessment of the seismic response of engineering systems is achievable through estimating the rate of exceedance (risk) of the engineering-demand parameters (EDPs), which are usually obtained by performing dynamic analyses with incrementally scaled seed ground motions. However, assigning rates of occurrence to such EDPs is difficult because the input ground motions are inconsistent with those that go into the hazard estimation. The Conditional Scenario Spectra (CSS) are a set of realistic ground-motion spectra with assigned rates of occurrence that reproduce the hazard at a site over various hazard levels and over a period range. The CSS methodology is an improvement over the CS method in that it includes the additional step of adjusting the rates to ensure the consistency of the target hazard. In this article, a step-by-step procedure for estimating the CSS is presented. The analysis of a structural system illustrates the uses of the CSS set for assessing EDPs over a wide range of demand intensity so that the estimation of the risk of these EDPs can be accomplished with ease.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1193/102116EQS176M
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 20
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    Online Resource
    A borehole array data–based approach for conducting 1D site response analyses II: Accounting for modeling errors
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Earthquake Spectra Vol. 39, No. 3 ( 2023-08), p. 1502-1533
    Details
    In: Earthquake Spectra, SAGE Publications, Vol. 39, No. 3 ( 2023-08), p. 1502-1533
    Abstract: Site response estimates from one-dimensional (1D) site response analyses (SRAs) carry inaccuracies due to modeling and parametric errors. Modeling errors are due to the condensation of the three-dimensional (3D) wave propagation phenomenon to the vertical propagation of a horizontally polarized wave through a soil column, and parametric errors are due to the incomplete knowledge of the distributions of soil parameters, leading to the selection of nonoptimal input parameters for a site of interest. While parametric errors are traditionally handled using different soil parameters (e.g. alternative shear-wave velocity profiles), modeling errors are generally neglected. This paper proposes an approach for conducting linear elastic 1D SRAs to improve site response predictions and account for modeling errors. First, ground-motion data from borehole array sites are collected, processed, and screened for appropriateness (e.g. expected shear strains lower than 0.01%, signal-to-noise ratio higher than 3). Second, 1D SRA predictions in terms of transfer functions and amplification factors are compared against observations, and the discrepancies are quantified as residuals. Finally, the residuals are partitioned into a model bias term [Formula: see text], a site term [Formula: see text] with standard deviation [Formula: see text], and a event- and site-specific remaining residual [Formula: see text] with standard deviation [Formula: see text]. Values for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for forward predictions are recommended. The sensitivity of the site response residuals to region, site type (1D- or 3D-like), and the applicability of findings to outcropping applications are discussed, and an example application for a hypothetical project site is presented.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 8755-2930 , 1944-8201
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/87552930231173443
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
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