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  • 1
    In: Frontiers in Energy Research, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 10 ( 2022-10-13)
    Abstract: Jatropha curcas, has been established as a plant whose seeds contain a relatively high percentage of oil that is suitable for biodiesel production, among other industrial applications. Seed oil properties of J. curcas may vary depending on soils, age of plant, genotype of the plant, and agro-climatic conditions of a specific geographical region. Studies under such conditions have not yet been conducted. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of genotype and age of the plant on the physicochemical properties of its seed oil. The seed oil was extracted using n-hexane as a solvent in the Soxhlet extraction apparatus from seed kernel collected from different genotypes and plants of different ages. Oil content in the kernel ranged from 49.78–53.75% (w/w) among the seed samples depending on genetic materials and plant age. The oil content showed very little but significant differences in density and specific gravity among the samples. The highest free fatty acid (FAA) was produced by the kernel oil of 3-year-old plants (7.78%), and 7- and 10-year-old plants gave the lowest FAA (1.26 and 1.31%, respectively). The kernel oil of 7-year-old plants produced the highest iodine value (93.60 mg/g oil) and the kernel oil of 3-year-old plants produced the lowest iodine value (61.10 mg/g oil). Kernel oil of 10-year-old plants gave the lowest (172.98 mg KOH/g) saponification value and 4-year-old Hybrid-3 gave the maximum value (209.97 mg KOH/g oil). The seed oil of Jatropha accessions showed very little difference (39.88–40.85 MJ/kg) for high heating values irrespective of their age. On the other hand, the cetane number varied from 55.32 to 59.58 in the oil samples. The age of plant and seed sources had a significant effect on seed oil content and the physio-chemical properties of Jatropha.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-598X
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2733788-1
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hindawi Limited ; 2013
    In:  The Scientific World Journal Vol. 2013 ( 2013), p. 1-6
    In: The Scientific World Journal, Hindawi Limited, Vol. 2013 ( 2013), p. 1-6
    Abstract: Six parents of Jatropha curcas were crossed in half diallel fashion, and the F 1 s were evaluated to determine the combining ability for nine germination parameters. The ratio between general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances indicated preponderance of additive gene action for all the characters except germination percentage, time of 50% germination, seedling length, and seedling vigor index. The parents P 1 and P 2 were the best general combiner for most of the characters studied. The cross P 1 × P 5 was the best specific combiner for speed of emergence, germination percentage, germination energy, germination index, and seedling vigor index, the cross P 2 × P 5 for mean germination time, time of 50% germination, and seedling length, and the cross P 4 × P 5 for number of days to first germination. The germination percentage varied from 58.06 to 92.76% among the parents and 53.43 to 98.96% among the hybrids. The highest germination (98.96%) was observed in hybrid P 2 × P 4 , and none of the hybrids or parents showed 100% germination. The highest germination index (GI) and seedling vigor index (SVI) were found in hybrid P 1 × P 5 and P 2 × P 5 , respectively. The results of this study provide clue for the improvement of Jatropha variety through breeding program.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1537-744X
    Language: English
    Publisher: Hindawi Limited
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2075968-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emerald ; 2021
    In:  Industrial Lubrication and Tribology Vol. 73, No. 1 ( 2021-02-01), p. 8-14
    In: Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Emerald, Vol. 73, No. 1 ( 2021-02-01), p. 8-14
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to present the tool life optimization of carbide-coated ball nose milling inserts when high-speed milling of Inconel 718 under cryogenic CO 2 condition. The main aims are to analyze the influence level of each cutting parameter on the tool life and to identify the optimum parameters that can lengthen the tool life to the maximum. Design/methodology/approach The experimental layout was designed using Box–Behnken RSM where all parameters were arranged without combining their highest and lowest values of each factor at the same time. A total of 29 milling experiments were conducted. Then, a statistical analysis using ANOVA was conducted to identify the relationship between the controlled factors on tool life. After that, a predictive model was developed to predict the variation of tool life within the predetermined parameters. Findings Results from the experimental found that the longest tool life of 22.77 min was achieved at Vc: 120 m/min, fz: 0.2 mm/tooth, ap: 0.5 mm and ae: 0.2 mm. ANOVA suggests the tool life of 23.4 min can be reached at Vc: 120.06 m/min, fz: 0.15 mm/tooth, ap: 0.66 mm and ae: 0.53 mm. All four controlled factors have influenced the tool life with the feed rate and radial depth of cut (DOC) as the major contributors. The developed mathematical model accurately represented the tool life at an average error of 8.2 per cent when compared to the actual and predicted tool life. Originality/value These experimental and statistical studies were conducted using Box–Behnken RSM method under cryogenic CO 2 condition. It is a proven well-known method. However, the cooling method used in this study is a new technique and its effects on metal cutting, especially in the milling process of Inconel 718, has not yet been explored.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8792 , 0036-8792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Emerald
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025330-8
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Emerald ; 2019
    In:  Industrial Lubrication and Tribology Vol. 72, No. 4 ( 2019-10-03), p. 509-514
    In: Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, Emerald, Vol. 72, No. 4 ( 2019-10-03), p. 509-514
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate wear mechanisms of a multi-layered TiAlN/AlCrN-coated carbide tool during the milling of AISI 4340 steel under cryogenic machining. Design/methodology/approach The wear progression was measured using a toolmaker microscope and an optical microscope. Later, a field emission scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were used to investigate the wear mechanisms in detail. Findings A comprehensive analysis revealed that the main causes of tool wear mechanisms were abrasion and adhesion wear on the flank face. Originality/value The investigations presented in this paper may be used by the machining industry to prolong the tool life at higher cutting speed by the application of liquid nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8792 , 0036-8792
    Language: English
    Publisher: Emerald
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025330-8
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  • 5
    In: Surface and Interface Analysis, Wiley, Vol. 51, No. 6 ( 2019-06), p. 611-617
    Abstract: The properties of titanium carbonitride (TiCN) can be controlled by maintaining the C―N ratio within the coating to a certain level. An experimental study was carried out to vary the composition and properties of TiCN using cathodic arc physical vapour deposition (CAPVD). The substrate used was tungsten carbide (WC‐6Co), which was prepared in‐house through a powder metallurgy process. In order to form the TiC x N 1 −  x coatings, titanium (Ti) was used as the cathode, while methane (CH 4 ) and nitrogen (N 2 ) gases were used as sources for C and N, respectively. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the composition, chemical state, and bonding structure of the deposited coatings. The results show that the composition, intensity of elements, lattice parameter, and d‐value of TiC x N 1 −  x coatings were successfully varied by controlling the CH 4 fraction (CH 4 /N 2 ratio). With the increase in CH 4 fraction, the intensity of C and N within the TiC x N 1 −  x coatings increased and decreased, respectively. Consequently, the C―Ti and C―N bonds were increased and N―Ti bonds were decreased.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0142-2421 , 1096-9918
    URL: Issue
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2023881-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Science Alert ; 2012
    In:  Asian Journal of Scientific Research Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2012-12-15), p. 27-37
    In: Asian Journal of Scientific Research, Science Alert, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2012-12-15), p. 27-37
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1992-1454
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Science Alert
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2494491-9
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  • 7
    In: Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 701 ( 2016-7), p. 200-204
    Abstract: Abstract. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum machining parameter for Aluminium silicon alloy (AlSi) matrix composite, which has been reinforced with aluminium nitride (AlN), with three types of carbide inserts present. Experiments were conducted at various cutting speeds, feed rates and depths of cut, according to the Taguchi orthogonal array L 27 . The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance are applied to study the characteristic performance of cutting speeds, feed rates, depths of cut and types of tool in measuring the tool life during the milling operation. The analysis of wear was done using a Sometech SV-35 video microscope according to ISO 3686. Through Taguchi analysis, it is concluded that a combination of high feed rate, high depth of cut, low cutting speed and insert TiB2 give a longer tool life. Therefore, the cutting speed of 230 m/min, feed rate of 0.8 mm/tooth, depth of cut of 0.5 mm and type of insert of TiB2 were the optimum machining parameters. These optimum parameters will help the automotive industry to have a competitive machining operation from both economical and manufacturing perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-9795
    URL: Issue
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2073306-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2011
    In:  Advanced Materials Research Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1033-1038
    In: Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1033-1038
    Abstract: The two biggest problems that often experienced in machining cast iron are poor machinability and high hardness. Up to now, many researchers have investigated machining performance and how to find optimum condition in machining ductile cast iron. This study aims to investigate the machining performance of ductile cast iron and carbide cutting tool using FEM. Performances were evaluated by changing the cutting tool geometries on the machining responses of cutting force, stress, strain, and generated temperature on the workpiece. Deform-3D commercial finite element software was used in this study. Ductile cast iron FCD 500 grade was used as the work piece material and carbide insert DNMA432 type with WC (Tungsten) was used for the cutting tool. The effects of rake and clearance angles were investigated by designing various tool geometries. Various combination of carbide insert geometries were designed using Solid Work to produce +15, +20 and +30 deg for rake angle and 5, 7, 8 and 9 deg for clearance angle. Machining condition for the simulations were remained constant at cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed rate of 0.35 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.3 mm. The results of effective-stress, strain and generated temperature on both chip and material surface were analysed. The results show that by increasing the rake angle (α), it will improves the machining performance by reducing the cutting force, stress, strain and generated temperature on surface of workpiece. But, by increasing the clearance angle (γ), it will not affect much to the cutting force, stress, strain and generated temperature on chip.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    URL: Issue
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2265002-7
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2011
    In:  Advanced Materials Research Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1044-1049
    In: Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1044-1049
    Abstract: Industries are forced to seriously evaluate their design and manufacturing of their products due to the competition in the marketplace. Product characteristics such as tolerance specification, appearance, and service life now become a major concern for machined components. One of the most important aspects in machined components is surface integrity. It involves mainly the surface roughness and micro hardness changes during machining operation, which should be controlled and monitored to fulfill the product functions and customer needs. This paper presents the comparison effect of the end milling and EDM parameters on the surface integrity of AISI H13 tool steel (HRC50 3). The parameters studied were the cutting speed (224 m/min – 280 m/min), feed rate (0.25 mm/tooth) and depth of cut (0.3 mm-0.8 mm for end milling process. Whereas for EDM, the parameters studied were the peak current (1 and 4 A), pulse ON-time (6 and 12 μs), and pulse OFF-time (2 μs). The electrodes used were graphite and copper. In this study, the workpiece surface and recast layer were examined using an optical microscope. The observation revealed that both processes of end milling and EDM had cause the formation of three layers structure, i.e. white, martensite quenched and bulk material layers. The subsurface alteration for EDM process is considered rigorous as compared with the end milling process. Damages beneath the machined surface such as micro cracks and void were observed for EDM process, and microscopic pitting and surface roughning for end milling process. The measurement of the microhardness beneath the machined surface of AISI H13 was carried out using Vickers microhardness tester to characterize its mechanical properties. It was found that the highest hardness of 1010 Hv was in the white layer, and hardness of martensite quench layer was 423 Hv, which was lower than the bulk material layer of 430 Hv in EDM process. Whereas, a maximum of 550 Hv was measured directly underneath the generated surface, i.e. 30% more as compared to the hardness of the basic material in the end milling process.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    URL: Issue
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2265002-7
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. ; 2011
    In:  Advanced Materials Research Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1211-1221
    In: Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications, Ltd., Vol. 264-265 ( 2011-6), p. 1211-1221
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the influence of cutting tool edge geometry, cutting speed and feed rate on the tool performance and workpiece’s surface integrity in dry turning of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using PCBN inserts. The parameters evaluated are tool life, wear rate, wear mechanisms, surface roughness and subsurface microstructure alterations. The rate of wear growth of the insert was assessed by progressive flank wear using optical microscope by taking photographs after certain length of cut. The wear mechanism at the end of tool life was investigated in detail using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDAX analysis. The results show, by increasing the cutting speed and feed rate resulted in tool life reduction. Cutting with honed edge insert at cutting speed of 180 m/min has shown very little wear, even after 20 min of cutting. The honed insert proved less sensitive to increases in feed rate than the chamfered insert. In general the honed insert showed a significant improvement in tool life. All inserts failed due to attrition wear and adhesion. No flank notch wear was observed, but some crater wear occurred at the chamfer land. Microstructure alteration was not found when machining using the different edge geometry. In these trials, the subsurface micro structural deformations in the direction of cutting were deformed grain boundaries and elongation of grains. Chip smearing and debris on the surface was also found.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1662-8985
    URL: Issue
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Trans Tech Publications, Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2265002-7
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