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  • 1
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 1992-06), p. 77-100
    Abstract: In April 1990, forty‐two scientists from eight countries attended a workshop at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research to compare field measurements with model estimates of the distribution and cycling of sulfur and nitrogen species in the North Atlantic Ocean's atmosphere. Data sets on horizontal and vertical distributions of sulfur and nitrogen species and their rates of deposition were available from ships' tracks and island stations. These data were compared with estimates produced by several climatological and event models for two case studies: (1) sulfate surface distributions and deposition and (2) nitrate surface distributions and deposition. Highlights of the conclusions of the case studies were that the measured concentrations and model results of nitrate and non‐sea‐salt sulfate depositions appeared to be in good agreement at some locations but in poor agreement for some months at other locations. The case studies illustrated the need for the measurement and modeling communities to interact not only to compare results but also to cooperate in improving the designs of the models and the field experiments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236 , 1944-9224
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 2
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. D12 ( 1990-11-20), p. 20607-20615
    Abstract: During a cruise over the Atlantic from 40°S to 50°N in March–April 1987 the concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the ocean and atmosphere were measured as well as the distribution of its precursor, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and of several biological parameters such as chlorophyll, phytoplankton species, and adenosine‐5‐triphosphate (ATP) in the surface water. The DMS concentration varied in the range 0.2–2 nmol DMS L −1 (surface water) and 0.05–3 nmol DMS m −3 (atmosphere) in the region of the remote tropical and subtropical Atlantic and increased to 2–10 nmol DMS L −1 (surface water) and 1–8 nmol DMS m −3 (atmosphere) north of 40°N and in the English Channel. Based on these results the mean flux of DMS from the Atlantic to the atmosphere is estimated to be 4–4.65 nmol DMS m −2 min −1 . A moderate diurnal variation of atmospheric DMS was found with a minimum during daytime. The DMS concentration in seawater correlated well with the concentration of DMSP and showed a similar trend to ATP, chlorophyll, and some phytoplankton species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1992
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 97, No. D6 ( 1992-04-30), p. 6207-6217
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 97, No. D6 ( 1992-04-30), p. 6207-6217
    Abstract: We determined the distribution of gaseous and particulate sulfur compounds in the canopy of the tropical rain forest of northern Congo and the overlying atmosphere during February 12–25, 1988. Hydrogen sulfide and dimethylsulfide decayed exponentially with altitude from approximately 30–40 ppt at ground level to 3–5 ppt at around 3 km altitude. Emission fluxes from the forest to the atmosphere were estimated by fitting a one‐dimensional time‐dependent numerical model of chemistry and transport of the sulfur compounds to their observed vertical profiles. Emission fluxes of 0.6–1.0 nmol H 2 S m −2 min −1 and 0.3–0.7 nmol DMS m −2 min −1 were consistent with the observed vertical profiles of H 2 S and DMS. These fluxes compare well with fluxes reported previously for the Amazon rain forest during the dry season and support the view of a subordinate role of land biota in the global cycling of sulfur. The particulate sulfur concentration of 248 ppt was found below the forest canopy. Biomass burning is considered to be an important contributor to this particulate sulfur. Carbonyl sulfide was found to be enhanced above the 500 ppt tropospheric background throughout the mixing layer of 2–3 km depth, likely due to biomass burning.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1992
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 106, No. D4 ( 2001-02-27), p. 3491-3502
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 106, No. D4 ( 2001-02-27), p. 3491-3502
    Abstract: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) was measured in surface seawater and in marine air during two Atlantic cruises of the R/V Polarstern between Bremerhaven, Germany, and Cape Town, South Africa. The cruises took place in the fall of 1997 and in the summer of 1998. The concentration of COS showed clear diurnal, seasonal, and latitudinal variations, as did its saturation ratio. The concentration of dissolved COS averaged 14.7 pmol L −1 and 18.1 pmol L −1 for the fall and summer cruises, respectively. On most days, seawater was undersaturated in COS during the late night and early morning but was supersaturated during the rest of the day, implying that the ocean can act as both a source and a sink for COS on the same day. The COS content in seawater was correlated significantly with the global radiation, the CH 3 SH concentration, and the seawater temperature. The air‐sea flux of COS from the open Atlantic Ocean was estimated using exchange coefficients calculated according to Erickson's stability dependent model for air‐sea gas exchange. The largest COS flux into the atmosphere occurred in productive regions (the Benguela Current, the West African upwelling area, and the northeastern Atlantic) during the warmer seasons. A small net oceanic uptake of COS was found in the Benguela Current during the southern winter. The average open ocean fluxes were 13.5 nmol COS m −2 d −1 and 28.6 nmol COS m −2 d −1 for the two cruises, respectively. A global open ocean source of 0.10 Tg COS yr −1 is extrapolated from the measured data. The atmospheric mixing ratio of COS averaged 474±33 and 502±38 pptv for the fall and summer cruises, respectively, and had no significant interhemispheric gradient.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 95, No. D12 ( 1990-11-20), p. 20617-20622
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. D12 ( 1990-11-20), p. 20617-20622
    Abstract: Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) in the boundary layer of the marine atmosphere was measured by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection on board ship following a meridional transect in the Atlantic Ocean between 37°S and 51°N. Overall, OCS levels from 174 individual samples averaged 537 ppt with a standard deviation of 104 ppt. A pronounced northward increase in OCS of, on the average, 26 ppt per 10° latitude was found, together with a mean interhemispheric ratio of 1.25 between OCS in northern and southern hemisphere air masses. OCS correlated significantly with CH 4 and CO values obtained during the cruise by an independent investigator.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2002
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 2, No. 3 ( 2002-07-10), p. 171-181
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 2, No. 3 ( 2002-07-10), p. 171-181
    Abstract: Abstract. Turbulent fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) were measured over a spruce forest in Central Germany using the relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) technique. A REA sampler was developed and validated using simultaneous measurements of CO2 fluxes by REA and by eddy correlation. REA measurements were conducted during six campaigns covering spring, summer, and fall between 1997 and 1999. Both uptake and emission of COS and CS2 by the forest were observed, with deposition occurring mainly during the sunlit period and emission mainly during the dark period. On the average, however, the forest acts as a sink for both gases. The average fluxes for COS and CS2 are  -93 ± 11.7 pmol m-2 s-1 and  -18 ± 7.6 pmol m-2 s-1, respectively. The fluxes of both gases appear to be correlated to photosynthetically active radiation and to the CO2 and H2O fluxes, supporting the idea that the air-vegetation exchange of both gases is controlled by stomata. An uptake ratio COS/CO2 of 10 ± 1.7 pmol μmol-1 has been derived from the regression line for the correlation between the COS and CO2 fluxes. This uptake ratio, if representative for the global terrestrial net primary production, would correspond to a sink of 2.3 ± 0.5 Tg COS yr-1.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2002
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1987
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 92, No. D2 ( 1987-02-20), p. 2181-2187
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 92, No. D2 ( 1987-02-20), p. 2181-2187
    Abstract: An analysis is presented of possible worldwide production of methane from anaerobic decay of organic municipal and industrial wastes in landfills. The amount of methane released to the atmosphere from this source may now be in the range of 30–70×10 6 T/yr, which is between 6% and 18% of the total CH 4 source. By far, most of this emission comes from the industrialized world. Release rates from these countries have been increasing steadily during the past decades, but growth rates are now gradually stagnating. In the future, the contribution from developing nations is expected to grow rapidly because of increasing population and urbanization. Consequently, methane release from landfills may become one of the main sources of atmospheric methane in the next century.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1987
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1993
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 98, No. D12 ( 1993-12-20), p. 23389-23396
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 98, No. D12 ( 1993-12-20), p. 23389-23396
    Abstract: Airborne measurements of DMS and H 2 S were made off the east coast of the United States and over the tropical Atlantic off Brazil. Samples were collected through a fluorinated ethylene propylene Teflon inlet manifold. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was preconcentrated onto gold wool and analyzed by gas chromatography/flame photometric detection. H 2 S was collected on AgNO 3 ‐impregnated filters and determined by fluorescence quenching. Use of a new scrubber material (cotton) to remove negative interference on DMS measurements was investigated. Comparison with a Na 2 CO 3 /Anakrom scrubber gave good overall agreement. Only under extreme conditions, e.g., on flight 9 (continental air mass, low humidity, high O 3 , and low DMS values) did Na 2 CO 3 show noticeable loss of DMS compared to cotton. On most flights, especially in marine air masses with high humidity and relatively low O 3 , the results from both scrubbers agreed well with each other and with other instruments used during the intercalibration. Off the U.S. East Coast, DMS levels showed strong dependence on air mass origin with high values (up to 83 ppt) in marine tropical air masses and low values (10–20 ppt) in continental and polar air. Over the tropical Atlantic, DMS ranged over 20–100 ppt in the mixed layer. Nighttime values were a factor of 1.6–2.3 higher than daytime levels. DMS decreased with altitude to 〈 1 ppt at 4000 m. H 2 S in the mixed layer off the U.S. East Coast ranged from 10 to 200 ppt. Significant influence from terrestrial and pollution sources was evident. H 2 S in air masses originating over the eastern seaboard was much higher than in continental polar air or over the remote tropical continents. In contrast, over the tropical Atlantic, concentrations were very low (5–10 ppt), typical of truly marine air. Night/day ratios were about 1.4. No significant geographical variability was seen in H 2 S levels over the tropical Atlantic. The correlation of atmospheric 222 Rn and H 2 S was significant, with both being higher off the U.S. East Coast (H 2 S, 7–270 ppt; 222 Rn, 2–20 pCi m −3 ) than over the tropical Atlantic (0.5‐10 ppt and 2–4 pCi m −3 , respectively).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1993
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-18)
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2018-01-18)
    Abstract: Shipping contributes primary and secondary emission products to the atmospheric aerosol burden that have implications for climate, clouds, and air quality from regional to global scales. In this study we exam the potential impact of ship emissions with regards to ice nucleating particles. Particles that nucleate ice are known to directly affect precipitation and cloud microphysical properties. We have collected and analyzed particles for their ice nucleating capacity from a shipping channel outside a large Scandinavia port. We observe that ship plumes amplify the background levels of ice nucleating particles and discuss the larger scale implications. The measured ice nucleating particles suggest that the observed amplification is most likely important in regions with low levels of background particles. The Arctic, which as the sea ice pack declines is opening to transit and natural resource exploration and exploitation at an ever increasing rate, is highlighted as such a region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 10
    In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 13, No. 2 ( 1999-06), p. 399-444
    Abstract: A database of 15,617 point measurements of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in surface waters along with lesser amounts of data for aqueous and particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate concentration, chlorophyll concentration, sea surface salinity and temperature, and wind speed has been assembled. The database was processed to create a series of climatological annual and monthly 1°×1° latitude‐longitude squares of data. The results were compared to published fields of geophysical and biological parameters. No significant correlation was found between DMS and these parameters, and no simple algorithm could be found to create monthly fields of sea surface DMS concentration based on these parameters. Instead, an annual map of sea surface DMS was produced using an algorithm similar to that employed by Conkright et al. [1994]. In this approach, a first‐guess field of DMS sea surface concentration measurements is created and then a correction to this field is generated based on actual measurements. Monthly sea surface grids of DMS were obtained using a similar scheme, but the sparsity of DMS measurements made the method difficult to implement. A scheme was used which projected actual data into months of the year where no data were otherwise present.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0886-6236 , 1944-9224
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021601-4
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 13
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