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  • 1
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    Results of a Comprehensive Atmospheric Aerosol-Radiation Experiment in the Southwestern United States. Part II: Radiation Flux Measurements and Theoretical Interpretation
    American Meteorological Society ; 1976
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1976-05), p. 455-463
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1976-05), p. 455-463
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8952
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015〈0455:ROACAA〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1976
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  • 2
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    Information content of Umkehr and solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) 2 satellite data for ozone trends and solar responses in the stratosphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1997
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 102, No. D15 ( 1997-08-20), p. 19257-19263
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 102, No. D15 ( 1997-08-20), p. 19257-19263
    Abstract: Within the past few years, several papers have been published which present updated profile ozone trends from the recently revised ground‐based Umkehr record [ Miller et al. , 1995] and the combined Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) and NOAA 11 SBUV 2 satellite data record [ Hollandsworth et al. , 1995; Miller et al. , 1996]. Within these papers, however, there has remained an overriding question as to the actual information content of the measurement systems and their ability to detect atmospheric responses. In this paper, we compare the ozone trends and responses to the 11‐year solar cycle (derived from model and/or data specifications of these effects) to results of forward model/retrieval algorithm computations through the algorithms. We consider data at northern midlatitudes (30°–50°N) so that we may compare the satellite results with those of the ground‐based systems. Our results indicate that the Umkehr data contain only four independent pieces of information in the vertical and that the SBUV system contains five. In particular, we find that consideration should be restricted to the following regions; Umkehr: the sum of Umkehr layers 1–5, and layers 6, 7, and 8+ (the sum of layers 8 and above), SBUV: the sum of layers 1–5, and layers 6, 7, 8, and 9+ (the sum of layers 9 and above). Additionally, we compare the actual trends and solar coefficients derived in these layers for the periods 1968–1991 and 1979–1991 for the Umkehr and SBUV data. Finally, we include within the latter comparisons the stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) I and II results from Wang et al . [1996] and the computations from the ozonesondes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/97JD01482
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1997
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  • 3
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    Effects of autocorrelation and temporal sampling schemes on estimates of trend and spatial correlation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1990
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 95, No. D12 ( 1990-11-20), p. 20507-20517
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 95, No. D12 ( 1990-11-20), p. 20507-20517
    Abstract: This paper is concerned with temporal data requirements for the assessment of trends and for estimating spatial correlations of atmospheric species. We examine statistically three basic issues: (1) the effect of autocorrelations in monthly observations and the effect of the length of data record on the precision of trend estimates, (2) the effect of autocorrelations in the daily data on the sampling frequency requirements with respect to the representativeness of monthly averages for trend estimation, and (3) the effect of temporal sampling schemes on estimating spatial correlations of atmospheric species in neighboring stations. Our principal findings are (1) the precision of trend estimates depends critically on the magnitude of auto‐correlations in the monthly observations, (2) this precision is insensitive to the temporal sampling rates of daily measurements under systematic sampling, and (3) the estimate of spatial correlation between two neighboring stations is insensitive to temporal sampling rate under systematic sampling, but is sensitive to the time lag between measurements taken at the two stations. These results are based on methodological considerations as well as on empirical analysis of total and profile ozone and rawinsonde temperature data from selected ground stations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD12p20507
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1990
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
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    Comparison of NOAA-11 SBUV/2 ozone vertical profiles with correlative measurements
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 1996-02-01), p. 293-296
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 23, No. 3 ( 1996-02-01), p. 293-296
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96GL00049
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
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    A statistical trend analysis of ozonesonde data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1986
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 91, No. D12 ( 1986-11-20), p. 13121-13136
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 91, No. D12 ( 1986-11-20), p. 13121-13136
    Abstract: A detailed statistical analysis of monthly averages of ozonesonde readings is performed to assess trends in ozone in the troposphere and the lower to mid‐stratosphere. Regression time series models, which include seasonal and trend factors, are estimated for 13 stations located mainly in the mid‐latitudes of the northern hemisphere. At each station, trend estimates are calculated for 14 “fractional” Umkehr layers covering the altitude range from 0 to 33 km. For the 1970–1982 period, our main findings indicate an overall negative trend in ozonesonde data in the lower stratosphere (15–21 km) of about −0.5% per year, and some evidence of a positive trend in the troposphere (0–5 km) of about 0.8% per year. An in‐depth sensitivity study of the trend estimates is performed with respect to various correction procedures used to normalize ozonesonde readings to Dobson total ozone measurements. The main results indicate that the negative trend findings in the 15 to 21‐km altitude region are robust to the normalization procedures considered.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/JD091iD12p13121
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1986
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  • 6
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    A study of regional aerosol radiative properties and effects on ultraviolet‐B radiation
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1998
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 103, No. D14 ( 1998-07-27), p. 17083-17097
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 103, No. D14 ( 1998-07-27), p. 17083-17097
    Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in western North Carolina to investigate the relationship between aerosol optical properties and atmospheric transmission. Two research measurement sites in close horizontal proximity but at different altitudes were established to measure the transmission of UV radiation through a slab of atmosphere. An identical set of radiation sensing instruments, including a broadband UV‐B radiometer, a direct Sun pyrheliometer, a shadowband radiometer, and a spectral photometer, was placed at both sites, a mountaintop site (Mount Gibbes 35.78°N, 82.29°W, 2004 m elevation) and a valley site (Black Mountain, North Carolina 35.66°N, 82.38°N, 951 m elevation). Aerosol size distribution sampling equipment was located at the valley site. Broadband solar pseudo‐optical depth and aerosol optical depths at 415 nm, 500 nm, and 673 nm were measured for the lowest 1‐km layer of the troposphere. The measurements exhibited variations based on an air mass source region as determined by back trajectory analysis. Broadband UV‐B transmission through the layer also displayed variations relating to air mass source region. Spectral UV transmission revealed a dependence upon wavelength, with decreased transmission in the UV‐B region (300–320 nm) versus UV‐A region (320–363.5 nm). UV‐B transmission was found to be negatively correlated with aerosol optical depth. Empirical relations were developed to allow prediction of solar noon UV‐B transmission if aerosol optical depth at two visible wavelengths (415 and 500 nm) is known. A new method was developed for determining aerosol optical properties from the radiation and aerosol size distribution measurements. The aerosol albedo of single scatter was found to range from 0.75 to 0.93 and the asymmetry factor ranged from 0.63 to 0.76 at 312 nm, which is close to the peak response of human skin to UV radiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/98JD01481
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1998
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
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    Comparisons of observed ozone trends and solar effects in the stratosphere through examination of ground‐based Umkehr and combined solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) and SBUV 2 satellite data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D4 ( 1996-04-20), p. 9017-9021
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D4 ( 1996-04-20), p. 9017-9021
    Abstract: Within the past year, two papers have been published which present updated profile ozone trends from the recently revised ground‐based Umkehr record [ Miller et al. , 1995] and the combined Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet (SBUV) and NOAA 11 SBUV 2 satellite data record [ Hollandsworth et al. , 1995]. In this paper we compare the ozone trends and responses to the 11‐year solar cycle (represented by the F10.7 cm radio flux) derived from these two data sets for the period June 1977 to June 1991 (November 1978 to June 1991 for the satellite data). We consider data at northern midlatitudes (30°–50°N) at altitudes between 25 and 45 km derived from these two data sets. In particular, we investigate the effects of spatial sampling differences between the data sets on the derived signals. The trends derived from the two independent data sets are nearly identical at all levels except 35 km, where the Umkehr data indicate a somewhat more negative trend. The trend is approximately zero near 25 km but becomes more negative in the upper stratosphere, reaching nearly −7% per decade in the 40–45 km region. The upper stratospheric decreases are consistent with model results and are associated with the gas‐phase chemical effect of chlorofluorocarbons CFC's and other ozone‐destroying chemicals [ World Meteorological Organization , 1995]. The ozone correlations in the two data sets with the F10.7 cm solar flux are similar, with near‐zero solar‐induced ozone variations in the 25–30 km region and statistically significant in‐phase variations at higher altitudes. Estimates of the solar cycle in the ozone time series at 40–45 km from a regression model indicate variations of about 4.5% from solar cycle maximum to minimum. Analysis of the satellite overpass data at the Umkehr station locations shows that the average of the data from the 11 Umkehr stations is a good approximation for the 30°–50°N zonal mean.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/96JD00229
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Comparisons of observed ozone trends in the stratosphere through examination of Umkehr and balloon ozonesonde data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1995
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 100, No. D6 ( 1995-06-20), p. 11209-11217
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 100, No. D6 ( 1995-06-20), p. 11209-11217
    Abstract: During the past several years, several authors have published results of the annual and seasonal trends depicted in the total ozone data from both satellite and ground‐based observations. The examination of the vertical profile data available from the balloon ozonesonde and Umkehr observations, however, has been generally restricted to limited periods and to nonseasonal trend calculations. Within this study, we have examined the nonseasonal and the seasonal trend behavior of the ozone profile data from both ozonesonde and Umkehr measurements in a consistent manner, covering the same extended time period, 1968–1991, thus providing the first overall comparison of results. Our results reaffirm the observation of significant negative ozone trends in both the lower stratosphere (15–20 km), about −6% per decade, and upper stratosphere (35–50 km), about −6% per decade, separated by a nodal point in the region of 25–30 km. The upper stratosphere decrease is, apparently, associated with the classic gas phase chemical effect of the chlorofluorocarbons, whereas the cause of the lower stratospheric decline is still under investigation, but may well be associated with the chlorine and bromine chemistry in this region.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD00632
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1995
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2969341-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 161665-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
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    Results of a Comprehensive Atmospheric Aerosol-Radiation Experiment in the Southwestern United States Part I: Size Distribution, Extinction Optical Depth and Vertical Profiles of Aerosols Suspended in the Atmosphere
    American Meteorological Society ; 1976
    In:  Journal of Applied Meteorology Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1976-05), p. 441-454
    Details
    In: Journal of Applied Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 15, No. 5 ( 1976-05), p. 441-454
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8952
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(1976)015〈0441:ROACAA〉2.0.CO;2
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 1976
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 242493-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2027356-3
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  • 10
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    Influence of a priori profiles on trend calculations from Umkehr data
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D11 ( 1996-07-20), p. 16779-16787
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D11 ( 1996-07-20), p. 16779-16787
    Abstract: Although the new (1992) ozone profile retrieval algorithm for Umkehr measurements provides much better agreement with ozone sounding results than the old (1964) algorithm, considerable discrepancies remain with respect to ozone trends at different levels in the atmosphere. These discrepancies have been found by the comparison of long‐term trends obtained from the Umkehr measurements at Arosa and the ozone balloon soundings at Payerne (Switzerland). It is investigated here whether these obvious discrepancies can be removed by using time‐dependent a priori profiles. This procedure is successful only in the lowest part of the atmosphere, below about 19 km. To further explore this problem, synthetic Umkehr observations are calculated from the ozonesonde profiles. Trends are calculated for both the synthetic and actual Umkehr observations. The difference pattern between these Umkehr observation trends is compared with the difference in ozone profile retrieval trends from the synthetic and actual observations. The distinctive difference patterns strongly indicate an inherent disagreement between the Umkehr observations and the ozonesonde profiles. The application of corrections for stratospheric aerosol effects to the Umkehr profiles reduces, but does not eliminate, a discrepancy above 32 km. It is concluded that the discrepancies are due to the constant mixing ratio assumption used in computing the residual ozone above balloon burst level and to the fair‐weather bias of Umkehr observations (there are Umkehr observations at Arosa on fewer than 20% of the sonde observation days at Payerne). This sampling difference influences the results for the lower stratosphere. The study furthermore indicates that the ozone trends derived from Umkehr measurements for altitudes above about 32 km are robust for time‐dependent changes in the a priori profiles at lower altitudes. Based on the results of this study, we conclude with revised recommendations as to which atmospheric layers should be used for Umkehr trend studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD03794
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 1996
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2403298-0
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 710256-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016804-4
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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