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  • 1
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    Repeated High-Intensity Technique Training and Repeated Sprint Training Elicit Similar Adjustment in Physiological Responses But Divergent Perceptual Responses and Combat-Related Performances in Adolescent Taekwondo Matches
    Human Kinetics ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2023-08-1), p. 825-832
    Details
    In: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Human Kinetics, Vol. 18, No. 8 ( 2023-08-1), p. 825-832
    Abstract: Purpose : This study investigated the effects of 4 weeks of repeated sprint training (RST) versus repeated high-intensity technique training (RTT) on the physiological responses (ie, blood lactate), mean and peak heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, technical–tactical performance, and time–motion variables during simulated taekwondo combats. Methods : Twenty-four taekwondo athletes (18 male and 6 female; age: 16 [1] y) were randomly and equally assigned to RST (10 × 35-m running sprints interspersed by 10-s rest) or RTT (10 × 6-s bandal-tchagui kicking executions interspersed by 10-s rest) groups in addition to their regular training. Both groups performed simulated combats before and after training. Results : Delta lactate and peak heart rate were attenuated following training ( P   〈  .001 and P  = .03, respectively), with no differences identified between RTT and RST conditions. Rating of perceived exertion decreased after training only in the RTT ( P  = .002). Time fighting and preparatory activities increased following training ( P   〈  .001), with higher values observed following RTT than RST ( P   〈  .001). Nonpreparatory time decreased after training ( P   〈  .001), with more pronounced reductions observed following RTT when compared to RST ( P   〈  .001). The number of single attacks decreased only following RST ( P   〈  .001), whereas combined attacks increased only after RTT training ( P   〈  .001). Conclusions : Similar adjustments in the physiological responses to combat were observed following 4 weeks of either RST or RTT, but RTT elicited more favorable perceptual responses and combat-related performance. This highlights the importance of specificity of training and its effective transfer to combat.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1555-0265 , 1555-0273
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0447
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Human Kinetics
    Publication Date: 2023
    SSG: 31
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  • 2
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    Does Beetroot Supplementation Improve Performance in Combat Sports Athletes? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-12), p. 398-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 15, No. 2 ( 2023-01-12), p. 398-
    Abstract: While studies on dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation and its impact on combat sports performance are increasing, finite conclusions from currently available investigations remain unclear. Thus, the present systematic review examined the acute and chronic ergogenic effect(s) of dietary nitrate intake from beetroot on different aspects of combat sports performance. A systematic search for randomized placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of beetroot supplementation on combat sports outcomes was performed through Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scielo, Sport Discus, and Cochrane Library databases up to 2 January 2023. The different terms related to beetroot and to combat sports were connected in the search strategies using the Boolean operators ‘AND’ and ‘OR’. A total of nine studies with good methodological quality (based on the Cochrane risk of bias tool) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Seven studies used an acute supplementation strategy, while the other two studies utilized chronic supplementation. Findings showed beetroot intake may be an effective tool to improve oxidative metabolism and muscle force production (i.e., isokinetic and isometric) in combat sports athletes. However, these effects may depend on the population, intake duration, muscle group activated, and exercise type. Future studies are required to (1) understand the effects on female athletes and (2) elucidate the impacts of dosing protocols and specific exercise modalities for enhancing combat sports performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu15020398
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 3
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    The Role of Competition Area and Training Type on Physiological Responses and Perceived Exertion in Female Judo Athletes
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 19, No. 6 ( 2022-03-15), p. 3457-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, MDPI AG, Vol. 19, No. 6 ( 2022-03-15), p. 3457-
    Abstract: This study investigated the combined effects of competition area (4 × 4, 6 × 6, and 8 × 8 m) and judo-specific training type (tachi-waza, ne-waza, and free randori) on physiological responses and perceived exertion in female judo athletes. In a within-subject design, 12 female subelite and elite athletes who competed at regional or national levels with a mean training background of 8.4 ± 0.5 years performed the experimental conditions (i.e., combats (viz., matches) featuring different area/training type combinations) in random order. The following measurements at different time points were chosen: blood lactate before and after each match; heart rate before, mean, and peak for each match; and rating of perceived exertion immediately after each match. Two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare between conditions, while Bonferroni post hoc test and magnitude of difference were used to measure significance. There was no main effect of training type or area size on lactate before each match, heart rate (HR) before each match, HR mean during each match, and rating of perceived exertion. Main effects of training type and area size were found for lactate after each event, with the values being greater in free randori compared to tachi-waza and ne-waza and in 4 × 4 m compared to 6 × 6 and 8 × 8 m area. Main effects of training type and area size were also found in peak heart rate, with lower values in ne-waza compared to free randori and tachi-waza and in 8 × 8 m compared to 4 × 4 m area. The results demonstrate that varying training modality and area size may alter physiological responses during female judo combats by putting stress on the cardiovascular system and increasing anaerobic glycolysis solicitation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1660-4601
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063457
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2175195-X
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  • 4
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    Effects of conditioning activity mode, rest interval and effort to pause ratio on post-activation performance enhancement in taekwondo: a randomized study
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Physiology Vol. 14 ( 2023-7-12)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Physiology, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 14 ( 2023-7-12)
    Abstract: Introduction: The present study assessed the effects of conditioning activities, using different effort-to-pause ratios and rest intervals, on taekwondo physical performance. Methods: Twenty-one athletes (13 males and 8 females) (Mean ± SD; age = 20.4 ± 1.4 years) performed a control (CC) and twelve experimental conditions. Each condition contained a standard warm-up (i.e., CC: running at 9 km/h for 10 min) and conditioning activities comprising plyometrics P) or repeated high-intensity techniques (RT) using 1:6, 1:9 and self-selected rest (SSR) ratios, and two rest intervals (3 and 7 min). Athletes then performed a battery of fitness tests: countermovement jump (CMJ), taekwondo specific agility (TSAT), 10s and multiple frequency speed kick test (FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult, respectively). Results: All of the preloads provided higher performance outputs compared to the control trial (all p & lt; 0.05). For CMJ, 1:6 ratio with 3 min induced lower values with RT compared to P ( p = 0.037) and 1:9 ratio using 3 min induced higher values with RT compared to P ( p = 0.027). Additionally, 1:6 ratio using 7 min induced higher values with RT compared to P ( p = 0.016). For FSKT-10, 3 min using 1:6 induced higher values with P compared to RT, while RT induced higher values with 7 min using 1:6 ratio compared to P (both p & lt; 0.001). Moreover, 3 min using 1:9 ratio induced higher values with P compared to RT ( p = 0.034), while RT induced higher values with 1:9 ratio using 7 min compared to P ( p & lt; 0.001). Finally, 3 min using SSR ratio induced higher values with RT compared to P ( p = 0.034). Conclusion: Plyometrics and RT activities improved performance with plyometrics requiring shorter rest interval to induce potentiation effects compared to RT, which required longer interval.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1664-042X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1179309
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2564217-0
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  • 5
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    Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on taekwondo performance: the influence of competition level and sex
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Scientific Reports Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-08-23)
    Details
    In: Scientific Reports, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2023-08-23)
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on physical performance and perceived exertion during taekwondo-specific tasks in male and female athletes with varying expertise. In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study design, 52 young athletes from elite (n = 32; 16 males and 16 females) and sub-elite competitive level (n = 20; 10 males and 10 females) participated. Athletes performed taekwondo-specific tasks including the taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10 s) and multi-bout FSKT (FSKT-multi) under the following conditions: (1) Caffeine (CAF; 3 mg kg −1 ), placebo (PLA), and no supplement control (CON). Session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was determined after the tests. Findings show that regardless of condition, males performed better than females ( p   〈  0.05) and elite athletes had superior performance compared to their sub-elite counterparts ( p   〈  0.05). For the TSAT ( p   〈  0.001), FSKT-10s ( p   〈  0.001), and FSKT-multi ( p   〈  0.001), CAF enhanced performance in elite female athletes compared to sub-elite females. Likewise, CAF ingestion resulted in superior performance in elite males compared to sub-elite males for FSKT-10s ( p  = 0.003) and FSKT-multi ( p   〈  0.01). The ergogenic potential of CAF during taekwondo-specific tasks appears to be related to a competitive level, with greater benefits in elite than sub-elite athletes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2045-2322
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40365-5
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2615211-3
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  • 6
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    Technical–tactical analysis of small combat games in male kickboxers: effects of varied number of opponents and area size
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2021
    In:  BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 13, No. 1 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: To handle the competition demands, sparring drills are used for specific technical–tactical training as well as physical–physiological conditioning in combat sports. While the effects of different area sizes and number of within-round sparring partners on physiological and perceptive responses in combats sports were examined in previous studies, technical and tactical aspects were not investigated. This study investigated the effect of different within-round sparring partners number (i.e., at a time; 1 vs. 1, 1 vs. 2, and 1 vs. 4) and area sizes (2 m × 2 m, 4 m × 4 m, and 6 m × 6 m) variation on the technical–tactical aspects of small combat games in kickboxing. Method Twenty male kickboxers (mean ± standard deviation, age: 20.3 ± 0.9 years), regularly competing in regional and national events randomly performed nine different kickboxing combats, lasting 2 min each. All combats were video recorded and analyzed using the software Dartfish. Results Results showed that the total number of punches was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 ( p  = 0.011, d = 0.83). Further, the total number of kicks was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 and 1 versus 2 ( p   〈  0.001; d = 0.99 and d = 0.83, respectively). Moreover, the total number of kick combinations was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 and 1 versus 2 ( p   〈  0.001; d = 1.05 and d = 0.95, respectively). The same outcome was significantly lower in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m and 6 m × 6 m areas ( p  = 0.010 and d = − 0.45; p   〈  0.001 and d = − 0.6, respectively). The number of block-and-parry was significantly higher in 1 versus 4 compared with 1 versus 1 ( p   〈  0.001, d = 1.45) and 1 versus 2 ( p  = 0.046, d = 0.61) and in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m and 6 × 6 m areas ( p   〈  0.001; d = 0.47 and d = 0.66, respectively). Backwards lean actions occurred more often in 2 m × 2 m compared with 4 m × 4 m ( p  = 0.009, d = 0.53) and 6 m × 6 m ( p  = 0.003, d = 0.60). However, the number of foot defenses was significantly lower in 2 m × 2 m compared with 6 m × 6 m ( p   〈  0.001, d = 1.04) and 4 m × 4 m ( p  = 0.004, d = 0.63). Additionally, the number of clinches was significantly higher in 1 versus 1 compared with 1 versus 2 ( p  = 0.002, d = 0.7) and 1 versus 4 ( p  = 0.034, d = 0.45). Conclusions This study provides practical insights into how to manipulate within-round sparring partners' number and/or area size to train specific kickboxing technical–tactical fundamentals. Trial registration This study does not report results related to health care interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2052-1847
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00391-0
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2719537-5
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  • 7
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    Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance, Physiological Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Technical-Tactical Skills in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2996-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 14 ( 2022-07-21), p. 2996-
    Abstract: Although the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports performance have been extensively investigated, there is currently no consensus regarding its ergogenic benefits.This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to summarize the studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on different aspects of performance in combat sports and to quantitatively analyze the results of these studies to better understand the ergogenic effect of caffeine on combat sports outcomes. A systematic search for randomized placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports’ performance was performed through Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 18 April 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (Hedge’s g) were performed to analyze the data. Twenty-six studies of good and excellent methodological quality (based on the Pedro scale) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis results revealed caffeine has a small but evident effect size (ES) on handgrip strength (ES = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.52; p = 0.02), and total number of throws during the special judo fitness test (SJFT) (ES = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.78; p = 0.02). Regarding the physiological responses, caffeine increased blood lactate concentration ([La]) in anaerobic exercise (ES = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.29 to 2.18; p = 0.01) and simulated combat (ES = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.47; p = 0.002). For Heart Rate (HR), caffeine increased HR final (ES = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.52; p = 0.003), and HR 1min (ES = 0.20; 95% CI 0.004 to 0.40; p = 0.045). However, caffeine had no impact on the countermovement jump height, the SJFT index, the judogi strength-endurance test, the number and duration of offensive actions, HR at the end of the fight, and the rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation may be ergogenic for a range of combat sports aspects involving isometric strength, anaerobic power, reaction time, and anaerobic metabolism. However, supplementation effects might be ineffective under certain circumstances, indicating supplementation needs to take into account the performance metric in question prior to creating a dosing protocol.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14142996
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2518386-2
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    The effects of tempo and loudness variations during warm-up with music on perceived exertion, physical enjoyment and specific performances in male and female taekwondo athletes
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2023
    In:  PLOS ONE Vol. 18, No. 4 ( 2023-4-27), p. e0284720-
    Details
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 18, No. 4 ( 2023-4-27), p. e0284720-
    Abstract: The ergogenic effect of pre-selected warm-up music with the tempo and loudness variations on the performance of combat sports’ athletes as well as the difference between sexes is not well established. The present study aimed to assess the effects of listening to music with different tempos and loudness during warm-up on perceived exertion, physical enjoyment and physical performances in young taekwondo athletes. In a randomized study design, 20 taekwondo athletes (10 males, mean ± SD: age: 17.5 ± 0.7 years, taekwondo experience: ≥ 6 year) performed the taekwondo specific agility test (TSAT) and the 10s and multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult) after warming-up with or without music. The music was played at high (140 beats·min -1 ) or very high (200 beats·min -1 ) tempo combined with low (60 dB) or high (80 dB) loudness, resulting in four experimental and control conditions. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) were assessed after each condition. After normality, homogeneity and sphericity checks, two-way (or multivariate) analysis of variance and Bonferrroni (or Friedman’s and Wilcoxon’s test) post-hoc test were operated when necessary. For TSAT, 140 beats·min -1 +80 dB induced better performance compared with 200 beats·min -1 +80 dB, 200 beats·min -1 +60 dB, control and the 140 beats·min -1 +60 dB conditions. For FSKT-10s, 140 beats·min -1 +80 dB condition induced higher performance compared with 200 beats·min -1 +60 dB, 200 beats·min -1 +80 dB, 140 beats·min -1 +60 dB and the control conditions. For FSKT-mult, 140 beats·min -1 +80 dB induced higher number of techniques compared with 200 beats·min -1 +60 dB, 140 beats·min -1 +60 dB, control and the 200 beats·min -1 +80 dB conditions. Moreover, 140 beats·min -1 +80 dB induced lower decrement index (DI) compared with the other conditions and lower DI in 140 beats·min -1 +60 dB compared with 200 beats·min -1 +80 dB and control conditions. Moreover, 140 beats·min -1 +80 dB resulted in greater PACES scores compared with 200 beats·min -1 +80 dB and control conditions. Better performance was found for males compared with females in TSAT, FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult (i.e., techniques’ number), as well as lower DI and higher RPE post-FSKT-10s. Pre-selected warm-up music played at 140 beats·min -1 and 80 dB is an efficient strategy to enhance physical activity enjoyment and specific performances in taekwondo.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.g001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.t001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.t002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.t003
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.s001
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.s002
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.s003
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720.s004
    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2267670-3
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  • 9
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    Listening to Preferred and Loud Music Enhances Taekwondo Physical Performances in Adolescent Athletes
    SAGE Publications ; 2023
    In:  Perceptual and Motor Skills Vol. 130, No. 4 ( 2023-08), p. 1644-1662
    Details
    In: Perceptual and Motor Skills, SAGE Publications, Vol. 130, No. 4 ( 2023-08), p. 1644-1662
    Abstract: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of warm-up music preference and loudness on physical performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and enjoyment in young taekwondo athletes. In a crossover counterbalanced design, 20 taekwondo athletes (10 male, 10 female) performed a battery of physical tasks specific to taekwondo under the following five conditions: (a) No music (NM), (b) Preferred music-Soft (60 dB; PMS), (c) Preferred music-Loud (80 dB; PML), (d) Non-preferred music-Soft (60 dB; NPMS), and (e) Non-preferred music-Loud (80 dB; NPML). On each lab visit, participants completed a taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), a10-second kick test (KSKT-10s) and a multiple frequency speed of kick tests (FSKT) within each music condition. Pre-exercise enjoyment was assessed using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) after the warm-up, while we obtained RPE scores after each test. The PML condition resulted in significantly better agility test times on the TSAT compared to PMS ( p 〈 .001), and NPML ( p 〈 .001). Furthermore, PML led to a greater number of total kicks during the FSKT-10s test compared to the PMS ( p 〈 .001), and NPML ( p 〈 .001) conditions. The decrement index on the FSKT was lower in PML than in PMS and NPML conditions ( p 〈 .001). For RPE, values were significantly lower with preferred than non-preferred music ( p 〈 .001). These findings lend support to ergogenic benefits of listening to PML prior to taekwondo physical tasks, with important implications for enhancing taekwondo training and performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0031-5125 , 1558-688X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/00315125231178067
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066876-4
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
    SSG: 31
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  • 10
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    Acute Effects of Low Dose of Caffeine Ingestion Combined with Conditioning Activity on Psychological and Physical Performances of Male and Female Taekwondo Athletes
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Nutrients Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-01-28), p. 571-
    Details
    In: Nutrients, MDPI AG, Vol. 14, No. 3 ( 2022-01-28), p. 571-
    Abstract: This study investigated low-dose caffeine ingestion, conditioning activity (CA) effects on psycho-physical performances in young taekwondo athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design, 20 athletes (10 males; 17.5 ± 0.7 yrs) performed taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s/multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s/FSKT-mult) after ingesting 3 mg·kg−1 caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PL) 60 min before performing standard warm-up without (NoCA) or with CA (3 × 10 vertical jumps above 40 cm), resulting in four experimental (PL + NoCA, CAF + NoCA, PL + CA, and CAF + CA) and one control (warm-up session without CAF or CA) conditions. Mood/physical symptoms (MPSS), subjective vitality (SVS), and feeling (FS) scales were analyzed post-to-pre for all conditions. Ratings of perceived-exertion and perceived-recovery status were determined after tests. For TSAT, CAF + CA induced better performance compared with all conditions (p 〈 0.001). For FSKT-10s and FSKT-mult, CAF + CA induced better performance compared with all conditions (p 〈 0.001). For MPSS, FS, CAF + NoCA induced higher scores than PL + NoCA and PL + CA (p = 0.002, 0.009 for MPSS; p = 0.014, 0.03 for FS). For SVS, PL + CA elicited lower scores than PL + NoCA and CAF + NoCA (p = 0.01, 0.004). Sex comparisons resulted in better performances for males for TSAT (p = 0.008), FSKT-10s (p 〈 0.001), FSKT-mult (p 〈 0.01), MPSS (p = 0.02), SVS (p = 0.028), and FS (p = 0.020) scores. Caffeine and conditioning activity are two efficient performance-enhancing strategies, which could synergistically result in greater psycho-physical performances.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2072-6643
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/nu14030571
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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