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  • 1
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    Education and its effect on risk and age at onset in Alzheimer disease (AD) in African Americans : Genetics/genetic factors of Alzheimer's disease
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 16, No. S3 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. S3 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Increased years of education have been previously associated with a decreased risk of developing Alzheimer disease (AD) with cognitive reserve suggested as the source of the protective effect in Non‐Hispanic Whites (NHW). African Americans (AA) are twice as likely to develop AD compared to NHW. We investigated the hypothesis that education was similarly correlated with risk of AD in the AA population. We also examined the relationship of education and age at onset (AAO) of AD in AA. Method Participants consisted of 132 AA AD cases and 428 AA cognitively intact (CI) individuals with known years of completed education, ascertained for a genetics study of AD. Education levels were stratified into three categories: 〈 8 years, 9‐12 years, 〉 12 years. We used logistic regression to determine the effect of age, sex, education level and APOE4 status between cases versus controls. Additionally, using a linear model we examined the effect of education on AAO including sex and APOE4 status as covariates. Result Results showed that increasing years of education had a protective effect on AD risk. Initially including sex and age as covariates, both higher education categories were significant, with 9‐12 years (p = 0.02;OR = 0.461[0.23,0.9])) and 〉 12 years (p = 1.30e0‐04;OR = 0.26[0.13,0.41]). Adding APOE4 dosage (0(Ref), 1,2 alleles) to the model (significant at p = 9.54e‐05; p = 5.27e‐07), the effect of education remained significant (p = 0.03;OR = 0.46[0.23,0.93]) and p = 4.84e‐05;OR = 0.22[0.10,0.46] ) for 9‐12 and 〉 12, respectively further supporting its role in AD risk. We examined the effect of education on AAO. Education (8‐12 years) trended in significance (p‐value = 0.07; β = ‐3.76[‐7.82,0.307]) with 〉 12 years significant (p‐value = 1.63e‐04; β = ‐13.07,‐4.25]) supporting later AAO with higher education. The effect of APOE4 on AAO was not significant (p = 0.226). APOE 4 added to the model as a covariate did not have a significant effect on AAO, however, education levels continued trending (8‐12; p = 0.07; β = ‐3.76[‐7.86,0.34]) and significant ( 〉 12; p = 3.71e‐04; β = ‐8.33[‐12.84,‐3.82]). Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that higher education results in a decreased risk of AD in AA regardless of APOE4 status. We also found a similar protective effect for a later AAO. Thus, the potential outcome of education on cognitive reserve appears across multiple racial backgrounds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v16.S3
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.046078
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 2
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    The Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project Follow Up Study (ADSP‐FUS): increasing ethnic diversity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) genetics research.
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 18, No. S3 ( 2022-12)
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    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. S3 ( 2022-12)
    Abstract: The ADSP‐FUS is a National Institute on Aging (NIA) initiative focused on identifying genetic risk and protective variants for Alzheimer Disease (AD) by expanding the ADSP Discovery and Discovery Extension cohorts beyond non‐Hispanic Whites of European Ancestry (NHW‐EA). Given the lack of diversity in the ADSP, the ADSP‐FUS was designed to sequence existing ethnically diverse and unique cohorts. The upcoming phase for ADSP‐FUS, ADSP‐ FUS 2.0: The Diverse Population Initiative, focuses on Hispanic/Latino (HL), non‐Hispanic Black with African Ancestry (NHB‐AA), and Asian populations (e.g., the Asian cohort for Alzheimer’s disease). The ADSP‐FUS enables the utility of new discoveries for individuals from all populations. Method ADSP‐FUS cohorts consist of studies of AD, dementia, and age‐related conditions. Clinical classifications (AD, dementia, and cognitively intact) are assigned based on standard criteria and derived from clinical measures and history. Data dictionaries are curated for each cohort by the FUS clinical staff. The ADSP‐FUS initiatives intend to sequence over 100,000 individuals from diverse ancestries. Biospecimens are processed and DNA is prepared and allocated for whole genome sequencing (WGS) at designated NIA sequencing centers. All raw sequence data is transferred to the Genome Center for Alzheimer’s Disease (GCAD) for processing and harmonization following QC analysis at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Miami, resulting in analysis‐ready genotype and sequence data. All clinical, genotype and sequence data are housed at the NIA Genetics of Alzheimer Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS), which stores, manages, and distributes ASDP‐FUS data to AD researchers. Results Over 50,152 samples have been ascertained with ancestry groupings as follows: 10,166 NHB‐AA; 10,531 HL; 22,002 NHW‐EA (including 1,400 EOAD and 3,745 autopsy); 89 Amerindian; and 7,364 Asian (Korean and Indian) individuals. Currently, we have sequenced up to a total of 31,990 individuals. Conclusion The ADSP‐FUS continues to identify shared and novel genetic risk factors for AD among diverse populations. This genomic resource is crucial to expanding our knowledge of potential genetic risk and protective variants for AD across all populations with the hope of developing new treatments for everyone.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v18.S3
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.068083
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 3
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    PRADI cohort case‐control study on related factors of Alzheimer’s disease : Genetics/genetic factors of Alzheimer's disease
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 16, No. S2 ( 2020-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 16, No. S2 ( 2020-12)
    Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a burden of social and economic importance, affecting millions of families and society at large. The Puerto Rico Alzheimer and Related Dementias Initiatives (PRADI) cohort was developed to investigate AD and genetics factors of AD in the Puerto Rican population. PRADI recruitment was a snowball sampling, with both island‐wide geographic distribution, as well as extensions to PR communities in the continental US. In this study we assessed the relationship between AD and cardiovascular risk factors of AD in the PR population. Method We assessed over 700 elderly PR individuals for dementia, as well as medical history. Affection status was assessed using standard AD clinical criteria (NINCDS‐ADRDA) or mild cognitive impairment. All medical history was obtained by a self‐report or informant report. Differences between affected and unaffected were initially tested using a chi‐square test (for sex, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, hypertension, and stroke) and a t‐test for the age of the exam. Follow‐up analyses on stroke were performed using logistic regression with age at exam and sex as covariates in the model. Result The analysis revealed no differences sex differences between AD and unaffected (p‐value  〉  0.05). Similarly, affected and unaffected showed similar levels of type 2 diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, and hypertension (p‐value  〉  0.05). Affected individuals did however show an increase in stroke incidence (14.0% vs 5.2%; p‐value = 8.3e‐5). This difference persisted even when controlling for age of exam and sex. We did see a difference in age of exam between cases and controls, but this is likely due to ascertainment scheme. Conclusion This analysis suggests that stroke may be a contributing factor to dementia in the PR population. However, given biases in the ascertainment scheme, additional assessments need to be performed. Additionally, work is ongoing to assess the role of ancestry and genetic factors in this association.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v16.S2
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.046443
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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  • 4
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    Does higher educational attainment influence functional capabilities among African Americans with Alzheimer’s disease?
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Alzheimer's & Dementia Vol. 17, No. S6 ( 2021-12)
    Details
    In: Alzheimer's & Dementia, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. S6 ( 2021-12)
    Abstract: A recent study of educational attainment (EA) in African Americans (AA) demonstrated that it is associated with a decreased risk of AD, as previously described in the Non‐Hispanic White population. Several studies have also suggested that EA is a proxy for the concept of cognitive reserve (CR) or the capacity of the brains of some individuals to compensate clinically for the neurodegenerative processes of AD. If true, then EA should also be associated with other aspects of AD, including functional impairment, often measured using the Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR). The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that higher EA is associated with decreased functional impairment in AA. Methods Participants consisted of 158 AA AD cases with known years of completed education, ascertained for a genetics study of AD. Education levels were stratified into three categories: 〈 8 years, 9‐12 years, 〉 12 years. We used a regression model to test the association between years of education and functional impairment (composite score) with the age at onset and sex as covariates. Using the non‐memory components of the CDR: Judgment and Problem solving, Home and Hobbies, Community Involvement, and Personal Care, we formulated a composite score of 12 totaling the individual score of the 4 components. A composite score of 0 is no functional impairment and 12 equals severe functional impairment. Results The dataset was 77.2% female with a mean age of exam of 78.8 years and a mean CDR functional composite score of 1.97 and a mean educational attainment of 11.3 years. Our results showed a significant association between education and the composite score ( ). An increase in the years of education was negatively correlated with functional impairment. Conclusion Our data support the hypothesis that higher educational attainment is associated with reduced functional impairment. These results extend and support the concept that EA is a measure of CR in AA, extending the role of CR and EA to functional abilities. Further studies on the mechanism by which EA is protective is needed. In addition, our results suggest that EA should be considered when evaluating functional abilities in individuals thought to have AD.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-5260 , 1552-5279
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.v17.S6
    DOI: 10.1002/alz.056302
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2201940-6
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