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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Warnings and Risk Taking in the Allocation of Responsibility for Consumer Product Safety
    SAGE Publications ; 1999
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 43, No. 9 ( 1999-09), p. 594-597
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 43, No. 9 ( 1999-09), p. 594-597
    Abstract: This study explored how product users' risk taking characteristics and the presence or absence of a warning influenced allocation of responsibility for accidents during consumer product use. Sixty-three subjects were shown eight scenarios describing a product accident and injury. The scenarios described a litigation context that implicated the consumer as a high or low risk taker. Subjects allocated accident responsibility between the manufacturer, retailer, and consumer (user). Two variables were manipulated; descriptions of users' prior risk taking behaviors, and presence or absence of a warning. A warning effect was found; mean allocation to manufacturers was 20% and 60% with and without warnings, and 74% and 31% to consumers with and without warnings. High risk takers received more responsibility (85%) than low risk takers (65%) when warnings were present; however, in the no-warning condition the difference between allocations made to high and low risk takers was greatly reduced (28% and 35% respectively).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193129904300901
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of warnings on responsibility allocation
    Wiley ; 1998
    In:  Psychology and Marketing Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 1998-10), p. 687-706
    Details
    In: Psychology and Marketing, Wiley, Vol. 15, No. 7 ( 1998-10), p. 687-706
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0742-6046 , 1520-6793
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199810)15:7〈〉1.0.CO;2-R
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6793
    DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199810)15:7〈687::AID-MAR5〉3.0.CO;2-B
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2002068-5
    SSG: 3,2
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Allocation of Responsibility for Product Safety: Warning and Severity of Injury Effects
    SAGE Publications ; 1997
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 1997-10), p. 543-547
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 41, No. 1 ( 1997-10), p. 543-547
    Abstract: A study explored how injury severity and the presence of warnings influence people's allocation of responsibility for safety during consumer product use. Eighty-eight subjects were shown ten scenarios, one for each of ten products, describing an accident and injury. The subjects assigned responsibility to the manufacturer, the retailer and the consumer (user). Two variables were manipulated: injury severity and the presence or absence of a warning. The mean responsibility assigned to consumers was 85% and 41% with and without warnings, respectively. The mean allocations to manufacturers was 11% and 49% with and without warnings. The warning effect was less, however, when hazards were more obvious, with consumers generally assigned more responsibility when hazards were obvious. Injury severity was a factor only when warnings were present; manufacturers were assigned greater responsibility for severe injury accidents than for less severe injuries. These results have implications for policies about the need for warnings and for understanding or predicting outcomes of jury decisions in product liability litigation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1071181397041001120
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tire Rim Mismatch Explosions: The Role of On-Product Warnings
    SAGE Publications ; 1998
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 42, No. 15 ( 1998-10), p. 1088-1091
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 42, No. 15 ( 1998-10), p. 1088-1091
    Abstract: Three field studies were carried out to evaluate the potential effectiveness of good on-product size and warning information in preventing 16 inch tire and 16.5 inch rim mismatch accidents. In the first study a 16 inch tire, a 16.5 inch tire, a 16 inch rim and a 16.5 inch rim were taken to service stations where employees were requested to mount the tires. The 16 inch tire contained a tread label warning and a warning label was located in the drop center of the 16.5 inch rim. The rims also contained size stamping information. At the 27 stations visited, 5 employees started to mount the 16 inch tire on the 16.5 inch rim and 3 started to mount the 16.5 inch tire on the 16 inch rim. All others would have mounted correctly matched tires and rims. The second study consisted of taking a 16 inch tire and 16.5 inch rim to 28 service stations to be mounted. At 18 stations a label containing size and warning information was on the rim. At 10 of these stations the employee refused to mount the tire. As a control, the same tire and rim were taken to 10 stations without the rim warning, and the employees at 9 of these stations proceeded to begin the mounting task. In Study 3 a printed warning label intended for the sidewall of 16 inch tires was shown to 23 service station employees who were asked to read the label and assume they had read it on a tire sidewall. They were then asked what they would do. This behavioral intention measure indicated that 2 would refuse to mount the tire and 17 others would attempt to determine the size of the rim. The results of these field studies clearly indicate that good warning and size information can be significant in preventing 16 inch tire and 16.5 inch rim mismatch accidents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193129804201507
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Automatic Shoulder Belt Manual Lap Belt Restraint Systems: Human Factors Analyses of Case Studies Data
    SAGE Publications ; 1996
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 40, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 492-496
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 40, No. 10 ( 1996-10), p. 492-496
    Abstract: Automatic shoulder belts combined with manual lap belts satisfy federal requirements for passive vehicle restraint systems. Previous studies show that usage rates of the lap belts in these systems is considerably lower that usage rates for manual three-point belts. Recent years have witnessed a substantial amount of litigation involving the automatic shoulder belt manual lap belt systems. Forty-one legal cases have been reviewed in which an occupant was injured or killed in an accident while wearing the shoulder belt but not the lap belt. Particular attention was given to issues of risk perception and warnings. Analyses of these cases indicate reasons for not wearing the lap belt include: (1) feeling belted or secure when the shoulder belt was in place; (2) forgetting to fasten the belt; and (3) not familiar with the type of seat belt system. The vehicle warning systems designed to encourage lap belt use generally fail to communicate the hazards and consequences of not wearing the lap belt.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193129604001002
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pain and Suffering Awards for Consumer Product Accidents: Effects of Plaintiff-Defendant Liability and Injury Severity
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 44, No. 25 ( 2000-07), p. 120-123
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 44, No. 25 ( 2000-07), p. 120-123
    Abstract: A study was carried out to explore the effects of two variables on the amount of pain and suffering awards in a product liability litigation context. The first variable was the level of liability/responsibility allocated to the plaintiff and defendant for the accident and injury. The two levels were 100% and 60% assigned to the defendant, with the corresponding levels for the plaintiff at 0% and 40%. The second variable was the severity of the injury which was characterized as high or low. The two variables were manipulated between participants, resulting in a 2 × 2 design. Four separate accident/injury scenarios were employed, and each participant was presented with all four scenarios in one of the conditions. The scenarios described an automobile accident resulting in paralysis, a workplace accident resulting in chemical burns, a workplace accident resulting in brain damage, and an automobile accident resulting in the death of a small child. Following the presentation of each scenario, participants were asked to make a pain and suffering award. There were no constraints, small or large, on the size of the awards. Results indicated significant differences in pain and suffering allocations for the two levels of liability/responsibility (means in dollars were: defendant 100% = 4.0 million, defendant 60% = 1.2 million). While the means were in the expected direction for the high and low injury severity manipulation (high = 3.2 million, low = 2.0 million) the difference in pain and suffering allocations was not significant. The results suggest that liability or fault may play an important role in pain and suffering awards, a finding of significance in understanding jury decisions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193120004402506
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Allocation of Pain and Suffering Awards for Consumer Product Accidents: Effects of Level of Economic Damages
    SAGE Publications ; 2000
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 44, No. 25 ( 2000-07), p. 128-131
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 44, No. 25 ( 2000-07), p. 128-131
    Abstract: A study was carried out to explore the effects of the level of economic damage awards on the amount of pain and suffering awards in a product liability litigation context. Two separate accident scenarios were presented to participants who were instructed to consider themselves in the role of jurors. One scenario involved a vehicle accident resulting in permanent quadriplegia and the other described a work place incident where an employee received chemical burns on 65% of his body. Two levels of economic damages were manipulated for each scenario as a between-participants variable. Following the presentation of each scenario, including the economic damages award, participants were asked to make a pain and suffering award. There were no constraints on the size of the awards. Results indicated significant differences in pain and suffering allocations for the two scenarios (means in dollars were: quad = 2.3 million, burn = 1.4 million). While mean pain and suffering awards were higher for the condition of higher economic damage awards (2.0 million) than for lower economic damage awards (1.5 million), the difference was not statistically significant. Substantial variance in the pain and suffering awards was also found, which poses interesting challenges to juries in reaching agreement on such awards.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2169-5067 , 1071-1813
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193120004402508
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2000
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Guidelines for Warnings Design: Do They Matter?
    SAGE Publications ; 2002
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Vol. 46, No. 19 ( 2002-09), p. 1708-1712
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 46, No. 19 ( 2002-09), p. 1708-1712
    Abstract: A study was carried out using four measures of effectiveness to compare product warnings that are consistent with the American National Standards Institute Product Safety Signs and Labels standard (ANSI Z535.4) to warnings that are not consistent with the standard. Inconsistent warnings were based on the format of existing product warnings. Two warnings, consistent and inconsistent, for each of ten different products were evaluated: cooking oil, trampoline, paint, dresser, airbag, seat belt, tire, sports utility vehicle, reclining seat and swimming pool. The four effectiveness criteria were judgments of noticeability, likelihood to read, understandability and likelihood of complying. Participants were 176 students with varied majors from five different universities. Results indicated higher levels of judged effectiveness for the warnings that were consistent with the ANSI standard. The differences were statistically significant for all four effectiveness measures for all ten products. While warnings that are consistent with the ANSI Z535.4 standard do not by themselves necessarily constitute an adequate warning system, these results indicate that the standard does have merit and utility and represents a good starting point in warning design.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1071-1813 , 2169-5067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/154193120204601904
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2415770-3
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Human factors in software engineering: A review of the literature
    Elsevier BV ; 1985
    In:  Journal of Systems and Software Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 1985-2), p. 3-14
    Details
    In: Journal of Systems and Software, Elsevier BV, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 1985-2), p. 3-14
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0164-1212
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/0164-1212(85)90003-2
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 1985
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499749-6
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The New Alcohol Warning Labels: How Noticeable are They?
    SAGE Publications ; 1991
    In:  Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting Vol. 35, No. 6 ( 1991-09), p. 446-450
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, SAGE Publications, Vol. 35, No. 6 ( 1991-09), p. 446-450
    Abstract: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of various existing warning design factors on the noticeability of warnings on alcoholic beverage containers. One-hundred containers, 50 with warnings and 50 without, were used as stimuli and the time required to determine whether or not a warning was present was recorded. The results indicate that warnings on the front label were found more quickly than warnings appearing in any other location. Also, warnings printed horizontally were found more quickly than warning printed vertically. A regression analysis found that features of the signal word/phrase (“Government Warning”), as well as the amount of “noise” or clutter on the surrounding label, significantly influenced warning detection times. Thus, some of the design features currently used were shown to have an effect on noticeability of warning information. It is suggested that proper manipulation of these features could make the mandated warning more noticeable.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0163-5182
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1518/107118191786755021
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 1991
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