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  • 1
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    The Effects of Olive Cake Supplementation on Feedlot Performance and Longissimus Muscle Fatty Acid Composition of American Wagyu Steers and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Ruminants Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2023-09-09), p. 246-254
    Details
    In: Ruminants, MDPI AG, Vol. 3, No. 3 ( 2023-09-09), p. 246-254
    Abstract: Wagyu cattle are well known for their greater intramuscular fat content which improves eating quality for consumers. These experiments were designed to investigate the impact of olive cake supplementation on Wagyu steer growth performance, longissimus muscle fatty acid composition, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. We hypothesized that feeding with olive cake would improve animal performance and increase oleic acid (C18:1cis9) composition in the longissimus muscle. Experiment 1: Eighty-three American Wagyu steers (725 ± 10.7 kg) were used in this experiment. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within blocks to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) control (basal ration with no olive cake) or (2) control diet + 5% supplemental olive. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (n = 4 steers/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) and fed a finishing diet typical for Wagyu cattle. Steers were individually weighed every 28 d throughout the 177 d experiment. Longissimus muscle samples were obtained for fatty acid analysis at the time of slaughter. Experiment 2: Rumen fluid from three beef steers (480 ± 10 kg) fitted with rumen canulae was used to investigate the impact of olive cake on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Treatments consisted of (1) control (no olive cake) or (2) 5% olive cake. Results: Experiment 1: Steers receiving olive cake had a lower (p 〈 0.05) final BW and DM intake when compared to steers receiving the control diet. Longissimus muscle C18:2 and C22:6 n-3 were greater (p 〈 0.05) and C18:1cis9 tended (p 〈 0.06) to be greater in steers receiving olive cake when compared to controls. Experiment 2: Dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber disappearance and molar proportions of short chain fatty acids were similar across treatments. The weight percentage of C14:1 was greater in in vitro rumen fluid fermented with olive cake when compared to controls. All other long chain fatty acids were similar across treatments. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding olive cake at 5% of the diet DM reduced live animal performance and had minimal impacts on longissimus muscle fatty acid composition and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-933X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ruminants3030023
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
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    PSXII-14 The influence of trace minerals source on copper, manganese, and zinc binding strength to rumen digesta in cattle fed a corn silage-based diet
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 98, No. Supplement_4 ( 2020-11-30), p. 442-443
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 98, No. Supplement_4 ( 2020-11-30), p. 442-443
    Abstract: Twelve crossbred steers fitted with rumen cannulae were used to determine the influence of trace mineral (TM) source on relative binding strength of minerals in the ruminal insoluble digesta fraction (IDF). Steers (n = 4/treatment) were fed a corn silage-based diet containing no supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn for 7d. On d 8, steers received a bolus dose (2 x NRC requirement) of the respective TM from sulfate (STM), organic (ORG; provided as Zn methionine, Mn methionine, and Cu lysine), or hydroxy TM (HTM; Micronutrients USA LLC) sources. Ruminal samples were obtained at 2 h intervals starting at -4 and ending at 24 h post dosing. Ruminal samples were centrifuged and supernatant and the IDF were collected and frozen separately. Binding strength of Cu, Mn, and Zn to the IDF was estimated at 0, 12, and 24 h using dialysis against 0.05 M Tris-EDTA. At 0 h pre-dosing, IDF concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn were similar across treatments. At 12 h post dosing Cu and Zn IDF concentrations were greater (P & lt; 0.05) in HTM vs. STM and ORG supplemented steers, and Mn concentrations were greater (P & lt; 0.05) in HTM and ORG vs. STM supplemented steers. At 24 h post dosing, IDF Zn concentrations were greater (P & lt; 0.05) in HTM vs STM and ORG supplemented steers and Cu and Mn concentrations were similar across treatments. At 12 and 24 h post dosing the percent Cu and Zn released following dialysis was greater (P & lt; 0.05) in HTM vs STM and ORG supplemented steers. The percent released of Cu, Mn, and Zn at 0 h, and Mn at 12 and 24 h were similar across treatments. Data indicate that a greater concentration of Cu and Zn from HTM is loosely bound to the ruminal IDF.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.771
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 3
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    PSX-A-12 Late-Breaking: Effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation in steers fed a high-grain diet
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 99, No. Supplement_3 ( 2021-10-08), p. 375-375
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 99, No. Supplement_3 ( 2021-10-08), p. 375-375
    Abstract: Renergy™ is a proprietary blend of organic acids with a proposed mode of action of increasing ruminal propionate production. Little is known about the efficacy of Renergy™ supplementation in modifying ruminal fermentation in beef cattle consuming high-grain diets. Therefore, eight Angus steers (BW 531.7 ± 20.4 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the effects of Renergy™ on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet (DM basis: 13.6% CP, 1.38 Mcal/kg NEg, and 2.02 Mcal/kg NEm) with no monensin sodium or tylosin phosphate added to the diet for 30 d prior to the initiation of the experiment. Treatments consisted of control (CON; no supplemental Renergy™) and Renergy (REN) fed at 27.6 g.animal-1.d-1 (n = 4 steers/treatment; experimental unit = animal). Following the 30 d diet adaptation period, dietary treatments were initiated for 28-d. On day 28, rumen fluid was collected at 3 h post feeding and analyzed for VFA, pH, and NH3. Ruminal pH (P = 0.62) and NH3 (P = 0.56) were unaffected by treatment. However, total VFA (P = 0.05) and propionate (P = 0.03) production were increased by Renergy, 13.3% and 25.7% respectively. There was a tendency (P = 0.14) for acetate production to be increased 10.9% in steers supplemented with Renergy™. Butyrate was unaffected (P = 0.51) by treatment. However, isobutyrate production was lower (P & lt; 0.01) in steers receiving Renergy™. Feeding Renergy™ also resulted in 25% less (P = 0.07) L-lactate production. Under conditions of this experiment, results indicate that supplementing Renergy™ for 28d to beef cattle consuming high concentrate diets impacts ruminal fermentation 3 h post feeding.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab235.686
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 4
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    PSIII-16 The Influence of Olive Byproduct Supplementation on American Wagyu Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 241-242
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 241-242
    Abstract: Eighty-three American Wagyu steers (725 ±10.7 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of olive byproduct supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. We hypothesized that with supplementation of olive byproduct would improve feedlot performance and longissimus muscle intramuscular fat composition. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control diet (basal ration with no olive byproduct) + 1 kg of supplemental cracked corn per animal per day, or 2) Control diet + 1 kg of supplemental olive byproduct per animal per day. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (n=4 steers/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.4% DM, 14.3% CP; 74.8% TDN, 1.16 Mcal/kg NEg, 5.3% crude fat). Diets were delivered to pens, once daily, in the morning in amounts to allow ad libitum access to feed over a 24 h period. Olive byproduct and cracked corn were top-dressed to the appropriate treatment pens immediately after delivery of the basal ration. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 d throughout the 177 d experiment. Equal numbers of steers per treatment were slaughtered throughout the experiment and carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.) for a randomized complete block design. Steers receiving olive byproduct had a lower final BW (P & lt; 0.01) when compared to steers receiving the control diet. Longissimus muscle long chain fatty acids C18:1 and C:22:0 were greater (P & lt; 0.05) and C18:0 lesser (P & lt; 0.05) in controls when compared to steers supplemented with olive byproduct. Under the conditions of this experiment, feeding olive byproduct reduced final BW and had minimal impacts on longissimus muscle fatty acid composition.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.437
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 5
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    PSVIII-13 Influence of Propionibacteria Acidipropionici on Short Chain Fatty Acid and Methane Production in Fistulated Beef Steers
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 397-398
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 397-398
    Abstract: Twelve steers, fitted with rumen canulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to examine the impact of the direct fed microbial Propionibacteria acidipropionici (PA) on rumen fermentation characteristics. All steers were housed together in one pen equipped with GrowSafe feed intake monitoring stations and one Greenfeed system used to estimate in vivo methane production. Steers were fed a corn silage-based diet throughout the experiment. Treatments consisted of PA administered at: 1) 0.0; 2) 1.0 x 108; 3)1.0 x 109; and 4) 1.0 x 1010 CFU∙animal-1∙day-1. Treatments were administered directly into the rumen as a single bolus dose daily. On day 7 and 14 of each period, rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2 h post treatment administration for VFA analysis and for determining in vitro fermentation characteristics. Following a 14d washout period, animal treatments were switched, and the experiment repeated. Data were analyzed as a 4 x 4 Latin square design. In vivo propionic acid molar proportions (25.4 vs 23.6±0.24) and total VFA concentrations (125.2 vs 121.3±1.87) were greater (P & lt; 0.05) in steers receiving PA compared with controls. In vitro DM disappearance (P & lt; 0.05; 63.3% vs 59.2%±1.12) and total VFA (P & lt; 0.05; 147.9 vs 145.2±1.76) were greater and methane (ml/g DMD) lesser (P & lt; 0.04; 13.1 vs 15.6±0.11) in fermentation vessels incubated with rumen fluid from animals receiving PA compared with controls. Dry matter disappearance (P & lt; 0.03) and propionic acid (P & lt; 0.04) increased linearly as dose of PA increased. In vitro Total VFA tended (P & lt; 0.08) to increase linearly and methane production tended (P & lt; 0.09) to decrease quadratically in response PA dose. In vivo methane production was similar across treatments. In conclusion, PA addition improved in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.727
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 6
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    PSXII-13 The influence of trace mineral source on copper, manganese, and zinc binding strength to rumen digesta in cattle fed a high forage-based diet
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 98, No. Supplement_4 ( 2020-11-30), p. 443-443
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 98, No. Supplement_4 ( 2020-11-30), p. 443-443
    Abstract: Twelve crossbred Angus steers fitted with rumen cannulae were used to determine the influence of trace mineral source on ruminal soluble mineral concentrations and relative binding strength of trace minerals in the ruminal insoluble digesta fraction. Steers were adjusted to a low-quality hay (chopped) diet balanced to meet the nutrient requirements for growing steers. For 7 d prior to initiation of the study, steers were fed the diet without supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn. On day 8 steers received a pulse dose (2 x NRC requirement) of Cu, Mn, and, Zn from sulfate (STM) or hydroxy trace minerals (HTM; Micronutrients LLC, USA). Ruminal samples were obtained at 2 h intervals until 24 h post-dosing for soluble (fraction obtained after centrifugation) Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Binding strength of Cu, Mn, and Zn to ruminal solid digesta (post centrifugation) was estimated at 0, 12, and 24h post-dosing using dialysis against 0.05 M Tris-EDTA. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P & lt; 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 h; for Mn at 4 and 6 h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8 h post dosing in STM compared to HTM steers. Concentration of Cu, Mn, and Zn remaining in the insoluble fraction were greater (P & lt; 0.05) at 12 h post dosing in HTM vs STM supplemented steers. At 24 h post dosing, Mn concentrations were lesser (P & lt; 0.03) and Zn concentrations were greater (P & lt; 0.001) in HTM vs STM supplemented steers. Following dialysis, the % Cu, and Zn released from the insoluble fraction was greater (P & lt; 0.001) at 12 h and 24h in HTM vs. STM supplemented steers. Results indicate that a greater proportion of Cu and Zn HTM remained loosely bound to the insoluble fraction within the rumen.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.772
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 7
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    Propionibacteriaium acidipropionici CP 88 Dose Alters In Vivo and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Ruminants Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2022-11-04), p. 448-455
    Details
    In: Ruminants, MDPI AG, Vol. 2, No. 4 ( 2022-11-04), p. 448-455
    Abstract: Twelve 5-year-old beef steers, with an average weight of 2000 lbs., fitted with rumen canulae were used in a 4 × 4 incomplete Latin square design to examine the impact of the direct fed microbial Propionibacterium acidipropionici CP 88 (PA) on rumen fermentation characteristics, in vitro CH4, CO2, and N2 production, and in vivo CH4 and CO2 production. All steers were housed in the same pen equipped with eight GrowSafe feeding stations to monitor individual animal feed intake and one GreenFeed System to estimate individual animal CH4 and CO2 production. Steers were fed a corn-silage-based diet throughout the experiment. Treatments consisted of PA administered at: (1) control (0.0); (2) 1.0 × 108; (3) 1.0 × 109; and (4) 1.0 × 1010 cfu∙animal−1∙day (d)−1. Treatments were administered directly into the rumen as a single bolus dose daily. On day 7 and 14 of each period, rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2 h post treatment administration for VFA analysis and in vitro DM digestibility determination. Following a 14 d washout period, animal treatments were switched and the experiment repeated until the 4 × 4 Latin square was complete. In vivo propionic acid molar proportions and total VFA concentrations were greater (p 〈 0.05) in steers receiving PA when compared with controls. All other in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics were similar across treatments. In vitro DM disappearance (p 〈 0.05) and total VFA (p 〈 0.05) were greater and CH4 lesser (p 〈 0.04) in fermentation vessels incubated with rumen fluid from animals receiving PA when compared with controls. Dry matter disappearance (p 〈 0.03) and propionic acid molar proportions increased (p 〈 0.04) linearly as the dose of PA increased. In vitro total VFA tended (p 〈 0.08) to increase linearly and CH4 production per unit of DM digested tended (p 〈 0.09) to decrease quadratically in response to PA dose. All other in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics were similar across treatments. These data indicate that PA impacts in vivo and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2673-933X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ruminants2040031
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 8
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    PSIX-13 The Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product on in-Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, gas Production, and Ruminal Microbiome Composition
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 369-369
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 369-369
    Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae products (NaturSafe) on in-vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Three crossbred feedlot steers fitted with rumen cannulae were adjusted to a moderately high-concentrate diet for 28-d. On d-29, 1 L of rumen fluid was collected from each steer and composited. A set of vaccine bottles (n=5/treatment/time + blanks and controls) containing 0.5 g of basal diet plus dietary treatments were filled with 30 ml of rumen fluid-McDougall’s buffer solution (1:1), sealed, and placed in a 39°C water bath. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no added NaturSafe); 2) NaturSafe-dry (9 g/animal/day equivalent); 3) NaturSafe-dry (12 g/animal/day equivalent); 4) NaturSafe-liquid (14 g/animal/day equivalent); 5) NaturSafe-liquid (21 g/animal/day equivalent); and NaturSafe-liquid (28 g/animal/day equivalent). Samples were collected at 0, 6 and 12 h post-fermentation. No treatment effect on any fermentation parameters was found at 6 h. At 12-h post-incubation, dry matter digestibility (DMD) (P & lt; 0.04) and molar proportions of propionic acid (P & lt; 0.03) were greater for treatments containing NaturSafe compared with control. Molar proportions of acetic acid (P & lt; 0.07), percent CH4 (P & lt; 0.08), and NH3-N (P & lt; 0.06) tended to be lesser and percent CO2 tended (P & lt; 0.07) to be greater for NaturSafe treatments compared with controls. Microbiome 16S rRNA analysis results suggest that microbial communities differed (P & lt; 0.05) between 6 and 12 h post-incubation. Incorporating NaturSafe into fermentation vessels revealed an inverse correlation with NaturSafe concentration and microbial diversity (P = 0.08) and that the overall microbial diversity was altered (P & lt; 0.03) by NaturSafe concentration. The microbial community was not affected by additive type. These data suggest that NaturSafe alters fermentation characteristics and microbial community diversity toward improved rumen efficiency while reducing environmental impact.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.674
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    PSV-A-12 The Influence of Calcium Dose and Olive Meal on in-Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Animal Science Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 257-257
    Details
    In: Journal of Animal Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 100, No. Supplement_3 ( 2022-09-22), p. 257-257
    Abstract: Rumen fluid from three beef steers (480 ± 10 kg), fitted with rumen canulae, were used to investigate the impact of Ca dose and olive meal on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Steers were fed a high concentrate finishing diet for 21d, and rumen fluid was collected from each steer 2h post-feeding. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used for this experiment. Factors included: 1) 0 or 5% olive meal and 2) Ca dose: 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08% Ca from CaCl2. A McDougall’s buffer-rumen fluid mixture (1:1; 30 mL) was added to conical tubes containing 0.5g of the ground basal diet and incubated at 39°C for 0, 4, 8, and 12h (5 replicates per treatment per time point). After incubation, supernatant was removed for VFA analysis and the remaining digesta was dried to determine DM disappearance (DMD). At 4 and 8h post incubation digestion tubes containing 0.04% Ca had greater (P & lt; 0.001) DMD when compared to all other Ca doses. At 12h post incubation, DMD was greater (P & lt; 0.001) in digestion tubes containing 0.02% and 0.08% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. At 8h post incubation, molar proportions of acetic acid were greater (P & lt; 0.03) in digestion tubes containing olive meal compared to no olive meal and were greater (P & lt; 0.001) in digestion tubes containing 0.08% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. At 12h post incubation, isobutyric acid (P & lt; 0.01) and butyric acid (P & lt; 0.02) were greater in digestion tubes containing 0.02% and 0.04% Ca compared to all other Ca doses. Butyric acid was lesser (P & lt; 0.02) with olive meal inclusion at 12h. Total VFA concentrations were similar across treatments. These data suggest that Ca and olive meal can impact in vitro fermentation characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8812 , 1525-3163
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.465
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 10
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    Deciphering the evolution of composite-type GSKIP in mitochondria and Wnt signaling pathways
    Public Library of Science (PLoS) ; 2022
    In:  PLOS ONE Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2022-1-20), p. e0262138-
    Details
    In: PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS), Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2022-1-20), p. e0262138-
    Abstract: We previously revealed the origin of mammalian simple-type glycogen synthase kinase interaction protein (GSKIP), which served as a scavenger and a competitor in the Wnt signaling pathway during evolution. In this study, we investigated the conserved and nonconserved regions of the composite-type GSKIP by utilizing bioinformatics tools, site-directed mutagenesis, and yeast two-hybrid methods. The regions were denoted as the pre-GSK3β binding site, which is located at the front of GSK3β-binding sites. Our data demonstrated that clustered mitochondria protein 1 (CLU1), a type of composite-type GSKIP that exists in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms, possesses the protein known as domain of unknown function 727 (DUF727), with a pre-GSK3β-binding site and a mutant GSK3β-binding flanking region. Another type of composite-type GSKIP, armadillo repeat containing 4 (ARMC4), which is known for cilium movement in vertebrates, contains an unintegrated DUF727 flanking region with a pre-GSK3β-binding site (115SPxF118) only. In addition, the sequence of the GSK3β-binding site in CLU1 revealed that Q126L and V130L were not conserved, differing from the ideal GSK3β-binding sequence of simple-type GSKIP. We further illustrated two exceptions, namely 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70/DnaK) and Mitofilin in nematodes, that presented an unexpected ideal GSK3β-binding region with a pre-GSK3β sequence; this composite-type GSKIP could only occur in vertebrate species. Furthermore, we revealed the importance of the pre-GSK3β-binding site (118F or 118Y) and various mutant GSK3β-binding sites of composite-type GSKIP. Collectively, our data suggest that the new composite-type GSKIP starts with a DUF727 domain followed by a pre-GSK3β-binding site, with the subsequent addition of the GSK3β-binding site, which plays vital roles for CLU1, Mitofilin, and ARMC4 in mitochondria and Wnt signaling pathways during evolution.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1932-6203
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    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262138
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2267670-3
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