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  • 1
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    A competency-based medical education on personal drug selection among medical students: a prospective, cross-sectional study
    Medip Academy ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-10-27), p. 597-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-10-27), p. 597-
    Abstract: Background: This study was conducted to know the students’ views regarding the personal drug (P-drug) concept in the rational prescription of drugs and also to give them training on creating and using personal drug concepts. Methods: The 60 medical students (5th semester) divided into four groups were involved voluntarily three-phase, questionnaire-based, and prospective study. In the first and second phases, students were taught and asked to derive P-drug using different standard textbooks and CIMS by analyzing the efficacy, safety, cost, and convenience of drugs used for stable angina pectoris. The third phase was designed to know the student’s perceptions regarding the exercise and difficulties faced in the process of P-drug selection. It contained demographic and 12 questions with the answer using the Likert scale.Results: Students selected tab. isosorbide dinitrate sublingual as a P-drug in terms of efficacy, safety, cost, and convenience. The 96.6% (58 out of 60) responded to the questionnaire. The overall median score was 2 and interquartile range was 2-5 (IQR 2-5). The majority (73% or 44) of students were in favour of introducing the process of selection of P-drug in the undergraduate pharmacology curriculum.Conclusions: The P-drug selection exercise helped students to understand the differences among various drugs used for the treatment of stable angina pectoris and gave them a strong foundation for developing rational use of the medicine in their future careers as a doctor.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20222741
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    Economic Evaluation of Different Brands of Commonly Prescribed Drugs Used in the Management of Angina Pectoris in Indian Market
    Radiance Research Academy ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Current Research and Review Vol. 15, No. 06 ( 2023), p. 01-05
    Details
    In: International Journal of Current Research and Review, Radiance Research Academy, Vol. 15, No. 06 ( 2023), p. 01-05
    Abstract: Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common causes of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India. Initial management includes use of many anti- anginal drugs. If angina pectoris not managed adequately results in significant morbidity and mortality too due to the complications. Anti-anginal drugs are used for lifelong. Therefore, analysis of the price of different drugs used in ischemic heart disease will help to improve patient compliance. Objective: (1) To assess the cost variation of different drugs available as antianginal agents in India. (2) To assess the cost ratio and percentage price variation of different formulations. Method: The maximum and minimum price of each brand of the drugs given in Indian rupees (INR) was noted by using ‘Drug Today’ (Oct 2022 – Jan 2023, volume II). The cost range, cost ratio, and the percentage cost variation for individual drug brands were calculated. The cost of tablets/capsule was calculated, and the cost ratio and percentage cost variation of various brands was compared. Results: After calculation of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each brand of anti-anginal drugs, tab Diltiazem (60 mg) had a maximum percentage cost variation of 459.76% and a cost ratio of 5.59 while tab GTN (6.4 mg) had a minimum percentage cost variation of 76.19% and cost ratio of 1.76. Conclusions: There is a wide variation in the price of different brands ofanti-anginal drugs available in India. The clinicians prescribing these drugsshould be aware of these variations to reduce the financial burden of drugtherapy and improve compliance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2231-2196 , 0975-5241
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.31782/IJCRR.2023
    DOI: 10.31782/IJCRR
    DOI: 10.31782/IJCRR.2023.15601
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Radiance Research Academy
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2620630-4
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Rational use and cost variation analysis of antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market: a pharmacoeconomic study
    Medip Academy ; 2021
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-11-22), p. 1342-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 10, No. 12 ( 2021-11-22), p. 1342-
    Abstract: Background: Antitussive-expectorants are among the most frequently prescribed drugs by physicians in clinical practice. Upper respiratory tract infections, such as common cold, acute pharyngitis and acute trachea-bronchitis, are the most common of all communicable diseases and significantly increase OPD burden. This study aimed to assess the rational use, cost ratio, and percentage cost variations in different brands of the commonly prescribed antitussive-expectorants available in the Indian market.Methods: The cost of antitussive-expectorant manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained by using drug today Jan-April 2021 vol 2. The maximum and minimum price was noted down, cost ratio and percentage cost variation of the individual formulation were analysed.  Results: Analysis of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each formulation of the antitussive-expectorants drug, syrup (100 ml) chlorpheniramine (2 mg), dextromethorphan (10 mg), phenylephrine (5 mg) combinations show the highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 5.30 and 430.25 respectively, and syrup (100 ml) dextromethorphan (10 mg), guaifenesin (100 mg), phenylephrine (25 mg), chlorpheniramine (4 mg) combinations show lowest cost ratio and percentage cost variation as 1.17 and 17.69 respectively.Conclusions: There was a wide variation in the cost of different brands of antitussive-expectorant drugs available in the Indian market. So, clinicians should be aware of rational use and variations in cost to reduce the treatment cost and increase patient compliance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20214474
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Ivermectin as a Potential Treatment for Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Eastern India
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 24 ( 2021-07-15), p. 343-350
    Details
    In: Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 24 ( 2021-07-15), p. 343-350
    Abstract: Background: There has been a growing interest in ivermectin ever since it was reported to have an in-vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This trial was conducted to test the efficacy of ivermectin in mild and moderate coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Methods: A double blind, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial conducted among adult COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease severity on admission in a COVID dedicated tertiary healthcare of eastern India. Enrolment was done between 1st August and 31st October 2020.  On day 1 and 2 post enrolment, patients in the intervention arm received ivermectin 12 mg while the patients in the non-interventional arm received placebo tablets. Results: About one-fourth (23.6%) of the patients in the intervention arm and one-third (31.6%) in the placebo arm were tested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) negative for SARS-CoV-2 on 6th day. Although this difference was found to be statistically insignificant [rate ratio (RR): 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4-1.4; p=0.348]. All patients in the ivermectin group were successfully discharged. In comparison the same for the placebo group was observed to be 93%. This difference was found to be statistically significant (RR: 1.1; 95% CI; 1.0-1.2; p=0.045). Conclusions: Inclusion of ivermectin in treatment regimen of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients could not be said with certainty based on our study results as it had shown only marginal benefit in successful discharge from the hospital with no other observed benefits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1482-1826
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18433/jpps32105
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1422972-9
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 5
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    Undergraduate medical students’ perception regarding computer assisted learning in experimental pharmacology practical
    Medip Academy ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2018-02-22), p. 541-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 7, No. 3 ( 2018-02-22), p. 541-
    Abstract: Background: Main objective of this study was to find out the students’ perception and to obtain feedback towards the use of Animal Simulator to demonstrate drug effects in terms of its acceptability, advantages and disadvantages of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) in experimental pharmacology practical as an educational tool.Methods: Questionnaire based study, done on randomly and voluntarily selected ninety-six fourth and fifth semester MBBS Students. Divided into four groups and each group contained 24 students. Students were taught experimental pharmacology practical online using Animal simulator (CAL- Computer Assisted Learning) for 2 hours on different days in three sessions. Questions and their feedback was taken during these sessions and presented in tables. Statistical analysis of data was done using Graph Pad software.Results: Majority of students i.e. 64 (66.67%) agreed that in vitro and in vivo experiments on animals are essential for better understanding and learning of the biological process. Students were agreed to the majority of the statements for CAL like enjoyable and time saving, easy to perform, contributes more to understanding theoretical concepts, no experimental error seen, welcome change and best alternative to laboratory practical and many experiments can be demonstrated in a short time. Students were disagreed on statements like CAL is an effective method of teaching practical aspects and preferred experimentation than laboratory practical. Majority of students given yes/positive response to questions showing advantages of using CAL. Also, positive feedback was obtained regarding questions showing disadvantages of using CAL software.Conclusions: Students’ perception regarding practical with CAL laboratory using animal simulator was good. The overall view was expressed that they found the exercises interesting and educationally beneficial. Computer assisted learning is a feasible and very effective teaching and learning method in pharmacology with huge potential to change the way of learning as it meets the majority of the learning objectives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180671
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 6
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    Rational use and cost variation analysis of antifungal drugs available in the Indian market: a pharmacoeconomic study
    Medip Academy ; 2022
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-10-27), p. 602-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2022-10-27), p. 602-
    Abstract: Background: Fungal infections are the 4th most common skin disease affecting 984 million people. Fungal infections are mostly associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, corticosteroids, anticancer/immunosuppressant drugs, indwelling catheters and implants, and the emergence of AIDS. The aim of this study was to analyze the rational use, cost ratio, and percentage cost variations in different brands of the commonly prescribed antifungal drugs available in the Indian market.Method: The maximum and minimum price of each brand of the drugs given in Indian rupees (INR) was noted by using ‘Drug Today’ (January to April 2021, volume II). The cost range, cost ratio, and the percentage cost variation for individual drug brands were calculated. The cost of tablets/capsule/injection was calculated and the cost ratio and percentage cost variation of various brands was compared.Results: After calculation of cost ratio and percentage cost variation for each brand of antifungal agents, tab Itraconazole 100 mg had a maximum percentage cost variation of 733.33% and a cost ratio of 8.33 while tab Griseofulvin 250 mg had a minimum percentage cost variation of 16.98% and cost ratio of 1.16.Conclusions: The present study shows there was a wide variation in the cost of the different brands of antifungal drugs manufactured by pharmaceutical companies which increases the economic burden. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of rational use and cost variation to reduce cost of drug therapy and improve patient compliance. 
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20222742
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 7
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    Appraisal of Inter-rater Agreement among Assessment Scales and Retrospective Analysis of Validated Reports of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions at Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India
    JCDR Research and Publications ; 2021
    In:  JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ( 2021)
    Details
    In: JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, JCDR Research and Publications, ( 2021)
    Abstract: Introduction: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions (CADRs) share significantly to Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) comprising 10%-30% of all ADR reporting in India. Multi Drug Therapy for Leprosy (MDT-L) and antimicrobials contribute remarkably to the overall CADRs burden. Aim: To show distinctive pictures of CADRs profile and to assess inter-rater agreement of assessment scales among study populations. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was done for 245 CADRs reported from March 2018 to March 2020. Cohen kappa statistics was applied for inter-rater agreement study for causality (World Health Organisation-Uppsala Monitoring Cente {WHO-UMC} Scale and Naranjo’s Algorithm), severity (Hartwig and Siegel scale) and preventability assessment (Modified Schumock and Thornton scale). Results: CADRs contribute 45.54% of total ADRs reported during study period. Male (60.41%) and age group 21-40 years (22.45%) were predominant sex and age group, respectively. Multidrug therapy for leprosy (51.83%) was the most common offending agent and hyperpigmentation (20.82%), dryness (13.1%), and both (11%) were the most prevalent CADRs. Causality of WHO–UMC Scale was higher with ‘Possible’ than ‘Probable’. Whereas, ‘Probable’ was maximally found with Naranjo’s Algorithm. Severity assessment showed maximum ‘mild’ cases i.e., 66.53% (manual) and 69.8%% (app). Preventability assessment depicted mostly ‘Definite’, 66.53% (manual) and 85.71% (app). Inter-rater agreement study showed ‘Substantial agreement’ for WHO-UMC Scale (K=0.678) and Naranjo’s algorithm (K=0.820), when manual vs app ratings were compared. ‘Almost perfect’ for severity assessment (K=0.893) and ‘Moderate’ for preventability assessment (K=0.434) were noticed. ‘Fair’ agreement was observed when manual (WHO-UMC scale) vs manual (Naranjo’s algorithm) were compared with K=0.290 and also, in app (WHO-UMC scale) vs app (Naranjo’s algorithm) with K=0.319. Conclusion: CADRs were most prevalent among ADRs which have a distinctive picture in eastern India. WHO- UMC scale and Naranjo’s algorithm concluded significant differences in causality with only ‘fair’ agreement between them. Severity and preventability assessment done by manually little varied in their results with pharmvigill app and is still more reliable and popular.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2249-782X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2021/46700.14547
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: JCDR Research and Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2775283-5
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  • 8
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    Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding drug allergy among healthcare providers in Eastern India
    Medip Academy ; 2023
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-04-27), p. 396-401
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 12, No. 3 ( 2023-04-27), p. 396-401
    Abstract: Background: Drug allergy (DA) or hypersensitivity is an immunologically mediated reaction producing stereotype symptoms which is challenging for health care providers (HCP). Objective of current study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of drug allergy among healthcare providers in eastern India. Methods: A 25-item self-administered DA questionnaire was developed and applied in our study. The questionnaire covered 3 domains: knowledge, attitudes, and practice patterns. From July 2020 to September 2020, HCPs participated in the cross-sectional study. Results: A total of 237 HCPs participated in the study, and all questionnaires were analysed. Among the respondents, 226 (95.4%) were nurses, 9 (3.8%) were doctors and 2 (0.8%) were pharmacists. The majority of HCPs agreed that drug-induced immediate allergic reactions were IgE mediated 225 (94.9%), occur within 6 hours of drug administration (89.9%), and epinephrine was the first choice for drug-induced anaphylaxis (76.8%). 97.9% HCPs agreed that penicillin skin test was valuable to predict the allergic reaction. More than 80% of the respondents would take patients’ allergic history before drug administration, while 75.5% agreed that they recognize and manage drug allergy timely when it occurs. Conclusions: Drug allergy was often diagnosed and managed inadequately, regardless of practice location, employment status and speciality in eastern India. The HCPs demonstrated a low level of knowledge regarding DA. Advanced education is urgently needed for better understanding and filling the gaps that exist in the knowledge and clinical practice of DA.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20231117
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Ondansetron alone and Ondansetron with Dexamethasone in the Prevention of Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized Open Label Comparative Study
    Diva Enterprises Private Limited ; 2018
    In:  International Journal of Contemporary Medicine Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2018), p. 6-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, Diva Enterprises Private Limited, Vol. 6, No. 2 ( 2018), p. 6-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2320-9623 , 2321-1032
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5958/2321-1032.2018.00032.3
    Language: English
    Publisher: Diva Enterprises Private Limited
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 10
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    Cutaneous drug reactions notified by ADR monitoring centre in a tertiary care hospital of Bihar
    Medip Academy ; 2016
    In:  International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2016-12-24), p. 80-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Medip Academy, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2016-12-24), p. 80-
    Abstract: Background: Cutaneous drug reactions are most frequent drug related adverse events which lead to early treatment discontinuations, high treatment cost and leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical patterns and offending drugs as well as their causality, severity and preventive strategies.Methods: All adverse drug reactions (ADRs) forms filled from May 2015 to April 2016 were scrutinized and forms with cutaneous drug reactions were analyzed and assessed for causality, severity and preventability.Results: Out of 300 ADR forms, 160 (53.34%) included cutaneous drug reactions. 68 (42.50%) patients were male and 92 (57.50%) were female. Maculopapular rash 58 (36.25%), fixed drug eruption (FDE) 31 (19.37), pruritus 27 (16.87%) and urticaria 19 (11.87%) were the common clinical patterns of cutaneous drug reactions. Most common offending drug classes included antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and steroidal agents. Causality assessment was done by using Naranjo’s algorithm. The result showed that out of 160 cutaneous drug reactions 141 (88.12%) ADRs were probable, 15 (9.37%) were classified as possible; 2 (1.25) doubtful and 2 (1.25%) were definitely related to the drug.Conclusions: The present study shows cutaneous drug reactions are commonly reported at ADR monitoring centre of this tertiary care hospital. Our study suggests that there is a need of intensive monitoring for ADRs in tertiary care hospital for early detection and to ensure the patient safety.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2279-0780 , 2319-2003
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20164756
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Medip Academy
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2681376-2
    SSG: 15,3
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