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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of consonant environment on vowel formant patterns
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2001
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 109, No. 2 ( 2001-02-01), p. 748-763
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 109, No. 2 ( 2001-02-01), p. 748-763
    Abstract: A significant body of evidence has accumulated indicating that vowel identification is influenced by spectral change patterns. For example, a large-scale study of vowel formant patterns showed substantial improvements in category separability when a pattern classifier was trained on multiple samples of the formant pattern rather than a single sample at steady state [J. Hillenbrand et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3099–3111 (1995)]. However, in the earlier study all utterances were recorded in a constant /hVd/ environment. The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether a close relationship between vowel identity and spectral change patterns is maintained when the consonant environment is allowed to vary. Recordings were made of six men and six women producing eight vowels (/i,ɪ,ɛ,æ,ɑ,ᴜ,u,ʌ/) in isolation and in CVC syllables. The CVC utterances consisted of all combinations of seven initial consonants (/h,b,d,g,p,t,k/) and six final consonants (/b,d,g,p,t,k/). Formant frequencies for F1–F3 were measured every 5 ms during the vowel using an interactive editing tool. Results showed highly significant effects of phonetic environment. As with an earlier study of this type, particularly large shifts in formant patterns were seen for rounded vowels in alveolar environments [K. Stevens and A. House, J. Speech Hear. Res. 6, 111–128 (1963)] . Despite these context effects, substantial improvements in category separability were observed when a pattern classifier incorporated spectral change information. Modeling work showed that many aspects of listener behavior could be accounted for by a fairly simple pattern classifier incorporating F0, duration, and two discrete samples of the formant pattern.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.1337959
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of formant contour on the perception of synthesized /hVd/ syllables
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1996
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 100, No. 4_Supplement ( 1996-10-01), p. 2688-2688
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 100, No. 4_Supplement ( 1996-10-01), p. 2688-2688
    Abstract: To study the role of formant frequency movements in vowel perception, 300 utterances were selected from a database consisting of 1668 /hVd/ syllables spoken by 45 men, 48 women, and 46 children [Hillenbrand et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 3099–3111 (1995)]. Measurements from these signals were used to synthesize two versions of each utterance: (1) an ‘‘original formant’’ version that followed the measured contours of F1−F3, and (2) a ‘‘flat formant’’ version with F1−F3 fixed at steady-state values. Results indicated: (1) the original, naturally produced signals were identified with greater accuracy than either of the synthetic versions and (2) the original-formant synthetic signals were identified wi th much greater accuracy than the flat-formant signals. Discriminant analysis methods of Nearey and Assmann [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 80, 1297–1308 (1986)] show that differences between listeners’ responses in the flat formant and either the natural or the original formant stimuli are significantly correlated (p & lt;0.01, by randomization tests) with predictions from a simple nucleus +offglide model of vowel trajectories. Logistic regression analysis of this data is reported in a companion paper, 3aSC13. [Work supported by NIH and SSHRC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.417023
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    A modified statistical pattern recognition approach to measuring the crosslinguistic similarity of Mandarin and English vowels
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2009
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 126, No. 3 ( 2009-09-01), p. 1447-1460
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 126, No. 3 ( 2009-09-01), p. 1447-1460
    Abstract: This study describes a statistical approach to measuring crosslinguistic vowel similarity and assesses its efficacy in predicting L2 learner behavior. In the first experiment, using linear discriminant analysis, relevant acoustic variables from vowel productions of L1 Mandarin and L1 English speakers were used to train a statistical pattern recognition model that simultaneously comprised both Mandarin and English vowel categories. The resulting model was then used to determine what categories novel Mandarin and English vowel productions most resembled. The extent to which novel cases were classified as members of a competing language category provided a means for assessing the crosslinguistic similarity of Mandarin and English vowels. In a second experiment, L2 English learners imitated English vowels produced by a native speaker of English. The statistically defined similarity between Mandarin and English vowels quite accurately predicted L2 learner behavior; the English vowel elicitation stimuli deemed most similar to Mandarin vowels were more likely to elicit L2 productions that were recognized as a Mandarin category; English stimuli that were less similar to Mandarin vowels were more likely to elicit L2 productions that were recognized as new or emerging categories.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.3177260
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Vowel recognition from harmonic spectra
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1999
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 105, No. 2_Supplement ( 1999-02-01), p. 1396-1396
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 105, No. 2_Supplement ( 1999-02-01), p. 1396-1396
    Abstract: Vowel classification methods based on either formant representations or overall spectral shape nearly always begin with the calculation of a smoothed, pitch-independent spectrum. In this report, a method is described for the classification of vowels directly from high-resolution spectra that retain harmonics of the voice source. Recordings were made of ten sustained vowels spoken by 20 men and 20 women. Smoothed spectral-shape templates for each of the vowels from a random half of the talkers were constructed as the average of the normalized spectra of like vowels spoken by different talkers. The key steps in the normalization procedure consist of: (1) removal of spectral tilt by the subtraction of a running average of spectral amplitudes, (2) dynamic range compression of the tilt-adjusted spectrum, and (3) smoothing across frequency. High-resolution harmonic spectra from the remaining half of the talkers were then classified by computing the bin-for-bin difference between the harmonic spectrum and each of the smoothed spectral-shape templates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.426597
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Logistic regression analysis of the perception of natural and synthesized /hVd/ syllables
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1996
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 100, No. 4_Supplement ( 1996-10-01), p. 2688-2688
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 100, No. 4_Supplement ( 1996-10-01), p. 2688-2688
    Abstract: Hillenbrand and Nearey (abstract 3aSC12) present results of a perceptual experiment involving the identification of 300 natural and 600 synthetic /hVd/ syllables of American English. Results of linear logistic regression of the same data are presented which confirm and clarify the basic findings of the companion paper. This analysis allows the optimized fitting of a generalized linear model to listeners’ responses using stimulus properties as predictors [T. M. Nearey, J. Phon. 18, 347–373 (1990)]. Models including both nucleus and offglide formant measures (from steady-state and 80% of the total duration portions of the vocoids, respectively) reduce prediction error measures by about 50% over models including steady state measures only for dynamic formant stimuli. Evaluation of the contribution of individual formant and formant difference measures to specific vowel contrasts will be discussed. Comparisons will be made with results from linear discriminant analysis reported by Hillenbrand and Nearey.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.417024
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Effects of frequency shifts on vowel category judgments
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2002
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 112, No. 5_Supplement ( 2002-11-01), p. 2249-2249
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 112, No. 5_Supplement ( 2002-11-01), p. 2249-2249
    Abstract: To investigate the effects of fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequency shifts on vowel identification, a high-quality vocoder (‘‘STRAIGHT’’) was used to process the syllables ‘‘bit’’ and ‘‘bet’’ spoken by an adult female talker. From these two endpoints a nine-step continuum was generated by interpolation of the time-varying spectral envelope. Upward and downward frequency shifts in spectral envelope (scale factors of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.33) were combined with shifts in F0 (scale factors of 0.5, 1.0, or 1.25). Downward frequency shifts generally resulted in malelike voices whereas upward shifts were perceived as childlike. Matched frequency shifts, in which F0 and spectral envelope (i.e., formant frequencies) were shifted in the same direction, had relatively little effect on phoneme boundaries. Mismatched frequency shifts, in which F0 was modified independently of spectral envelope or vice versa, resulted in systematic boundary shifts. The changes in the identifications functions were qualitatively consistent with predictions of a model trained using acoustic measurements derived from a database of naturally spoken vowel tokens from men, women, and children. The empirical and modeling results are consistent with the idea that vowel boundary shifts are a consequence of listeners sensitivity to the statistical structure of natural speech.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4778942
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Effects of context and frequency shifts in vowel identification
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 2004
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 116, No. 4_Supplement ( 2004-10-01), p. 2571-2571
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 116, No. 4_Supplement ( 2004-10-01), p. 2571-2571
    Abstract: A high-quality vocoder (Kawahara’s STRAIGHT) was used to study the effects of frequency shifts on the identification of vowels in syllables along a continuum from ‘‘bit’’ to ‘‘bet.’’ Natural speech versions of ‘‘bit’’ and ‘‘bet’’ were recorded by an adult female talker in the carrier sentence, ‘‘Please say the word —again.’’ Synthesized versions were constructed with upward and downward shifts in formant frequencies (FF; scale factors 0.9, 1.0, or 1.1) in combination with shifts in fundamental frequency (F0; scale factors 0.8, 1.0, or 1.2). When the carrier sentence and target syllable were both shifted, listeners reported more ‘‘bit’’ responses as the F0 shift increased and the FF shift decreased. Systematic shifts in the identification functions were also found when only the carrier was shifted. Overall, the results are consistent with a model that simulates the categorization responses of human listeners based on statistical distributions of acoustic measurements in natural speech.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.4785268
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Speech perception as pattern recognition
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1997
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 101, No. 6 ( 1997-06-01), p. 3241-3254
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 101, No. 6 ( 1997-06-01), p. 3241-3254
    Abstract: This work provides theoretical and empirical arguments in favor of an approach to phonetics that is called double-weak. It is so called because it assumes relatively weak constraints both on the articulatory gestures and on the auditory patterns that map phonological elements. This approach views speech production and perception as distinct but cooperative systems. Like the motor theory of speech perception, double-weak theory accepts that phonological units are modified by context in ways that are important to perception. It further agrees that many aspects of such context dependency have their origin in natural articulatory processes. However, double-weak theory sides with proponents of auditory theories of phonetics by accepting that the real-time objects of perception are well-defined auditory patterns. Because speakers find ways to obey “orderly output conditions” (Sussman et al., 1995), listeners are able to successfully decode speech using relatively simple pattern-recognition mechanisms. It is suggested that this situation has arisen through a stylization of gestural patterns to accommodate real-time limits of the perceptual system. Results from a new perceptual experiment, involving a four-dimensional stimulus continuum and a 10-category /hVC/ response set, are shown to be largely compatible with this framework.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.418290
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Effects of compound priming on listeners’ identification of a /kVC/ continuum
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1995
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 98, No. 5_Supplement ( 1995-11-01), p. 2985-2985
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 98, No. 5_Supplement ( 1995-11-01), p. 2985-2985
    Abstract: A continuum was synthesized to span the words cop, cup, cob, and cub. Two cues were varied in six steps each. Vowel F2 ranged from 960 to 1160 Hz. Voice bar duration for the final consonant ranged from 10 to 60 ms. Other properties approximated the average the four words pronounced by a male speaker in the compound nouns: traffic cop, tea cup, corn cob, and bear cub. The four context words, traffic, tea, corn, and bear, were also synthesized. Thirteen listeners categorized ten replications of the stimuli in each of five contexts: as isolated words and following each of the context words. As expected, words are favored in appropriate contexts. Logistic regression indicates that about 96% of variance in listeners’ responses can be attributed to phoneme-level stimulus effects and to stimulus-independent (phonological and lexical) biases. There is also evidence for small changes in sensitivity to cues as a function of lexical context. The latter result is of interest for certain alternative models [D. Massaro, Cog. Psych. 23, 558–564 (1991)]. However, observed changes in sensitivity do not relate well to predictions from any existing theory. [Work supported by SSHRC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.413920
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1995
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Perception of height differences in vowels
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1983
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 74, No. S1 ( 1983-11-01), p. S89-S90
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 74, No. S1 ( 1983-11-01), p. S89-S90
    Abstract: Vowels contrasting in the phonetic feature of height or openness are differentiated primarily by changes in the frequency of the first formant. Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the perception of these differences. Mushnikov and Chistovich [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 19, 250–254 (1973)] argue that the frequency of the most prominent harmonic in the F1 region determines the height of a vowel. Carlson et al. [in Auditory Analysis and Perception of Speech, edited by G. Fant and M. A. A. Tatham (Academic, London, (1974)] favor an amplitude-weighted average (center of gravity) of the two most prominent harmonics. Results of matching experiments will be reported in which listeners select the best vowel match along an F1 continuum corresponding to test stimuli with modified amplitude spectra. The effects of F0, number, and frequency of harmonics are investigated. Predicted distances according to several models will be compared with listener's matches. Spectral distance models based on the excitation pattern or loudness density will also be considered. Results are generally consistent with a local center of gravity hypothesis. [Work supported by SSHRC.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2021207
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1983
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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