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  • 1
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 4, No. 1 ( 2018-01-01)
    Abstract: Self-control is assessed using a remarkable array of measures. In a series of five data-sets (overall N = 2,641) and a mini meta-analysis, we explored the association between canonical operationalisations of self-control: The Self-Control Scale and two measures of inhibition-related executive functioning (the Stroop and Flanker paradigms). Overall, Bayesian correlational analyses suggested little-to-no relationship between self-reported self-control and performance on the Stroop and Flanker tasks. The Bayesian meta-analytical summary of all five data-sets further favoured a null relationship between both types of measurement. These results suggest that the field’s most widely used measure of self-reported self-control is uncorrelated with two of the most widely adopted executive functioning measures of self-control. Consequently, theoretical and practical conclusions drawn using one measure (e.g., the Self-Control Scale) cannot be generalised to findings using the other (e.g., the Stroop task). The lack of empirical correlation between measures of self-control do not invalidate either measure, but instead suggest that treatments of the construct of self-control need to pay greater attention to convergent validity among the many measures used to operationalize self-control.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    Abstract: We explore the development of habitual responding within the colour-word contingency learning paradigm, in which participants respond to the colour of neutral words. Each word is most often presented in one colour. Learning is indicated by faster responses to the colour when the word is presented in the expected rather than in the unexpected colour. In Experiment 1, participants took part in two sessions, separated by one day. Critically, one set of words was trained across both days, and other new sets of words were introduced at various time points. Overall performance was faster on trials with overtrained words. Additionally, contingency effects were larger for overtrained words than for words introduced on Day 2. Removing the contingency had a similar impact on the learning effect for overtrained and new words. However, during a counterconditioning phase, where the words were made predictive of new colours, the previous contingency continued to influence performance for overtrained words but not for more recently introduced words. Relatedly, the new contingency was not acquired for the overtrained words. The reverse pattern was observed for recently-introduced words, with the newly-introduced contingency rapidly acquired and the influence of the old contingency quickly extinguished. In Experiments 2 and 3, however, both new and old learning effects were observed for both overtrained and recently-acquired contingencies. The net results suggest that while contingency learning effects are highly pliable during initial and subsequent learning, early-acquired contingency knowledge is maintained after removal of the contingency. Implications for models of learning are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2019
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    Abstract: The present study examines the relationship between self-reported friendships with Blacks and implicit preferences for Whites relative to Blacks. There is considerable evidence that friendships relate to more favorable attitudes toward outgroups, however, the bulk of this evidence comes from explicit self-report measures. Using a sample of 123,445 participants that completed a Black-White IAT on the Project Implicit website, results indicate that participants reporting either childhood or post-childhood friendships with Blacks demonstrated weaker implicit preferences for Whites over Blacks. The size of this relationship was substantially smaller than found for explicit evaluations of Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    Abstract: Does belief in free will increase support for economic inequality? Five studies using diverse measures and methods tested this question. Study 1 finds belief in free will is associated with increased support for inequality. Study 2 manipulates belief in free will and does not find evidence that this changes support for inequality. Studies 3 and 4 find that people are more willing to support inequality in a hypothetical universe where free will exists compared to one where it does not (dz = 0.10–0.13), indicating that people believe the existence of free will justifies inequality. However, a between-subjects design in Study 5 fails to replicate this finding. Overall, our results suggest that if belief in free will increases support for economic inequality, the effect is likely small and potentially sensitive to the methods used to detect it.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2019
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    Abstract: Shared rationality is the common ground of scientific progress. However, some theorists have argued that this common ground may not be level, in that subtle assumptions embedded within lay views of rationality marginalize some would-be participants. Specifically, feminist philosophers have argued that rationality is associated with male rather than female discourse. This claim has frequently been dismissed as incoherent, but a straightforward interpretation is readily available: The concept reason is semantically associated with the concept male. We support this hypothesis in four studies (total N & gt; 900), finding that at both the explicit and implicit level, reason is preferentially associated withmale, feeling is preferentially associated withfemale, male faces prime unrelated judgments of reason/rationality, and gendered associations are related to interest in academic disciplines as well as estimates of the (mis)representation of women within those disciplines. Implications for gender stereotyping and the representation of women in different fields are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    Abstract: When individuals are exposed to their own image in a mirror, known to increase self-awareness, they may show increased accessibility of suicide-related words (a phenomenon labeled “the mirror effect”; Selimbegović & Chatard, 2013). We attempted to replicate this effect in a pre-registered study (N = 150). As in the original study, self-awareness was manipulated using a mirror and recognition latencies for accurately detecting suicide-related words, negative words, and neutral words in a lexical decision task were assessed. We found no evidence of the mirror effect in pre-registered analyses. A multiverse analysis revealed a significant mirror effect only when excluding extreme observations. An equivalence TOST test did not yield evidence for or against the mirror effect. Overall, the results suggest that the original effect was a false positive or that the conditions for obtaining it (in terms of statistical power and/or outlier detection method) are not yet fully understood. Implications for the mirror effect and recommendations for pre-registered replications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    Abstract: Implicit bias training (IBT) is now frequently provided by employers, in order to raise awareness of the problems related to implicit biases, and of how to safeguard against discrimination that may result. However, as Atewologun et al. (2018) have noted, there is very little systematicity in IBT, and there are many unknowns about what constitutes good IBT. One important issue concerns the tone of information provided regarding implicit bias. This paper engages this question, focusing in particular on the observation that much bias training is delivered in exculpatory tone, emphasising that individuals are not to blame for possessing implicit biases. Normative guidance around IBT exhorts practitioners to adopt this strategy (Moss-Racusin et al. 2014). However, existing evidence about the effects of moralized feedback about implicit bias is equivocal (Legault et al. 2011; Czopp et al. 2006). Through a series of studies, culminating in an experiment with a pre-registered analysis plan, we develop a paradigm for evaluating the impact of moralized feedback on participants’ implicit racial bias scores. We also conducted exploratory analyses of the impact on their moods, and behavioural intentions. Our results indicated that an exculpatory tone, rather than a blaming or neutral tone, did not make participants less resistant to changing their attitudes and behaviours. In fact, participants in the blame condition had significantly stronger explicit intentions to change future behaviour than those in the ‘no feedback’ condition (see experiment 3). These results indicate that considerations of efficacy do not support the need for implicit bias feedback to be exculpatory. We tease out the implications of these findings, and directions for future research.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2019
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    Abstract: Recent advances in machine learning, combined with the increased availability of large natural language datasets, have made it possible to uncover semantic representations that characterize what people know about and associate with a wide range of objects and concepts. In this paper, we examine the power of word embeddings, a popular approach for uncovering semantic representations, for studying high-level human judgment. Word embeddings are typically applied to linguistic and semantic tasks, however we show that word embeddings can be used to predict complex theoretically- and practically- relevant human perceptions and evaluations in domains as diverse as social cognition, health behavior, risk perception, organizational behavior, and marketing. By learning mappings from word embeddings directly onto judgment ratings, we outperform a similarity-based baseline and perform favorably compared to common metrics of human inter-rater reliability. Word embeddings are also able to identify the concepts that are most associated with observed perceptions and evaluations, and can thus shed light on the psychological substrates of judgment. Overall, we provide new methods and insights for predicting and understanding high-level human judgment, with important applications across the social and behavioral sciences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2019
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 5, No. 1 ( 2019-01-01)
    Abstract: Social information, including faces and human bodies, holds special status in visual perception generally, and in visual processing of complex arrays such as real-world scenes specifically. To date, unbalanced representation of social compared with nonsocial information in affective stimulus sets has limited the clear determination of effects as attributable to, or independent of, social content. We present the Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS), a set of 150 social and 150 nonsocial naturalistic affective scenes that are balanced across valence and arousal dimensions. Participants (n = 847) rated valence and arousal for each scene. The normative ratings for the 300 images together, and separately by social content, show the canonical boomerang shape that confirms coverage of much of the affective circumplex. COMPASS adds uniquely to existing visual stimulus sets by balancing social content across affect dimensions, thereby eliminating a potentially major confound across affect categories (i.e., combinations of valence and arousal). The robust special status of social information persisted even after balancing of affect categories and was observed in slower rating response times for social versus nonsocial stimuli. The COMPASS images also match the complexity of real-world environments by incorporating stimulus competition within each scene. Together, these attributes facilitate the use of the stimulus set in particular for disambiguating the effects of affect and social content for a range of research questions and populations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    University of California Press ; 2020
    In:  Collabra: Psychology Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    In: Collabra: Psychology, University of California Press, Vol. 6, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01)
    Abstract: Relationship satisfaction can be assessed in retrospection, as a global evaluation, or as a momentary state. In two experience sampling studies (N = 130, N = 510) the specificities of these assessment modalities are examined. We show that 1) compared to other summary statistics like the median, the mean of relationship satisfaction states describes retrospective and global evaluations best (but the difference to some other summary statistics was negligible); 2) retrospection introduces an overestimation of the average annoyance in the relationship reported on a momentary basis, which results in an overall negative mean-level bias for retrospective relationship satisfaction; 3) this bias is most strongly moderated by global relationship satisfaction at the time of retrospection; 4) snapshots of momentary relationship satisfaction get representative of global evaluations after approximately two weeks of sampling. The findings extend the recall bias reported in the literature for retrospection of negative affect to the domain of relationship evaluations and assist researchers in designing efficient experience sampling studies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2474-7394
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of California Press
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2983465-X
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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