UID:
almafu_9960117445802883
Umfang:
1 online resource (x, 253 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
ISBN:
1-316-65317-X
,
1-316-65562-8
,
1-316-47154-3
Inhalt:
Global Deforestation provides a concise but comprehensive examination of the variety of ways in which deforestation modifies environmental processes, as well as the societal implications of these changes. The book stresses how forest ecosystems may be prone to nearly irreversible degradation. To prevent the loss of important biophysical and socioeconomic functions, forests need to be adequately managed and protected against the increasing demand for agricultural land and forest resources. The book describes the spatial extent of forests, and provides an understanding of the past and present drivers of deforestation. It presents a theoretical background to understand the impacts of deforestation on biodiversity, hydrological functioning, biogeochemical cycling, and climate. It bridges the physical and biological sciences with the social sciences by examining economic impacts and socioeconomic drivers of deforestation. This book will appeal to advanced students, researchers and policymakers in environmental science, ecology, forestry, hydrology, plant science, ecohydrology, and environmental economics.
Anmerkung:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Apr 2016).
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Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: Patterns and Drivers -- 1.1 Definitions and Classifications of Forest Ecosystems -- 1.1.1 Biogeography of Forest Ecosystems -- 1.2 Spatial and Temporal Trends in Forest Cover Change -- 1.2.1 Current (1990-Present) Spatial and Temporal Trends in Deforestation -- 1.2.2 Historical Spatial and Temporal Trends in Deforestation -- 1.2.3 Historical Patterns of Global Deforestation -- 1.2.3.1 Latin America -- 1.2.3.2 South Asia -- 1.2.3.3 United States of America -- 1.2.3.4 Europe -- 1.2.3.5 Tropical Africa -- 1.2.3.6 Australia -- 1.2.4 Reforestation/Afforestation -- 1.3 Historical, Current, and Future Drivers of Deforestation -- 1.3.1 Agricultural Production -- 1.3.2 Logging -- 1.3.3 Shifting Cultivation -- 1.3.4 Biofuels -- 1.4 Projected Geographic Changes in Deforestation -- 1.5 Remote Sensing Methods Used to Quantify and Map Deforestation -- 1.5.1 Optical Remote Sensing -- 1.5.2 Radar -- 1.5.3 Laser (i.e., LiDAR) -- 1.6 Concluding Comments -- 2 Hydrological and Climatic Impacts -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Precipitation and Forest Canopies -- 2.2.1 Canopy and Litter Interception -- 2.2.2 Canopy Condensation and Occult Precipitation -- 2.3 Infiltration and Runoff Generation -- 2.4 Effects of Deforestation on the Hydrologic Response -- 2.4.1 Effects on Flood Dynamics at the Event Timescale -- 2.4.2 Effects on Water Yields -- 2.4.3 Effect on Snowmelt -- 2.4.4 Effect of Fire -- 2.5 Forest Effects on Groundwater -- 2.6 Effect of Deforestation on Wetlands -- 2.7 Evaporation and Transpiration -- 2.7.1 The Effect of Climate Change on Evapotranspiration from Landmasses -- 2.8 Effect of Forest Vegetation on Precipitation -- 2.8.1 Effect of Deforestation on Precipitation Recycling -- 2.8.2 Impact on Surface Energy Balance and Boundary Layer Dynamics.
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2.8.3 Effect of Forest Vegetation on Cloud Microphysics -- 2.8.4 The Effect of Mesoscale Circulations Induced by "Small-Scale" Canopy Gaps -- 2.9 Effect of Forest Vegetation on Microclimate -- 2.10 Effects of Deforestation on Large-Scale Climate -- 2.11 Summary -- 3 Biogeochemical Impacts -- 3.1 Carbon Cycle -- 3.1.1 Carbon Cycle in Undisturbed Forests -- 3.1.2 Global Estimates of C Pools, Emissions, and Uptake in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 3.1.3 Changes in the Carbon Cycle as a Result of Deforestation -- 3.1.3.1 Direct C Losses Due to Logging -- 3.1.3.2 Pyrogenic C Losses in Forests during "Slash and Burn" -- 3.1.3.3 Changes in Soil Carbon Following Deforestation -- 3.1.3.4 Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Land Use Change -- 3.2 Nitrogen Cycle -- 3.2.1 Nitrogen Cycle in Undisturbed Forests -- 3.2.2 Location of N-Limited Forests -- 3.2.3 Change in the N Cycle Following Deforestation -- 3.2.3.1 Increase in N Mineralization and Losses to Leaching -- 3.2.3.2 Decrease in Organic Nitrogen -- 3.2.3.3 Loss to the Atmosphere -- 3.3 Phosphorus Cycle -- 3.3.1 Phosphorus Cycling in Undisturbed Forests -- 3.3.2 Location of P-Limited Forests -- 3.3.3 P Losses after Deforestation -- 3.3.3.1 P Exported from the System during Deforestation -- 3.3.3.2 Loss of Microbes and the Alteration of Microbially Mediated P Fluxes -- 3.3.3.3 Increase in Physical Losses of P -- 3.4 Conclusion -- 4 Irreversibility and Ecosystem Impacts -- 4.1 Background on Irreversibility and Bistability in Deforested Ecosystems -- 4.2 Feedbacks That Modify Resource Availability -- 4.2.1 Precipitation-Vegetation -- 4.2.2 Canopy Deposition -- 4.2.3 Soil Moisture -- 4.2.4 Water Table -- 4.2.5 Permafrost -- 4.2.6 Nutrient Cycling -- 4.3 Feedbacks That Modify the Disturbance Regime -- 4.3.1 Landslides -- 4.3.2 Fire -- 4.3.3 Exposure to Freezing Events (Climate-Air-Temperature) -- 4.3.4 Salinity.
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4.4 Noise Induced Transitions -- 4.5 Leading Indicators of State Shifts -- 4.6 Concluding Comments -- 5 Economic Impacts and Drivers of Deforestation -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Economic Uses of Forested Land -- 5.3 Factors Driving Deforestation -- 5.3.1 Proximate Causes -- 5.3.1.1 Infrastructure Extension -- 5.3.1.2 Agricultural Expansion -- 5.3.1.3 Wood Extraction -- 5.3.2 Underlying Causes -- 5.3.2.1 Demographic Factors -- 5.3.2.2 Technological Factors -- 5.3.2.3 Economic Factors -- 5.3.2.4 Policy and Institutional Factors -- 5.3.2.4.1 Property Rights Regime -- 5.3.2.4.2 Policies -- 5.3.2.4.3 Political Stability -- 5.3.2.5 Environmental Factors -- 5.4 Modeling Frameworks to Examine Deforestation -- 5.4.1 Microeconomic models -- 5.4.2 Regional models -- 5.4.3 Macroeconomic -- 5.5 Economic Effects of Deforestation -- 5.5.1 Benefits -- 5.5.2 Costs -- 5.5.2.1 Loss of Nontimber Forest Products -- 5.5.2.2 Loss of Ecosystem Services after Deforestation -- 5.6 Alternative Policies Aimed at Deriving Value from Forested Lands (i.e., REDD) -- 5.7 Conclusion -- 6 Synthesis and Future Impacts of Deforestation -- 6.1 Benefits of Preserving Forests -- 6.2 Ecohydrological and Climate Impacts of Deforestation -- 6.3 Effect of Forest Loss on Biogeochemical Processes -- 6.4 Economic Impacts of Deforestation -- 6.5 Irreversible Changes Induced by Deforestation -- 6.6 Biodiversity Loss -- 6.6.1 Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Processes -- 6.6.2 Societal Impacts of Biodiversity Loss -- 6.6.3 Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity -- 6.7 Impact of Deforestation on Human Health -- 6.8 Food Security as a Major Future Driver of Deforestation -- 6.8.1 Reduce Food Losses -- 6.8.2 Intensification versus Extensification -- 6.8.3 Mitigating the Environmental Impacts of Intensification -- 6.8.4 Crop Selection and Sequencing -- 6.8.5 Location of Agricultural Expansion.
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6.9 Concluding Comments -- References -- Index -- Color Figures.
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English
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 1-107-13526-5
Sprache:
Englisch
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316471548
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